The electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis is commonly used technique in clinical examination proposes a method of designing reconfigurable warped digital filter with various low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and band-stop responses. The warped filter is obtain by replacing each element interruption of a digital filter with an all exceed filter. It is widely used for various video and audio processing applications. Warped filters require first-order all pass conversion to obtain low-pass and high-pass responses, and by using second-order all pass conversion to obtain variable band-pass and band-stop responses. To overcome this drawback, proposed method combines warped filters with the coefficient decimation technique. In VLSI circuits in order to reduce hardware cost Command Signals Decoder (CSD) based shift-and-add approach is used for multiplication. It offers extensive savings in opening count and power utilization more than other approaches.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
In this paper, the Performance Analysis of Cascade Integrator Comb Filter in context of Filter Bank Multicarrier Transmission has been presented for Cognitive radio. A benefit of the chosen technique is that, a CIC filter can be designed with a slight adjustment in parameters of interest. The entire performance of the filters designed is analyzed and evaluated by analyzing Normalized Amplitude versus Normalized Frequency plots at typical K and N values. The roll off factor plays a significant role in performance analysis of CIC filter. The results shown are a useful advance for rf design engineers working in the domain of multirate signal processing in wireless communication. To ensure the acceptable performance of Enhanced FBMC, computational complexity, and transmission burst length need to be reduced. The effect of Stop band attenuation on the edges of Magnitude and Frequency responses has been studied under constraints such as Lp, K and M during different simulation runs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An efficient multi resolution filter bank based on da based multiplicationVLSICS Design
Multi-resolution filter bank (MRFB)-based on the fast filter bank design can be used for multiple resolution
spectrum sensing. MRFB overcomes the constraint of fixed sensing resolution in spectrum sensors based
on conventional discrete Fourier transform filter banks (DFTFB) without hardware re-implementation.
Multipliers have a greater impact on complexity and performance of the design because a large number of
constant multiplications are required in the multiplication of filter coefficients with the filter input.
Modified multiplier architecture Distributed Arithmetic(DA) is used to improve the efficiency
A BER Performance Analysis of Shift Keying Technique with MMSE/MLSE estimatio...AM Publications
In this paper Bit Error Rate performance of OFDM - BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM System over Rayleigh fading
channel is analyzed. OFDM is a orthogonal frequency division multiplexing to reduce inter-symbol interference problem. Two
of the most equalization algorithms are minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer and maximum likelihood sequence
estimation (MLSE) equalizer. Finally simulations of OFDM signals are carried with Rayleigh faded signals to understand the effect of channel fading and to obtain optimum value of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to noise ratio (SNR).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
In this paper, the Performance Analysis of Cascade Integrator Comb Filter in context of Filter Bank Multicarrier Transmission has been presented for Cognitive radio. A benefit of the chosen technique is that, a CIC filter can be designed with a slight adjustment in parameters of interest. The entire performance of the filters designed is analyzed and evaluated by analyzing Normalized Amplitude versus Normalized Frequency plots at typical K and N values. The roll off factor plays a significant role in performance analysis of CIC filter. The results shown are a useful advance for rf design engineers working in the domain of multirate signal processing in wireless communication. To ensure the acceptable performance of Enhanced FBMC, computational complexity, and transmission burst length need to be reduced. The effect of Stop band attenuation on the edges of Magnitude and Frequency responses has been studied under constraints such as Lp, K and M during different simulation runs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An efficient multi resolution filter bank based on da based multiplicationVLSICS Design
Multi-resolution filter bank (MRFB)-based on the fast filter bank design can be used for multiple resolution
spectrum sensing. MRFB overcomes the constraint of fixed sensing resolution in spectrum sensors based
on conventional discrete Fourier transform filter banks (DFTFB) without hardware re-implementation.
Multipliers have a greater impact on complexity and performance of the design because a large number of
constant multiplications are required in the multiplication of filter coefficients with the filter input.
Modified multiplier architecture Distributed Arithmetic(DA) is used to improve the efficiency
A BER Performance Analysis of Shift Keying Technique with MMSE/MLSE estimatio...AM Publications
In this paper Bit Error Rate performance of OFDM - BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM System over Rayleigh fading
channel is analyzed. OFDM is a orthogonal frequency division multiplexing to reduce inter-symbol interference problem. Two
of the most equalization algorithms are minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer and maximum likelihood sequence
estimation (MLSE) equalizer. Finally simulations of OFDM signals are carried with Rayleigh faded signals to understand the effect of channel fading and to obtain optimum value of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to noise ratio (SNR).
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
Blind Channel Shortening for MIMO-OFDM System Using Zero Padding and Eigen De...ijsrd.com
This paper deals with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadband wireless communication systems, employing orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). In order to exploit the benefits of OFDM in highly frequency-selective channels, without any significant increase in receiver complexity, a channel shortening prefilter is inserted at the receiver. The main aim of inserting channel shorteners is to shorten the channel so that the main energy of the composite channel is concentrated within a duration smaller than the guard interval inserted while transmission. Thus by including channel shortening equalizers at the receiver the inter symbol interference or the inter block interference can be suppressed. The new approach proposed in this thesis is zero padding approach with Eigen decomposition approach. The advantages of the proposed approaches include immunity to delay spread, resistance to frequency selective fading and simple equalization. This shortening design is a blind one, i.e., a priori knowledge of the MIMO channel impulse response to be shortened is not required, and can be carried out in closed-form.
Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Optimum biasing of LaserCSCJournals
Abstract----A novel high spectral efficiency all-optical sampling orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing scheme is proposed using space frequency Block coding (SFBC) techniques and nonlinear behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes is exploited by relative intensity to noise (RIN).We show that in long-haul fiber optics communications, SFBC-coded OFDM increases spectral efficiency and reduces the influence of chromatic dispersion in optical-OFDM system if RIN is adjusted to -155 dB/Hz
On Channel Estimation of OFDM-BPSK and -QPSK over Nakagami-m Fading ChannelsCSCJournals
This paper evaluates the performance of OFDM - BPSK & -QPSK based system with and without channel estimation over Nakagami-m fading channels. Nakagami-m variants are generated by decomposition of Nakagami random variable into orthogonal random variables with Gaussian distribution envelopes. Performance of OFDM system in Nakagami channel has been reported here. The results yield the optimum value of m based on BER and SNR. Using this optimum value of m, Channel estimation over flat fading has been reported here. It has been depicted clearly from simulated graphs that channel estimation has further reduced the BER. However, threshold value of m has played a vital role during channel estimation.
Comparative evaluation of bit error rate for different ofdm subcarriers in ra...ijmnct
In the present situation, the expectation about the quality of signals in wireless communication is as high as possible. This quality issue is dependent upon the different communication parameters. One of the most important issues is to reduce the bit error rate (BER) to enhance the performance of the system. This paper provides a comparative analysis on the basis of this bit error rate. I have compared the BER for different number of subcarriers in OFDM system for BPSK modulation scheme. I have taken 6 varieties of data subcarriers to analyze this comparison. Here my target is to reach at the lowest level of BER for BPSK modulation. That is achieved at 2048 number of subcarriers.
Design and verification of pipelined parallel architecture implementation in ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper deals with the channel loss models of ultra-wideband radio wave propagation from 2 to 10 GHz application. IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel loss reference models have been introduced and the estimation methods of channel transmission loss have been discussed with the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application. The channel transmission loss was measured in ZigBee circuit with 2 kinds of power, using IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel model to estimate the theoretical channel loss, the theoretical value and the actual measured value were compared and analyzed. The analysis shows that the error between the calculated value and the actual measured value of the IEEE 802.15.4a reference model is small in the ultra-wideband ZigBee channel environment, and the error of the Okumura channel loss model is large. The results show that in the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application, IEEE 802.15.4a channel loss model is a high precision reference model for the ultra-wideband channel loss calculation.
A low complexity partial transmit sequence scheme for better papr reduction i...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main drawback of OFDM system is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signals. Partial transmit sequence scheme is a promising algorithm to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) consist of several inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operations and complicated calculations to obtain optimum phase sequence which results in increasing the computational complexity of PTS. A phase sequence applied to the PTS Scheme reduces its complexity but at the expense of slight degradation in PAPR reduction. In this paper, for further reduction of PAPR the peak clipping of the OFDM signal is introduced along with the PTS with new phase sequence scheme. Since clipping is one of the simplest techniques of PAPR reduction, it does not increase the complexity of the system much and a better PAPR reduction is obtained with the combined effect of clipping and PTS with New Phase Sequence. But the clipping technique introduce some distortion in the signal, however peak clipping of signal below a particular threshold can maintain the BER in the tolerable range. The clipping threshold selected will be different for different OFDM systems. Index Terms: OFDM, Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), Clipping.
Low Peak to Average Power Ratio and High Spectral Efficiency Using Selective ...theijes
A low complexity peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. All pass filters technique used PAPR is reduction but small amount of reduction, So use Selective Mapping (SLM) technique reduce PAPR and SNR increases.
A Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for OFDM System ijmnct
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) i
s considered as most efficient technique for future
wireless communication systems due to its higher sp
ectral bandwidth efficiency, robustness to frequenc
y
selective fading channels, etc. However, the succes
sful implementation of the OFDM system necessitates
several difficulties. The biggest disadvantage to w
ork with OFDM system is its high peak-to-average po
wer
ratio PAPR leadsto severe inter carrier interferenc
e, out-of-band radiation, and poor bit error rate
performance due to the nonlinearity of the high pow
er amplifier. In this paper, a novel hybrid techniq
ue is
proposed to reduce PAPR further and comparison has
been done with conventional techniques as well.
Simulated results are presentedconfirm theoretical
results.MATLAB 7.5 is used to simulate the results
for system parametersconsidered.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
Blind Channel Shortening for MIMO-OFDM System Using Zero Padding and Eigen De...ijsrd.com
This paper deals with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadband wireless communication systems, employing orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). In order to exploit the benefits of OFDM in highly frequency-selective channels, without any significant increase in receiver complexity, a channel shortening prefilter is inserted at the receiver. The main aim of inserting channel shorteners is to shorten the channel so that the main energy of the composite channel is concentrated within a duration smaller than the guard interval inserted while transmission. Thus by including channel shortening equalizers at the receiver the inter symbol interference or the inter block interference can be suppressed. The new approach proposed in this thesis is zero padding approach with Eigen decomposition approach. The advantages of the proposed approaches include immunity to delay spread, resistance to frequency selective fading and simple equalization. This shortening design is a blind one, i.e., a priori knowledge of the MIMO channel impulse response to be shortened is not required, and can be carried out in closed-form.
Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Optimum biasing of LaserCSCJournals
Abstract----A novel high spectral efficiency all-optical sampling orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing scheme is proposed using space frequency Block coding (SFBC) techniques and nonlinear behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes is exploited by relative intensity to noise (RIN).We show that in long-haul fiber optics communications, SFBC-coded OFDM increases spectral efficiency and reduces the influence of chromatic dispersion in optical-OFDM system if RIN is adjusted to -155 dB/Hz
On Channel Estimation of OFDM-BPSK and -QPSK over Nakagami-m Fading ChannelsCSCJournals
This paper evaluates the performance of OFDM - BPSK & -QPSK based system with and without channel estimation over Nakagami-m fading channels. Nakagami-m variants are generated by decomposition of Nakagami random variable into orthogonal random variables with Gaussian distribution envelopes. Performance of OFDM system in Nakagami channel has been reported here. The results yield the optimum value of m based on BER and SNR. Using this optimum value of m, Channel estimation over flat fading has been reported here. It has been depicted clearly from simulated graphs that channel estimation has further reduced the BER. However, threshold value of m has played a vital role during channel estimation.
