Given access to the same facts, experts can still disagree due to various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In ethics, disagreements arise from differences in personal backgrounds and political views, allowing issues to be understood from multiple perspectives. However, in natural science disagreements often create uncertainty, especially when not resolved. Motivations like gaining prestige or attention can influence experts' conclusions. While disagreements advance knowledge by disproving theories, they can confuse non-experts if leading to unresolved debates. Overall, disagreements among experts affect both the depth of knowledge in their discipline and how the public understands issues.
This document outlines a student's plan to investigate the topic of "The Rights of the Disabled" for their English SBA. They plan to watch two YouTube videos and read articles related to their subtopic. The student hopes this investigation will help them extend their vocabulary, enhance their reasoning and research skills, and improve their comprehension abilities. By conducting this research, the student expects to gain a better understanding of the rights of disabled people in Jamaica.
This document is an internal assessment report on solid and sewage waste management in the community of Linstead, Jamaica. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of studying how improper waste disposal impacts residents' health. The literature review discusses how waste pollution negatively affects health and the environment. It also examines Linstead's lack of proper sewage management and irregular solid waste collection. The report will use research findings to evaluate impacts of waste and provide recommendations to alleviate problems.
The document summarizes research conducted on whether citizens in the community of Naggo Head are aware of acts that constitute the tort of private nuisance. Surveys were conducted asking residents questions about private nuisance. The findings showed that while most residents were familiar with the concept of private nuisance, many were unaware of its specific elements and the legal remedies available. The researchers concluded more education is needed for citizens on private nuisance laws and respecting neighbors. They recommended residents educate themselves on private nuisance.
The document is a student portfolio on depression among teenagers in Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of examining this issue and discussing the author's personal connection. It also includes a table of contents, preface, reflective short story, and analysis. The reflective short story, titled "Beena's Dilemma", depicts the life of a teenager named Beena who is suffering from depression due to bullying at school and abuse at home from her alcoholic father. After being verbally abused by her father one night, Beena attempts suicide by slashing her wrists. She is rushed to the hospital and survives. Her parents realize their role in her depression and seek counselling and therapy to help Beena
This document presents the research findings of a study on labeling theory and its impact on juvenile behavior in high schools. The study utilized questionnaires distributed to students across two high schools to collect primary data, along with statistical data from school administrators. Key findings included that lower class boys and middle class girls were more susceptible to deviant acts. Peer pressure was identified as the main motivation for such acts. Over 80% of respondents believed dysfunctional families contributed to the number of deviants in schools. The research aimed to understand the motivations and impacts of labeling on juvenile behavior, in fulfillment of the sociology syllabus requirements.
- The document analyzes the demand for chicken and chips at a school café through a survey.
- Key factors affecting demand were found to be price, location, and availability of substitutes. At a price of $20, most students bought 1 chicken and chips per week.
- The majority of respondents said they would buy less if the price increased by $5 and more if the price decreased. Price was identified as the most important factor influencing purchases.
The researcher aimed to learn about and compare rites of passage in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Key rites include baptism/christening for babies, confirmation ceremonies for youth, marriage rituals, and funeral practices. In Christianity, infants may be baptized or dedicated, youth confirm their faith, marriage involves vows in front of clergy, and funerals include prayer and scripture. Similar rites occur in Judaism and Islam, such as circumcision for baby boys and wedding contracts, though details vary between faiths. The researcher concluded rites of passage mark important life stages and bring individuals into and through their religious communities.
This document outlines a student's plan to investigate the topic of "The Rights of the Disabled" for their English SBA. They plan to watch two YouTube videos and read articles related to their subtopic. The student hopes this investigation will help them extend their vocabulary, enhance their reasoning and research skills, and improve their comprehension abilities. By conducting this research, the student expects to gain a better understanding of the rights of disabled people in Jamaica.
This document is an internal assessment report on solid and sewage waste management in the community of Linstead, Jamaica. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of studying how improper waste disposal impacts residents' health. The literature review discusses how waste pollution negatively affects health and the environment. It also examines Linstead's lack of proper sewage management and irregular solid waste collection. The report will use research findings to evaluate impacts of waste and provide recommendations to alleviate problems.
