Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It requires additives to be safer and more stable than other fuels. Jet fuel and avgas are the most common aviation fuels, with jet fuel being used in most commercial and military planes due to its efficiency. Aviation fuel consists of over 2000 chemicals, primarily hydrocarbons and additives, to be reliable and prevent issues like icing or explosions. It has advantages like high efficiency and reliability but is heavier than other fuels. Biofuels are being developed and tested as more sustainable aviation fuel alternatives.

2. What is Aviation Fuel?
1. Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It is
generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications, such as
heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or
explosion due to high temperature, among other properties.
2. Most current commercial airlines and military aircraft use jet fuel for maximum fuel
efficiency and lowest cost. These aircraft account for the vast majority of aviation fuel
refined today, which is also used in diesel aircraft engines. Other aviation fuels
available for aircraft are kinds of petroleum spirit used in engines with spark plugs.
3. Specific energy is the important criterion in selecting an appropriate fuel to power an
aircraft. Much of the weight of an aircraft goes into fuel storage to provide the range,
and more weight means more fuel consumption. Aircraft have a high peak power and
thus fuel demand during take-off and landing. This has so far prevented electric
aircraft using electric batteries as the main propulsion energy store becoming widely
commercially viable.

4. Types of Aviation Fuel
1. FUEL CELL:-
Jet fuel is a clear to straw-colored fuel, based on either an unleaded
kerosene (Jet A-1), or a naphtha-kerosene blend (Jet B). Similar to diesel fuel, it can be
used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines. Jet-A powers modern
commercial airliners and is a mix of pure kerosene and burns at temperatures at or
above 49 °C (120 °F). Kerosene-based fuel has a much higher flash point than gasoline-
based fuel, meaning that it requires significantly higher temperature to ignite.
2. AVGAS:-
Avgas (aviation gasoline) is used in spark-ignited internal-combustion engines
in aircraft. Formulated for stability, safety, and predictable performance under a wide
range of environments, avgas is typically used in aircraft which use reciprocating or
Wankel engines.

5. Chemical Composition
1.Aviation fuel consists of blends of over 2000 chemicals primarily hydrocarbons,
additives such as antioxidant ,biocides ,corrosion inhibitors and Impurities.
2.Principle components include n-heptane and iso-octane . like other fuels, aviation
fuels, for spark –ignited piston engines are described by their octane rating .
3.Alcohols and its mixture and other alternative fuels may be used experimentally.
4. Others aircraft engines that were modified to run on 100% ethanol were several other
types of Lycoming engines .

6. Sales, Alkanes, 47%,
47%
Sales, Cycloalkanes,
33%, 33%
Sales, Benzenes,
13%, 13%
Sales, Other Mono
Aromatics, 5%, 5%
Sales, Napthalenes, 2%,
2%Composition:-

7. Advantages of Aviation Fuel
1.High Efficiency.
2.Low Cost.
3.More reliable.
4.Low risk of fire.

8. Disadvantages of Aviation Fuel
1.They are heavier for the same power, because they need to be made from stronger
material due to the higher compression ratio and because they need to have larger
cylinder volume because of lower maximal rpm. On longer flights the reduction in fuel
weight often makes up for the heavier engine.
2.Turbo-charging comes with specific operating procedures unfamiliar to those used to
normally aspirated engines and a slight lag in thrust lever (it's not a throttle) response.

9. Aviation Biofuel
1.Aviation biofuel is a biofuel used for aircraft. It is considered by some to be the
primary means by which the aviation industry can reduce its carbon footprint.
2.After a multi-year technical review from aircraft makers, engine manufacturers and oil
companies, biofuels were approved for commercial use in July 2011.
3.Since then, some airlines have experimented with using biofuels on commercial flights.
The focus of the industry has now turned to second generation sustainable
biofuels (sustainable aviation biofuels).
4. NASA has determined that 50% aviation biofuel mixture can cut air pollution caused by
air traffic by 50–70%.

10. Biofuels Extraction
Bio-SPK
• The first route involves using oil which is extracted from plant sources
like Jatropha, algae, tallows, other waste oils and Camelina to produce bio-SPK (Bio
derived synthetic paraffinic Kerosene) by cracking and hydroprocessing.
• The growing of algae to make jet fuel is a promising but still emerging technology.
Companies working on algae jet fuel are Solazyme, Honeywell UOP, Solena, Sapphire
Energy, Imperium Renewables, and Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation. Universities
working on algae jet fuel are Arizona State University and Cranfield University.
• Major investors for algae based SPK research are Boeing, Honeywell/UOP, Air New
Zealand, Continental Airlines, Japan Airlines, and General Electric.

11. Biofuels Extraction
FT-SPK
• The second route involves processing solid biomass using pyrolysis to produce Pyrolysis
Oil or gasification to produce a syngas which is then processed into FT SPK (Fischer–
Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene).

12. India’s First Biojet Fuel Flight

13. MADE BY NAVEENCHANDRA HALEMANI
nhalemani@gmail.com