Comparative evaluation of bit error rate for different ofdm subcarriers in ra...ijmnct
In the present situation, the expectation about the quality of signals in wireless communication is as high as possible. This quality issue is dependent upon the different communication parameters. One of the most important issues is to reduce the bit error rate (BER) to enhance the performance of the system. This paper provides a comparative analysis on the basis of this bit error rate. I have compared the BER for different number of subcarriers in OFDM system for BPSK modulation scheme. I have taken 6 varieties of data subcarriers to analyze this comparison. Here my target is to reach at the lowest level of BER for BPSK modulation. That is achieved at 2048 number of subcarriers.
Design and verification of pipelined parallel architecture implementation in ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper deals with the channel loss models of ultra-wideband radio wave propagation from 2 to 10 GHz application. IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel loss reference models have been introduced and the estimation methods of channel transmission loss have been discussed with the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application. The channel transmission loss was measured in ZigBee circuit with 2 kinds of power, using IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel model to estimate the theoretical channel loss, the theoretical value and the actual measured value were compared and analyzed. The analysis shows that the error between the calculated value and the actual measured value of the IEEE 802.15.4a reference model is small in the ultra-wideband ZigBee channel environment, and the error of the Okumura channel loss model is large. The results show that in the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application, IEEE 802.15.4a channel loss model is a high precision reference model for the ultra-wideband channel loss calculation.
A low complexity partial transmit sequence scheme for better papr reduction i...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main drawback of OFDM system is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signals. Partial transmit sequence scheme is a promising algorithm to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) consist of several inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operations and complicated calculations to obtain optimum phase sequence which results in increasing the computational complexity of PTS. A phase sequence applied to the PTS Scheme reduces its complexity but at the expense of slight degradation in PAPR reduction. In this paper, for further reduction of PAPR the peak clipping of the OFDM signal is introduced along with the PTS with new phase sequence scheme. Since clipping is one of the simplest techniques of PAPR reduction, it does not increase the complexity of the system much and a better PAPR reduction is obtained with the combined effect of clipping and PTS with New Phase Sequence. But the clipping technique introduce some distortion in the signal, however peak clipping of signal below a particular threshold can maintain the BER in the tolerable range. The clipping threshold selected will be different for different OFDM systems. Index Terms: OFDM, Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), Clipping.
Low Peak to Average Power Ratio and High Spectral Efficiency Using Selective ...theijes
A low complexity peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. All pass filters technique used PAPR is reduction but small amount of reduction, So use Selective Mapping (SLM) technique reduce PAPR and SNR increases.
A Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for OFDM System ijmnct
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) i
s considered as most efficient technique for future
wireless communication systems due to its higher sp
ectral bandwidth efficiency, robustness to frequenc
y
selective fading channels, etc. However, the succes
sful implementation of the OFDM system necessitates
several difficulties. The biggest disadvantage to w
ork with OFDM system is its high peak-to-average po
wer
ratio PAPR leadsto severe inter carrier interferenc
e, out-of-band radiation, and poor bit error rate
performance due to the nonlinearity of the high pow
er amplifier. In this paper, a novel hybrid techniq
ue is
proposed to reduce PAPR further and comparison has
been done with conventional techniques as well.
Simulated results are presentedconfirm theoretical
results.MATLAB 7.5 is used to simulate the results
for system parametersconsidered.
Design of Optimized FIR Filter Using FCSD Representation IJEEE
This paper presents the design and implementation of an eight order efficient FIR filter for wireless communication system. In this work, factored canonical signed digit representation (FCSD) is used for representing the filter coefficients in order to reduce the design complexity, area and delay of the FIR filter. Complexity of the system has been reduced by replacing binary coefficients with FCSD representation. Further area and delay has been improved by replacing multiplication operation with add and shift method where carry save adder (CSA) is used for addition of two numbers and barrel shifter is used for shifting the data words. Representation of coefficient in the FCSD format along with fastest adder and shifter improves the performance of the system. FIR filter has been designed using an equiripple method in MATLAB and further synthesized on Spartan 3E XC3S500E target FPGA device. Simulation results show that optimized FCSD based FIR filter offers a less number of slices, look up tables (LUTs) and flip-flops as compared to CSD and conventional FCSD based FIR filter, in addition to enhanced performance.
FPGA Based Power Efficient Chanalizer For Software Defined RadioIJMER
Multiple communication channel support in RF transmission, such as that in a Software Defined Radio (SDR) warrants the use of channelizers to extract required channels from the received RF frequency band and to perform follow-on baseband processing. This paper describes the process of channelization as it applies to low power and high-efficiency applications in wireless and Satellite Communications (SATCOM) domains. Smaller bandwidths and changing requirements of bandwidth calls for a programmable channel selection mechanism whereby channels and the resulting bandwidth can be selected based on target application, which is the primary principle in the Software Defined Radio based systems.
Ber performance of ofdm with discrete wavelet transform for time dispersive c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Analysis and Simulation of Decimator for Multirate ApplicationsIJEEE
In this paper, a decimator design has been presented for multirate digital signal processing. The decimator design has been analysed and simulated for performance comparison in terms of filter order and ripple factor. Direct form-I with decimation factor 2 have been used for performance and ripple analysis. The decimators have been designed & simulated using MATLAB. It can be observed from the simulated results that as we increase the filter order, ripple factor decreases, for the same filter structure. On the other hand, increasing filter order will increase its area and implementation cost.
Digital Implementation of Costas Loop with Carrier RecoveryIJERD Editor
Demodulator circuit is a basic building block of wireless communication. Digital implementation of
demodulator is attracting more attention for the significant advantages of digital systems than analog systems.