The document summarizes research conducted on whether citizens in the community of Naggo Head are aware of acts that constitute the tort of private nuisance. Surveys were conducted asking residents questions about private nuisance. The findings showed that while most residents were familiar with the concept of private nuisance, many were unaware of its specific elements and the legal remedies available. The researchers concluded more education is needed for citizens on private nuisance laws and respecting neighbors. They recommended residents educate themselves on private nuisance.
The document is a student portfolio on depression among teenagers in Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of examining this issue and discussing the author's personal connection. It also includes a table of contents, preface, reflective short story, and analysis. The reflective short story, titled "Beena's Dilemma", depicts the life of a teenager named Beena who is suffering from depression due to bullying at school and abuse at home from her alcoholic father. After being verbally abused by her father one night, Beena attempts suicide by slashing her wrists. She is rushed to the hospital and survives. Her parents realize their role in her depression and seek counselling and therapy to help Beena
This document presents the research findings of a study on labeling theory and its impact on juvenile behavior in high schools. The study utilized questionnaires distributed to students across two high schools to collect primary data, along with statistical data from school administrators. Key findings included that lower class boys and middle class girls were more susceptible to deviant acts. Peer pressure was identified as the main motivation for such acts. Over 80% of respondents believed dysfunctional families contributed to the number of deviants in schools. The research aimed to understand the motivations and impacts of labeling on juvenile behavior, in fulfillment of the sociology syllabus requirements.
- The document analyzes the demand for chicken and chips at a school café through a survey.
- Key factors affecting demand were found to be price, location, and availability of substitutes. At a price of $20, most students bought 1 chicken and chips per week.
- The majority of respondents said they would buy less if the price increased by $5 and more if the price decreased. Price was identified as the most important factor influencing purchases.
The researcher aimed to learn about and compare rites of passage in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Key rites include baptism/christening for babies, confirmation ceremonies for youth, marriage rituals, and funeral practices. In Christianity, infants may be baptized or dedicated, youth confirm their faith, marriage involves vows in front of clergy, and funerals include prayer and scripture. Similar rites occur in Judaism and Islam, such as circumcision for baby boys and wedding contracts, though details vary between faiths. The researcher concluded rites of passage mark important life stages and bring individuals into and through their religious communities.
Denzel Buckman conducted research on crime in his community of Santa Cruz, Trinidad for a school assignment. He distributed a 15 question survey to 65 community members and collected data on their experiences with crime. The findings showed that 75% of respondents had lived in the community for over 10 years. 65% of deaths were gang-related and 68% of respondents admitted to committing a crime. Recommendations included a curfew for teens, discouraging gang involvement in youth, job programs for at-risk adults, and community activities to engage youth and reduce crime.
THIS IS MY ASSESSMENT ON LGBTQI DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE COUNTRY I RESIDE. THIS IS MY COMMUNICATION IA AND I HOPE IT HELPS OR GIVES GUIDANCE TO YOU ON YOURS.
ANY NEED FOR HELP OR IF YOU WISH TO SEE THE SOFT COPY OF MY SPEECH YOU MAY EMAIL ME AT- erica5dacas@gmail.com
This document is a student's internal assessment report on the rearing practices of tilapia in a pond in Trinidad. It includes an introduction describing tilapia and its commercialization in Trinidad. The literature review discusses tilapia rearing methods, feeding, impacts on water quality, and various water quality tests. The report then describes the student's methodology, laboratory tests conducted, results, discussions, conclusions and recommendations regarding the effects of tilapia farming on water quality and the environment.
CAPE Communication Studies IA
Please note that the example of Language/Dialectal Variation used in the Expository piece is "Jamaican Creole" and may not be a suitable example for other countries. Thank you.
Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment (Sample) OmziiNella Bell
The document discusses a study on the impact of dancehall music on students at Black River High School. Data was collected through questionnaires given to students and observation at a school concert. Most students listened to dancehall for entertainment and agreed it promotes negative messages and gang violence. They felt the lyrics and artists' actions influence moods and behavior. While some saw artists as role models, most did not and suggested banning dancehall to reduce its negative effects. The findings indicate dancehall impacts students' emotions and may contribute to misconduct.
1) The document analyzes data collected on the number of 20 lb LPG cylinders filled from 6000 lb iso-tanks ordered by JnMarie & Sons gas station.
2) A hypothesis test was conducted to determine if the mean number of cylinders filled is equal to the proposed 1300 cylinders. The test failed to reject the null hypothesis that the mean is 1300 cylinders.
3) A 95% confidence interval was calculated and it was concluded that if other samples were taken, 95% would have a mean between 1286.7 and 1301.56 cylinders.
Tala is Kenya’s #1 finance app! We provide credit at your fingertips, whenever, wherever. All with low fees and an easy repayment schedule. Tala is mobile technology and data science company that is revolutionizing financial services in emerging markets.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal using the method of mixtures.
2. A metal sample was boiled in water for 5 minutes and then quickly transferred to a Styrofoam cup containing water.
3. The temperatures of the metal and water were measured before and after mixing to calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal, which was found to be 368°C compared to the theoretical value of 380°C.
Human & Social Biology - Sample Project on 'The Impact of Heath Practices on ...Raheme Matthie
H.S.B research that was carried out on The Impact of Heath Practices on the Environment. This will help to guide you as to how you should go about doing this assignment.
Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development consisting of 6 stages across 3 levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level focuses on maintaining social order and relationships. The post-conventional level assesses morality based on universal ethical principles of justice. Kohlberg's theory has been influential but also faces criticisms regarding its universality and ability to account for alternative perspectives like Carol Gilligan's view on an ethics of care.
1) This document provides guidance for writing a portfolio reflection that analyzes two elements of language.
2) It outlines the sections to include: preface, introduction, analysis, and reflection.
3) The analysis section asks the writer to comment on two of the following forms of language: register, dialectal variation, attitude to language, or communicative behavior.
The document is a research study on bullying among students at Princes Town West Secondary that examines the causes and effects of bullying through a questionnaire. It finds that verbal and physical bullying are most common, negatively impacting students' self-esteem, with 45% of bullied students believing the bullying is true. The study aims to understand bullying's effects to help address the issue and improve students' well-being.
The document is a research proposal examining the impact of social networking sites on the academic performance of adolescents. It includes an introduction outlining the research problem, literature review on relevant topics, research design using questionnaires and interviews of a sample of local adolescents, and a proposed presentation of findings and data analysis. The research aims to evaluate the negative impact of social media usage on academics, determine influencing factors for student participation, and identify measures to reduce time spent on social networking sites.
Communication Studies Internal Assessment SAMPLENyahJohnson
This Communication Studies IA sample is to be used as a guide to CAPE level (grade 12) students. The theme of this internal assessment is Social Media and Beauty.
1. The document discusses a school-based assessment project on child abuse conducted in the community of 2East Greater Portmore, Jamaica. A questionnaire was used to collect views from 25 community members.
2. The findings showed that most respondents believed child abuse exists in the community and heard stories of parents mistreating children. Many agreed that abused children could become abusers as adults.
3. To reduce child abuse, respondents recommended parents spend more quality time with children, show them love, and not neglect them. Anyone witnessing signs of abuse should report it to authorities.
This project analyzed the fairness of a coin toss through a series of experiments. Data was collected by tossing a coin 50 times under different conditions and recording whether it landed heads or tails. The results found the probability of each side landing face up was close to the theoretical 50% probability, demonstrating a coin toss is generally unbiased. While some individual trials showed slightly more of one side, overall the differences were small. The conclusion is that a coin toss can be used as a fair way to make a random selection.
It's easy in a cause like ending drug prohibition to wonder if it will ever happen. Public support is not high. Politicians respond to the idea with ridicule, and viciously attack their political opponents (or their allies, for that matter) if they do otherwise.
File Upload: MODULE 5
Module Assignment #5
Objectives
1. Discuss attributes of a culture of wellness, including those that facilitate improving a
patient’s medication experience.
2. Identify behaviors and beliefs that promote safe medication-taking practices.
3. List actions that individuals, the scientific and medical community, and government
can take to address America’s drug-taking culture and the prescription drug misuse
epidemic.