The carrier signal extraction is the main problem in synchronous demodulation in design of demodulator based
on Software Defined Radio. When transmitter or receiver in motion, it is difficult for demodulator to generate
carrier signal same in frequency and phase as transmitter carrier signal due to Doppler shift and Doppler rate.
Here the digital implementation of Costas loop for QPSK demodulation in continuous mode is discussed with
carrier recovery using phase locked loop.
Multi band, multi mode digital rf receiver front end module for m-wimaxeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Implementation of Efficient Analysis and Synthesis QMF Bank for Mu...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The present section deals with a new type of technique for designing an efficient two channel Quadrature Mirror Filter Bank with constant phase in frequency. For achieving the Perfect Reconstruction Condition in Filter bank, an attempt has been made to design the low pass prototype filter with its impulse response and frequency response in three regions namely pass band, stop band and transition band region. With the error in terms of Reconstruction and the attenuation in the stop band as seen in the prototype filter response, one can evaluate the performance of the introduced filter with the help of filter coefficients generated in the design examples that affects the quality of filter bank design under the constraints of Near Perfect Reconstruction Conditions.
Area Efficient Reconfigurable Fast Filter Bank for Multi-Standard Wireless R...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMBINED PIPELINING AND PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCH...VLSICS Design
Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device (xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMBINED PIPELINING AND PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCH...VLSICS Design
Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device (xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
Design And Implementation of Combined Pipelining and Parallel Processing Arch...VLSICS Design
Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device (xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
Similar to Efficient Design of Higher Order Variable Digital Filter for Multi Modulated Signals (20)
Beaglebone Black Webcam Server For SecurityIJTET Journal
Web server security using BeagleBone Black is based on ARM Cortex-A8 processor and Linux operating system
is designed and implemented. In this project the server side consists of BeagleBone Black with angstrom OS and interfaced
with webcam. The client can access the web server by proper authentication. The web server displays the web page forms
like home, video, upload, settings and about. The home web page describes the functions of Web Pages. The video Web page
displays the saved videos in the server and client can view or download the videos. The upload web page is used by the client
to upload the files to server. The settings web page is used to change the username, password and date if needed. The about web page provides the description of the project
Biometrics Authentication Using Raspberry PiIJTET Journal
Biometric authentication is one of the most popular and accurate technology. Nowadays, it is used in many real time
applications. However, recognizing fingerprints in Linux based embedded computers (raspberry pi) is still a very complex problem.
This entire work is done on the Linux based embedded computer called raspberry pi , in which database creation and management
using postgresql, web page creation using PHP language, fingerprint reader access, authentication and recognition using python were
entirely done on raspberry pi This paper discusses on the standardized authentication model which is capable of extracting the
fingerprints of individual and store that in database . Then I use the final fingerprint to match with others in fingerprints present in the
database (postgresql) to show the capability of this model.
Conceal Traffic Pattern Discovery from Revealing Form of Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Number of techniques has been planned supported packet secret writing to safeguard the
communication in MANETs. STARS functioning supported stastical characteristics of captured raw traffic.
STARS discover the relationships of offer to destination communication. To forestall STAR attack associate
offer hidding technique is introduced.The pattern aims to derive the source/destination probability distribution.
that's the probability for each node to entire traffic captured with link details message source/destination and
conjointly the end-to-end link probability distribution that's the probability for each strive of nodes to be
associate end-to-end communication strive. thence construct point-to-point traffic originate and then derive the
end-to-end traffic with a set of traffic filtering rules; thus actual traffic protected against revelation attack.
Through this protective mechanism efficiency of traffic enlarged by ninety fifth from attacked traffic. For a lot of
sweetening to avoid overall attacks second shortest path is chosen.
Node Failure Prevention by Using Energy Efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor ...IJTET Journal
The most necessary issue that has to be solved in coming up with an information transmission rule for
wireless unplanned networks is a way to save unplanned node energy whereas meeting the wants of applications
users because the unplanned nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it’s
conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the
information on time. Achieving quality of service in is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power -
efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless unplanned networks is planned that saves the energy by
expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. When supply finds route to
destination, it calculates α for every route. The worth α is predicated on largest minimum residual energy of the trail
and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher α, then that path is chosen for routing the information. The worth of α
are higher, if the most important of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is
lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail. So as to extend the energy potency any
transmission power of the nodes is additionally adjusted supported the situation of their neighbour. If the neighbours
of a node are closely placed thereto node, then transmission vary of the node is diminished. Thus it's enough for the
node to own the transmission power to achieve the neighbour at intervals that vary. As a result transmission power
of the node is cut back that later on reduces the energy consumption of the node. Our planned work is simulated
through Network machine (NS-2). Existing AODV and Man-Min energy routing protocol conjointly simulated
through NS-2 for performance comparison. Packet Delivery quantitative relation, Energy Consumption and end-toend
delay.
Prevention of Malicious Nodes and Attacks in Manets Using Trust worthy MethodIJTET Journal
In Manet the first demand is co-operative communication among nodes. The malicious nodes might cause security issues like grey hole and cooperative attacks. To resolve these attack issue planning Dynamic supply routing mechanism, that is referred as cooperative bait detection theme (CBDS) that integrate the advantage of each proactive and reactive defence design is used. In region attacks, a node transmits a malicious broadcast informing that it's the shortest path to the destination, with the goal of intercepting messages. During this case, a malicious node (so-called region node) will attract all packets by victimisation solid Route Reply (RREP) packet to incorrectly claim that “fake” shortest route to the destination then discard these packets while not forwarding them to the destination. In grey hole attacks, the malicious node isn't abs initio recognized in and of itself since it turns malicious solely at a later time, preventing a trust-based security resolution from detective work its presence within the network. It then by selection discards/forwards the info packets once packets undergo it. During this we have a tendency to focus is on detective work grey hole/collaborative region attacks employing a dynamic supply routing (DSR)-based routing technique.
Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
Wireless detector nodes are a promising technology to play three-dimensional applications. Even it
will sight correct lead to could on top of ground and underground. In solid underground watching system makes
some challenges are there to propagating the signals. The detector node is moving entire the underground
pipeline and sending information to relay node that's placed within the on top of ground. If any relay node is
unsuccessful during this condition suggests that it'll not sending the info. In this watching system can specially
designed as a heterogeneous networks. Every high power relay nodes most covers minimum 2 low power relay
node. If any relay node is unsuccessful within the network, the constellation can modification mechanically
supported the heterogeneous network. The high power relay node is change the unsuccessful node and sending
the condition of pipeline. The benefits are thought-about to be extremely distributed, improved packet delivery
Raspberry Pi Based Client-Server Synchronization Using GPRSIJTET Journal
A low cost Internet-based attendance record embedded system for students which uses wireless technology to
transfer data between the client and server is designed. The proposed system consist of a Raspberry Pi which acts as a
client which stores the details of the students in the database by using user login system using web. When the user logs
into the database the data is sent through GPRS to the server machine which maintains the records of the employees and
the attendance is updated in the server database. The GPRS module provides a bidirectional real-time data transfer
between the client and server. This system can be implemented to any real time application so as to retrieve information
from a data source of the client system and send a file to the remote server through GPRS. The main aim is to avoid the
limitations in Ethernet connection and design a low cost and efficient attendance record system where the data is
transferred in a secure way from the client database and updated in the server database using GPRS technology
ECG Steganography and Hash Function Based Privacy Protection of Patients Medi...IJTET Journal
Data hiding can hide sensitive information into signals for covert communication. Most data hiding
techniques will distort the signal in order to insert additional messages. The distortion is often small; the irreversibility is
not admissible to some sensitive techniques. Most of the applications, lossless data hiding is desired to extract the
embedded data and the original host signal. The project proposes the enhancement of protection system for secret data
communication through encrypted data concealment in ECG signals of the patient. The proposed encryption technique
used to encrypt the confidential data into unreadable form and not only enhances the safety of secret carrier information by
making the information inaccessible to any intruder having a random method. For that we use twelve square ciphering
techniques. The technique is used make the communication between the sender and the receiver to be authenticated is hash
function. To evaluate the effectiveness of ECG wave at the proposed technique, distortion measurement techniques of two
are used, the percentage residue difference (PWD) and wavelets weighted PRD. Proposed technique provides high security protection for patient data with low distortion is proven in this proposed system.
An Efficient Decoding Algorithm for Concatenated Turbo-Crc CodesIJTET Journal
In this paper, a hybrid turbo decoding algorithm is used, in which the outer code, Cyclic Redundancy Check code is
not used for detection of errors as usual but for error correction and improvement. This algorithm effectively combines the iterative
decoding algorithm with Rate-Compatible Insertion Convolution Turbo Decoding, where the CRC code and the turbo code are
regarded as an integrated whole in the Decoding process. Altogether we propose an effective error detecting method based on
normalized Euclidean distance to compensate for the loss of error detection capability which should have been provided by CRC
code. Simulation results show that with the proposed approach, 0.5-2dB performance gain can be achieved for the code blocks
with short information length
Improved Trans-Z-source Inverter for Automobile ApplicationIJTET Journal
In this paper a new technology is proposed with a replacement of conventional voltage source/current
source inverter with Improved Trans-Z-source inverter in automobile applications. The improved Trans-Z-source
inverter has a high boost inversion capability and continues input current. Also this new inverter can suppress the
resonant current at the startup; this resonant current in the startup may lead the device to permanent damage. In
improved Trans-Z-source inverter a couple inductor is needed, instead of this coupled inductor a transformer is used.
By using a transformer with sufficient turns ratio the size can be reduced. The turn’s ratio of the transformer decides
the input voltage of the inverter. In this paper operating principle, comparison with conventional inverters, working
with automobiles simulation results, THD analysis, Hardware implementation using ATMEGA 328 P are included.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
Comprehensive Path Quality Measurement in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
A wireless sensor network mostly relies on multi-hop transmissions to deliver a data packet. It is of essential importance to measure the quality of multi-hop paths and such information shall be utilized in designing efficient routing strategies. Existing metrics like ETF, ETX mainly focus on quantifying the link performance in between the nodes while overlooking the forwarding capabilities inside the sensor nodes. By combining the QoF measurements within a node and over a link, we are able to comprehensively measure the intact path quality in designing efficient multihop routing protocols. We propose QoF, Quality of Forwarding, a new metric which explores the performance in the gray zone inside a node left unattended in previous studies. We implement QoF and build a modified Collection Tree Protocol.
Optimizing Data Confidentiality using Integrated Multi Query ServicesIJTET Journal
Query services have experienced terribly massive growth within past few years for that reason large usage of services need to balance outsourcing data management to Cloud service providers that provide query services to the client for data owners, therefore data owner needs data confidentiality as well as query privacy to be guaranteed attributable to disloyal behavior of cloud service provider consequently enhancing data confidentiality must not be compromise the query processed performance. It is not significant to provide slow query services as the result of security along with privacy assurance. We propose the random space perturbation data perturbation method to provide secure with kNN(k-nearest-neighbor) range query services for protecting data in the cloud and Frequency Structured R-Tree (FSR-Tree) efficient range query. Our schemes enhance data confidentiality without compromising the FSR-TREE query processing performance that also increases the user experience.
Foliage Measurement Using Image Processing TechniquesIJTET Journal
Automatic detection of fruit and leaf diseases is essential to automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as early as they appear on the growing stage. This system helps to detect the diseases on fruit during farming , right from plan and easily monitoring the diseases of grapes leaf and apple fruit. By using this system we can avoid the economical loss due to various diseases in agriculture production. K-means clustering technique is used for segmentation. The features are extracted from the segmented image and artificial neural network is used for training the image database and classified their performance to the respective disease categories. The experimental results express that what type of disease can be affected in the fruit and leaf .