Directions
In Module 5, we’re wrapping-up the course by shifting the conversation toward a culture
of health. To do this, we’ll write a response paper to one of the following three TED
talks:
1. “What makes us get sick? Look Upstream” by Dr. Rishi Manchanda
2. “How to connect with depressed friends” by Bill Bernat
3. “Addiction is a disease. We should treat it like one” by Michael Botticelli
Select and view the one TED talk that you find the most interesting (see ‘Resources’).
Then, compose a response paper that reports your interpretation, analysis, and
aesthetic response of/to the ideas presented within the TED talk. Consult the ‘What to
Include’ section below for specific instructions.
What to Include
Compose a response paper that reports your interpretation, analysis, and aesthetic
response of/to your selected TED talk by addressing the following three writing prompts:
1. Interpret the artistic work:
• In your opinion, what is the main message the presenter is trying to share?
Support your response with a specific example from the TED talk.
2. Analyze and Evaluate: What is your analysis of the TED talk overall? Address both
of these prompts to help construct your analysis:
• What is the main issue or problem the presenter is discussing? How does
this issue/problem contribute to America’s drug-taking culture? Elaborate on
your response with an example from the talk.
• Consider the solution the presenter proposes to address the main
issue/problem they are discussing. If individuals or society implement this
solution, how would these actions contribute to a culture of wellness? Again,
elaborate on your response with an example from the talk.
3. Develop an aesthetic response:
• How did watching this TED talk make you feel? Elaborate on your response
by including a meaningful personal reflection that further explains your
thoughts and feelings.
4. Format guidelines: Arial font size 11; single-spaced; 1” margins; Length: 1.5 pages
maximum
5. Please cite the TED talk as well as any external sources, and include a reference list
containing the full citation for each source following the end of your essay.
Resources
1. Michael Botticelli. Addiction is a disease. We should treat it like
one [Video]. Published October 2016. Accessed March 29, 2019.
2. Bill Bernat. How to connect with depressed friends [Video]. Published November
2017. Accessed March 29, 2019.
3. Dr. Rishi Manchanda ...
Denzel Buckman conducted research on crime in his community of Santa Cruz, Trinidad for a school assignment. He distributed a 15 question survey to 65 community members and collected data on their experiences with crime. The findings showed that 75% of respondents had lived in the community for over 10 years. 65% of deaths were gang-related and 68% of respondents admitted to committing a crime. Recommendations included a curfew for teens, discouraging gang involvement in youth, job programs for at-risk adults, and community activities to engage youth and reduce crime.
THIS IS MY ASSESSMENT ON LGBTQI DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE COUNTRY I RESIDE. THIS IS MY COMMUNICATION IA AND I HOPE IT HELPS OR GIVES GUIDANCE TO YOU ON YOURS.
ANY NEED FOR HELP OR IF YOU WISH TO SEE THE SOFT COPY OF MY SPEECH YOU MAY EMAIL ME AT- erica5dacas@gmail.com
This document is a student's internal assessment report on the rearing practices of tilapia in a pond in Trinidad. It includes an introduction describing tilapia and its commercialization in Trinidad. The literature review discusses tilapia rearing methods, feeding, impacts on water quality, and various water quality tests. The report then describes the student's methodology, laboratory tests conducted, results, discussions, conclusions and recommendations regarding the effects of tilapia farming on water quality and the environment.
CAPE Communication Studies IA
Please note that the example of Language/Dialectal Variation used in the Expository piece is "Jamaican Creole" and may not be a suitable example for other countries. Thank you.
Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment (Sample) OmziiNella Bell
The document discusses a study on the impact of dancehall music on students at Black River High School. Data was collected through questionnaires given to students and observation at a school concert. Most students listened to dancehall for entertainment and agreed it promotes negative messages and gang violence. They felt the lyrics and artists' actions influence moods and behavior. While some saw artists as role models, most did not and suggested banning dancehall to reduce its negative effects. The findings indicate dancehall impacts students' emotions and may contribute to misconduct.
1) The document analyzes data collected on the number of 20 lb LPG cylinders filled from 6000 lb iso-tanks ordered by JnMarie & Sons gas station.
2) A hypothesis test was conducted to determine if the mean number of cylinders filled is equal to the proposed 1300 cylinders. The test failed to reject the null hypothesis that the mean is 1300 cylinders.
3) A 95% confidence interval was calculated and it was concluded that if other samples were taken, 95% would have a mean between 1286.7 and 1301.56 cylinders.
Tala is Kenya’s #1 finance app! We provide credit at your fingertips, whenever, wherever. All with low fees and an easy repayment schedule. Tala is mobile technology and data science company that is revolutionizing financial services in emerging markets.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal using the method of mixtures.
2. A metal sample was boiled in water for 5 minutes and then quickly transferred to a Styrofoam cup containing water.
3. The temperatures of the metal and water were measured before and after mixing to calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal, which was found to be 368°C compared to the theoretical value of 380°C.
Human & Social Biology - Sample Project on 'The Impact of Heath Practices on ...Raheme Matthie
H.S.B research that was carried out on The Impact of Heath Practices on the Environment. This will help to guide you as to how you should go about doing this assignment.
Stages of moral development by lawrence kohlberg (1971)sami pearl
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development consisting of 6 stages across 3 levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level focuses on maintaining social order and relationships. The post-conventional level assesses morality based on universal ethical principles of justice. Kohlberg's theory has been influential but also faces criticisms regarding its universality and ability to account for alternative perspectives like Carol Gilligan's view on an ethics of care.
1) This document provides guidance for writing a portfolio reflection that analyzes two elements of language.
2) It outlines the sections to include: preface, introduction, analysis, and reflection.
3) The analysis section asks the writer to comment on two of the following forms of language: register, dialectal variation, attitude to language, or communicative behavior.
The document is a research study on bullying among students at Princes Town West Secondary that examines the causes and effects of bullying through a questionnaire. It finds that verbal and physical bullying are most common, negatively impacting students' self-esteem, with 45% of bullied students believing the bullying is true. The study aims to understand bullying's effects to help address the issue and improve students' well-being.
The document is a research proposal examining the impact of social networking sites on the academic performance of adolescents. It includes an introduction outlining the research problem, literature review on relevant topics, research design using questionnaires and interviews of a sample of local adolescents, and a proposed presentation of findings and data analysis. The research aims to evaluate the negative impact of social media usage on academics, determine influencing factors for student participation, and identify measures to reduce time spent on social networking sites.
Communication Studies Internal Assessment SAMPLENyahJohnson
This Communication Studies IA sample is to be used as a guide to CAPE level (grade 12) students. The theme of this internal assessment is Social Media and Beauty.
1. The document discusses a school-based assessment project on child abuse conducted in the community of 2East Greater Portmore, Jamaica. A questionnaire was used to collect views from 25 community members.
2. The findings showed that most respondents believed child abuse exists in the community and heard stories of parents mistreating children. Many agreed that abused children could become abusers as adults.
3. To reduce child abuse, respondents recommended parents spend more quality time with children, show them love, and not neglect them. Anyone witnessing signs of abuse should report it to authorities.
This project analyzed the fairness of a coin toss through a series of experiments. Data was collected by tossing a coin 50 times under different conditions and recording whether it landed heads or tails. The results found the probability of each side landing face up was close to the theoretical 50% probability, demonstrating a coin toss is generally unbiased. While some individual trials showed slightly more of one side, overall the differences were small. The conclusion is that a coin toss can be used as a fair way to make a random selection.
It's easy in a cause like ending drug prohibition to wonder if it will ever happen. Public support is not high. Politicians respond to the idea with ridicule, and viciously attack their political opponents (or their allies, for that matter) if they do otherwise.
File Upload: MODULE 5
Module Assignment #5
Objectives
1. Discuss attributes of a culture of wellness, including those that facilitate improving a
patient’s medication experience.
2. Identify behaviors and beliefs that promote safe medication-taking practices.
3. List actions that individuals, the scientific and medical community, and government
can take to address America’s drug-taking culture and the prescription drug misuse
epidemic.
Directions
In Module 5, we’re wrapping-up the course by shifting the conversation toward a culture
of health. To do this, we’ll write a response paper to one of the following three TED
talks:
1. “What makes us get sick? Look Upstream” by Dr. Rishi Manchanda
2. “How to connect with depressed friends” by Bill Bernat
3. “Addiction is a disease. We should treat it like one” by Michael Botticelli
Select and view the one TED talk that you find the most interesting (see ‘Resources’).