Harmonic Mitigation Method for the DC-AC Converter in a Single Phase SystemIJTET Journal
This project suggest a sine-wave modulation technique is to achieve a low total harmonic distortion of Buck-Boost converter connected to a changing polarity inverter in a system. The suggested technique improves the harmonic content of the output. In addition, a proportional-resonant Integral controller is used along with harmonic compensation techniques for eliminating the DC component in the system. Also, the performance of the Proposed controller is analyzed when it connecting to the converter. The design of Buck-Boost converter is fed by modulated sine wave Pulse width modulation technique are proposed to mitigate the low order harmonics and to control the output current. So, that the output complies within the standard limit without use of low pass filter.
Comparative Study on NDCT with Different Shell Supporting StructuresIJTET Journal
Natural draft cooling towers are very essential in modern days in thermal and nuclear power stations. These are the hyperbolic shells of revolution in form and are supported on inclined columns. Several types of shell supporting structures such as A,V,X,Y are being used for construction of NDCT’s. Wind loading on NDCT governs critical cases and requires attention. In this paper a comparative study on reinforcement details has been done on NDCT’s with X and Y shell supporting structures. For this purpose 166m cooling tower with X and Y supporting structures being analyzed and design for wind (BS & IS code methods), seismic loads using SAP2000.
Experimental Investigation of Lateral Pressure on Vertical Formwork Systems u...IJTET Journal
The modeling of pressure distribution of fresh concrete poured in vertical formwork are rather dynamic than complex. Many researchers had worked on the pressure distribution modeling of concrete and formulated empirical relationship factors like formwork height, rate of pour, consistency classes of concrete. However, in the current scenario, most of high rise construction uses self compacting concrete(SCC) which is a special concrete which utilizes not only mineral and chemical admixtures but also varied aggregate proportions and hence modeling pressure distribution of SCC over other concrete in vertical formwork systems is necessitated. This research seeks to bridge the gap between the theoretical formulation of pressure distribution with the actual modeled (scaled) vertical formwork systems. The pressure distribution of SCC in the laboratory will be determined using pressure sensors, modeled and analyzed.
A Five – Level Integrated AC – DC ConverterIJTET Journal
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A Comprehensive Approach for Multi Biometric Recognition Using Sclera Vein an...IJTET Journal
Sclera and finger print vein fusion is a new biometric approach for uniquely identifying humans. First, Sclera vein is identified and refined using image enhancement techniques. Then Y shape feature extraction algorithm is used to obtain Y shape pattern which are then fused with finger vein pattern. Second, Finger vein pattern is obtained using CCD camera by passing infrared light through the finger. The obtained image is then enhanced. A line shape feature extraction algorithm is used to get line patterns from enhanced finger vein image. Finally Sclera vein image pattern and Finger vein image pattern were combined to get the final fused image. The image thus obtained can be used to uniquely identify a person. The proposed multimodal system will produce accurate results as it combines two main traits of an individual. Therefore, it can be used in human identification and authentication systems.
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under Seismic ExitationIJTET Journal
Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Efficient Design of Higher Order Variable Digital Filter for Multi Modulated Signals
1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
84
Efficient Design of Higher Order Variable Digital
Filter for Multi Modulated Signals
P.D.Swathika1
PG Scholar, Sona College of Technology,
VLSI Design,
Salem, India1
.
swathikadhanapal@gmail.com
Abstract— The electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis is commonly used technique in clinical examination proposes a method of
designing reconfigurable warped digital filter with various low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and band-stop responses. The warped filter
is obtain by replacing each element interruption of a digital filter with an all exceed filter. It is widely used for various video and
audio processing applications. Warped filters require first-order all pass conversion to obtain low-pass and high-pass responses, and
by using second-order all pass conversion to obtain variable band-pass and band-stop responses. To overcome this drawback,
proposed method combines warped filters with the coefficient decimation technique. In VLSI circuits in order to reduce hardware
cost Command Signals Decoder (CSD) based shift-and-add approach is used for multiplication. It offers extensive savings in opening
count and power utilization more than other approaches.
Index Terms— Variable Digital Filter, Warped Filter, All Pass Filters, Command Signals Decoder
1 INTRODUCTION
Various types of ECG analysis works with
biomedical applications started in late 1950’s, and each year a
greater amount of recording are acquired and analyzed. So,
automatic ECG analysis is a topic that continues to be of
interest in biomedical engineering. The warped filter structure
is designed only with linear-phase FIR and sub-filter
coefficients. These sub-filters are related, with fractional
delays [1]. The filter design is more difficult as the number of
unknown parameters is larger, for (eg). 42686 parameters
with 3048 channels, optimization problem occurs due to the
higher-order design [2]. In order to reduce the channel
parameter, design structure gives 21343 channels. Hence it
posses huge memory resources and complexity of time in
higher-order filters. The transmit function of FIR filter order
which will increase the difficulty [1] [2] and the clean signal
in contribution dispensation sampling rate also increases the
amount of time. The applicability of unknown parameters of
higher-order [3] is designed through filter banks and
fractional delays. The existing technique shows the design of
individual low pass filters and flexible modulated filter banks
[1], with Transmultiplexers TMUX [3] [5]. The major
disadvantage of this method is that it cannot be applicable for
all types of filters and its filter structure. It makes the
implementation of polynomial impulse response [4] respect to
direct form linear-phase FIR filters, with a narrow transition
band is mainly expensive when compared with variable
digital filters. The existing technique that works with
Modified Discrete Fourier Transform MDFT) filter banks are
introduced. It shows the analysis of using synthesis filters
with modulation of complex low-pass prototype filters in
subbands comparisons. The existing mappings of MDFT
filter banks [6], real input signals are converted to complex
subbands signals by the reconstruction of prototypes with
linear-phase structure. Then MDFT filter banks are changed
to complex modulated, critically sub sampled by DFT filter
banks. They combine key features of DFT filter banks as
linear phase analysis and synthesis filters and an efficient
realization with almost [7] Perfect Re-construction
(PR).However in many applications, the functions of the
polyphase components with single-stage structure results in
substantially higher complexity when compared with
proposed formation. Hence the further cost is obtained by
converter block of fractional delay coefficient with delayed
functions [2]. Hence the filter banks works unequally for
conversions of multistage converters which shows poor
flexibility condition. The proposed method includes
reconfigurable warped filter structure with all pass filters are
designed with variable digital filters in order to yield a Fetal
ECG output from MotherECG input signal with
respective cut-off frequencies.