Then, compose a response paper that reports your interpretation, analysis, and
aesthetic response of/to the ideas presented within the TED talk. Consult the ‘What to
Include’ section below for specific instructions.
What to Include
Compose a response paper that reports your interpretation, analysis, and aesthetic
response of/to your selected TED talk by addressing the following three writing prompts:
1. Interpret the artistic work:
• In your opinion, what is the main message the presenter is trying to share?
Support your response with a specific example from the TED talk.
2. Analyze and Evaluate: What is your analysis of the TED talk overall? Address both
of these prompts to help construct your analysis:
• What is the main issue or problem the presenter is discussing? How does
this issue/problem contribute to America’s drug-taking culture? Elaborate on
your response with an example from the talk.
• Consider the solution the presenter proposes to address the main
issue/problem they are discussing. If individuals or society implement this
solution, how would these actions contribute to a culture of wellness? Again,
elaborate on your response with an example from the talk.
3. Develop an aesthetic response:
• How did watching this TED talk make you feel? Elaborate on your response
by including a meaningful personal reflection that further explains your
thoughts and feelings.
4. Format guidelines: Arial font size 11; single-spaced; 1” margins; Length: 1.5 pages
maximum
5. Please cite the TED talk as well as any external sources, and include a reference list
containing the full citation for each source following the end of your essay.
Resources
1. Michael Botticelli. Addiction is a disease. We should treat it like
one [Video]. Published October 2016. Accessed March 29, 2019.
2. Bill Bernat. How to connect with depressed friends [Video]. Published November
2017. Accessed March 29, 2019.
3. Dr. Rishi Manchanda ...
Question OneProvide an introduction for your company. What busin.docxcatheryncouper
Question One
Provide an introduction for your company. What business did you study (complete name)?
What is the name and title of the primary decision maker in the company?
What is your firm's Mission Statement? More importantly, what does your company do to achieve its Mission Statement and put it into action?
Insert Answer:
Question Two
How does you company segment its customers? (See Text, pp 174-175 for a discussion of market segmentation.)
Consumer markets are generally segmented by demographic, geographic, psychographic, or behavior characteristics. Business markets are usually segmented by geographic, customer based, or product use base.
Find an advertisement from your firm that targets one of these segments. It maybe be more difficult to find advertisements for companies that market only to other businesses. However, you should be able to find at least one advertisement.
Insert Answer:
Question Three
Identify a product your firm makes/provides that specifically targets one of the segments identified in the previous question. What is it about this product that makes it particularly attractive to this segment?
Insert Answer:
Question Four
Identify a competitor that makes/offers a product in direct competition with the product in the previous question. Describe that product and how the competitor promotes it. Which product does a better job of appealing to the target segment? What leads you to this conclusion? (In answering this question, it might be helpful if you put yourself in the role of a customer. Which product appears more attractive?)
Insert Answer:
Question Five
Read the Wiki article on SWOT analysis. Describe one current specific strength and one weakness that you believe your business would list in a SWOT analysis. Remember that Strengths/weaknesses describe things the firm currently faces. What is your firm doing to exploit the opportunity and to address the weakness? Is what they are doing effective?
Insert Answer:
Question Six
Describe one specific future opportunity and one threat that you believe your business would list in a SWOT analysis. Remember that opportunities/threats describe things the firm will face in the future. What is your firm doing to exploit the opportunity and to address the threat? Do you think they are doing the right thing?
Insert Answer:
Question Seven
Describe two issues that relate specifically to your company's resources: human, physical or financial. These might include things that the company is doing in employee recruitment, training, benefits, compensation, evaluation, geo-political risk etc. Or, it might involve things like getting raw materials, building new plants, moving production overseas, etc. If you cite a financial resources issue, you will be discussing something like the firm's sale of additional shares of stock or the borrowing of money. This is an item you will probably have to rely on news articles to find sources.
Insert Answer:
Question Eight
P ...