2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
85
2 RELATED WORKS
The concept of farrow structure with fractional
delays was used in order to achieve for [6][7] generating
perfect-reconstruction (PR) multichannel prototype finite-
impulse response. The synthesis of transfer function with
linear-phase FIR is given by
𝐻p(z) = ℎ𝑁
𝑛=0 p n z-n
Where hp [N-n] = hp[n] for n=0, 1 …N. The impulse response
to the transfer function Hk (z) is denoted as the reference
prototype filter followed by Cosine- modulation is
ℎ 𝑘[𝑛]=ℎ 𝑝[𝑛] 2/𝑚 * cos [(k +
1
2
)
𝜋
𝑀
(n-
𝑁
2
) + (-1) k 𝜋
4
]
For generating PR with CMFB based prototype filters for
given number channels, in order to guarantee PR condition
independent. The values of these design unknowns are
selected with its requirements. Based on prototype filter PR
with CMFB has no constraints to minimize the objective
function. These facts are unable to use of any effective
unconstrained prototype filters. However, due to the fact of
these problems, the convergence with local optimum solution
implies a poor enough in linear-phase FIR structure.
3 EXISTING METHODOLOGY FARROW
STRUCTURE
The Farrow Structure is used to express the filter
design of a linear phase FIR [1]. Methods of designing these
high-order normalized filters are prototype filter banks (FB’s)
and transmultiplexers (TMUX) with large number of
channels. Here the performance of filter is not analyzed. The
farrow structure consists of sub filters with different set SL (z)
= 0, 1….L.
Fig.1. Farrow Structure
By using 16-bit multipliers in each filter tap consume
large area and power. Hence overall throughput is very poor
in multiplier based approach and it has less accuracy in
computing difference between input and reference signal in
filter block. Linear-phase FIR filters irrespective of its
regulate being high, low, even, or odd as well as the impulse
response being symmetric or antisymmetric. However, it is
more difficult for filters with high orders as the conventional
design of such filters is more challenging. High
computational delay shows implementation complexity is
high. The order of a linear-phase finite-length impulse
response (FIR) low pass filter depends on its transition band,
i.e., the difference between the pass band and stop band
edges, as well as the pass band/stop band ripples. In both
cases, the filter order is more sensitive to the transition band
rather than the ripples. After estimating the filter order, one
must solve an optimization problem to determine the filter
coefficients. For high filter orders, e.g., 32767 which is used
in a cosine modulated filter bank (CMFB) with 2048 channels
the filter design becomes difficult as the number of [6][7]
unknown parameters is large. Relations between the filter
order and the number of FB channels, is not crucial. In other
words, the main aim to show the effectiveness of obtaining
filters with high orders. To overcome this drawback,
proposed method includes variable digital filters for multi-
modulated processing with flexible input coefficients.
4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Direct Arithmetic (DA) based approach is used for
filter convolution with this approach we can increase the filter
response speed without adding any hardware complexity. For
sharp filter response requires a large number of coefficients
(impulse responses). This will increase the filter length and
more filter taps are required for computation. Here through
decimation factor taps used for filter output is changed
dynamically.
4.1 Proposed Variable Digital Filter
Variable Digital Filters (VDF) is digital filters with
controllable spectral characteristics such as cutoff frequency
response, adjustable pass band width, and controllable
fractional delays. They found applications in different areas
of signal processing and communications, e.g. fractional
delay digital filters for timing adjustment in digital receivers.
In proposed system, variable digital filters are designed by
using warped filter structure. Variable digital filters is a filter
whose frequency response specifications, cutoff frequency fc
can be controlled through number of parameters with
minimum overhead on complexity. Methods for designing
variable digital filters are done by using conversion method.
Certain conversion such as all pass conversion is then applied
to VDF with variable cutoff frequencies. The coefficients of
the polynomials are then determined to provide continuous
tuning of the VDF by conversion. The z-domain transfer
function obtained from the bilinear transform is at best a good
approximation of the analog frequency response. As the input
frequency increases toward fs/2, the digital filter response
becomes less representative of the analog frequency response.
The decimation technique is denoted by the simplest
resampling technique because it involves reducing the
number of samples per second required to represent a signal.
If the input signal is strictly band limited such that the signal
spectrum is zero for all frequencies above fs/ (2M), then
decimation can be performed by simply retaining every M-th
sample method.
μμμ
y (n)
x (n)
SL(z) S2(z) S1(z) S0(z)
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Fig.2. Block Diagram of VDF
4.2 Warped α- Coefficient Frequency Variation
Warped filter is obtained by replace each unit
impediment of a digital pass through a filter with all-pass
structures of an appropriate order. Therefore by changing the
coefficients of an all pass filters, the fc can be controlled.
Fig.3. Warped digital filter
Warped filters bandwidth needs to be changed, to update the
filter coefficients which will incur a large number of memory
read and write operations. Depending on the application,
warped filters with response of low-pass, high-pass, bandpass
or bandstop are designed. Here alpha is a set of constants
used to vary the cutoff frequency selections of all pass filters.
4.3 Frequency Responses of All Pass Filters
Design
A filter bank designed using warped filters is
proposed for all pass filters. The low pass, band pass, and
high pass filters are connected in parallel. However, the
complexity of the band pass filter uses second-order all pass
conversion.
Fig.4.Single multiplier structure for A (z)
The approximation function is assumed to be a linear
combination of filter structure. Without loss of complexity, a
tunable adaptive filter using a piecewise polynomial yields
tunable FIR VDF with good frequency characteristics and
offers larger tuning range than ordinary polynomial-based
approach.
They include conversion based on warped filter and
frequency response masking based approach. Coefficient
decimation (CDM) technique for realizes the low-complexity.
VDFs with fixed coefficients are designed using warping
technique to detect bandpass signals in a broadband signal.
The variable frequency of α coefficients are obtained as
Low-pass frequency responses are obtained using the all pass
transformation given by
G (z) = H (A (z)). Where A (z) = (
−𝛼+𝑧−1
1−𝛼𝑧−1 ) |α| < 1
High-pass frequency responses are obtained using the all
pass transformation given by
G (z) = H (-A (z)).
Fixed bandwidth band-pass responses at an arbitrary center
frequency are obtained by using the reduced second order
transformation given as
G (z) = H (B (z)). B (z) = -z-1
(
−𝛼+𝑧−1
1−𝛼𝑧−1
)
Where |α| < 1 = -z-1
A (z).
Fixed bandwidth band-stop responses at an arbitrary center
frequency are using the transformation given as
G (z) = H (-B (z)).
In proposed VDF, there are two controlling parameters used
such as warping coefficient α and decimation factor M. Both
the parameters control the cutoff frequency α controls the
center frequency and M controls the bandwidth |α| < 1 and M
can be used as a positive integer. In the same way, different
kinds of variable responses can be obtained using fixed
coefficient filter architecture.
4.4 Fetal ECG Extraction
The adaptive algorithms for FIR filters are widely
used in various applications such as medicine, statement and
have power over due to its easily performance, strength and
best presentation. Its simplicity makes it attractive for ECG
analyses where it is need to minimize MECG error response.
Filters take part in a significant role for exclusion of
_
+
+
+
OutputInput
OutputInput Z-1
𝛼
Z-1
A (Z)
Y (n)
X (n)
𝛼
h0 h1 h2 hn
A(Z) A(Z) A(Z)
Fs2Fs1
Frequency
selection
All pass filter
structure using
MUX
Extracted
FECG
output
Alpha value for cut
off frequency
selection
MECG input
signal
Input filter
coefficients
M-Decimation
factor
4. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
87
redundant signal or clamor from unique input signal in FECG
extraction by removing the selected frequencies from the
incoming signal. These FECG signals become much popular
due to the amplification of the digital signal processing. Here
a comparator is used to acquire finite response between input
signal and desired response signal. The comparator output is
reorganized in LUT and multiplied with samples as filter
coefficients.
4.5 Adaptive Filters with Low Complexity
Filters are used in application of biomedical
instruments, as the frequency response of medical instrument
are extremely small and so digital filters are much accepted
for low rate of recurrence application. The manipulative of
the adaptive filter, it’s balanced to choose the adaptive filter
algorithm for high accuracy. Here LMS algorithm is
proposed with AFIR for Fetal ECG extraction, which will be
interior causative factor for the achievement of algorithm
functioning. For any purpose of the adaptive filters, the
contribution signal and the orientation effort is essential to
individual progression. The smallest amount indicates
squaring method is use to regulate the influence of the
adaptive filter in order to decrease the error. The best
explanation to remove the unnecessary signal or noise from
the participation signal is the suggestion noise must be
cleaned out by means of adaptive filtering technique due to
its good concert and consistency. The filter coefficients in
adaptive filtering are a set of constants which is used to
multiply delayed signal samples inside the structure. FIR
filter is terminated by its transfer function and the filter order
is merely the number of taps multiplied by MAC unit, if
suppose response is working until now the desire reaction is
said to be finite, the filter still is a FIR. This pass through a
filter have a limited desire response constant while it uses
opinion after N samples of an desire function represented in
digital filtering.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Fig.5. Simulation of MECG
The above figure shows the reference signal and input signal
obtained from MECG samples. The sample is loaded into an
on chip memory with width 15bit and depth of 1000 and
applied to internal logical blocks by using a sequential 10bit
counter. The output shows the testbench wave forms in
which the signal coefficients have been fixed. Simulation is
obtained using modelsim simulator.
Fig.6. Simulation of FECG Extraction
The figure shows accurate fetal ECG extracted from MECG.
Low frequency component and distortions are removed using
HP filter and genetic algorithm by coefficient replacement.
Based on its time and frequency, the conditions of fetal can
be analyzed.
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The input MECG signal is referred to the
concentration of detecting QRS- complex with adaptive
equalization of binary test noise obtained by warped filters.
This is the prominent feature in ECG recordings and it is still
deemed to be useful information about the heart status of
patients recently more complete algorithms that allow the
computation of other essential ECG parameters have been
developed.
Fig.7. Result of FECG separation.
5. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 2 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
88
7. CONCLUSION
In this paper, variable filter design using warped
filters has been presented. Most of these VDFs are commonly
used for communication applications due to their exact
characteristics of warped structure with all pass filters and
flexible input coefficients. It has been considered to denoised
the filters from the noisy input signal with application of
FECG signal get separated from MECG distortion less output
obtained from all pass filter coefficients through reference
input capitulate to get FECG output By using these proposed
technique, FECG signal is denoised and low complexity,
accuracy is achieved. All simulation results are carried out by
using modelsim software.
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