STAY SAFE
ONLINE
National Cyber
Awareness Poster
Contest Winner:
Sergio, Grade 11,
Virginia
2019 CIS Posters.indd 1 7/9/18 4:10 PM
BE A GOOD
DIGITAL CITIZEN
National Cyber
Awareness Poster
Contest Winner:
Stephanie, Grade 7,
North Carolina
2019 CIS Posters.indd 2 7/9/18 4:10 PM
BROWSE SAFELY
ONLINE
National Cyber
Awareness Poster
Contest Winner:
Danielle, Grade 11,
New York
2019 CIS Posters.indd 3 7/9/18 4:10 PM
DON’T TAKE
THE BAIT
National Cyber
Awareness Poster
Contest Winner:
Diya, Grade 7,
New Jersey
2019 CIS Posters.indd 4 7/9/18 4:10 PM
Running head: THE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA
1
THE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA
6
The Legalization of Marijuana
Northwest University Online
March 16, 2019
The Legalization of Marijuana
Marijuana, which has a scientific name of Cannabis Sativa, is a plant that has sparked mixed feelings not only in the United States but all over the world. Jamaica has been the oldest nation that has come out openly to legalize marijuana, and it has been preaching the same gospel to other parts of the world (Campbell, Twenge, & Carter, 2017). Different nations are now seeing the need
to legalize marijuana. However, irrespective of the fact that nations that advocate for marijuana legalization have provided facts that they believe should be followed,
there are opposing forces from different perspectives
, and they have sparked arguments
that continue to increase the heat on the debate of whether to legalize marijuana. The controversial debate on whether to legalize marijuana has been argued from two different perspectives and each of the perspectives will be focused on.
Argument for
In the United States, more than ten states have so far legalized marijuana. What is more fascinating is the fact that other states are following suit and there are headed in the same direction. The states that have legalized marijuana have legalized it based on recreation and medical use. It is therefore evident that the topic of legalizing marijuana has been medically
motivated (Campbell et al. 2017). Apart from the few states in the united states,
there are other countries that have come in the open to legalize marijuana. Some of the nations are Canada, Belize, Jamaica, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, Cambodia, Laos, and Belgium.
The people who support the legalization of marijuana have given their reasons.
The first reason is the reduction of addiction and use of substandard marijuana. One of the reasons
why some people are affected by marijuana is because of the quality of the marijuana that they are exposed to. The fact that marijuana is illegal gives the peddlers an opportunity to sell substandard marijuana, and that affects the health of the smoker. If marijuana was legalized, there would
be an opportunity for the users to get information about the substance. As a result, the use of substandard substance would be frustrated. The legalization of marijuana would also pr.
What Historic Themes Lead to Marijuana Legalization in America?Cannabis News
A PhD researcher analyzed over 3 million Reddit comments from 2009-2019 to understand how conversations about cannabis legalization evolved and influenced policy changes. The study found that "character judgements" of prohibitionists, which framed them in a negative light, were more influential in shifting views than personal anecdotes about cannabis use. Additionally, discussions about how to regulate cannabis were less important than simply advocating for legalization. The researcher concludes that character judgements may have convinced those on the fence about legalization by simplifying the complex issue into a matter of personal principles regarding prohibitionists.
Report #3 Changing Public Opinion Before beginning this MoseStaton39
Report #3: Changing Public Opinion
Before beginning this assignment, make certain that you have read Chapter 6 in your text (“Public Opinion
and Political Action”), the 2021 Pew Research Center Report titled “Americans See Broad Responsibilities for
Government; Little Change Since 2019” (March 17), and the 2020 article by Eli Finkel et al. from Science titled,
“Political Sectarianism in America” (October, Vol. 370, Issue 6516). Then write a brief report that contains
three separate sections that address all the points in each set of questions. Notice the expected word count
for each section (exceeding the word count will not negatively affect your grade, but please try to stay within
the range).
1. Relying on the Pew Research Center Report, briefly summarize what Americans think about the role
of the federal government in addressing various policy issues (indicate specific areas and indicate
where support is strongest and where it is weakest). Also, describe general levels of trust of and
contentment with the federal government and indicate what changes can be detected over time.
(approximately 150-200 words)
2. How do attitudes about federal government responsibilities differ by age, race, income, and
partisanship (Democrats and Republicans)? Be sure to indicate where the differences are the least and
where they are the greatest on each of these dimensions (age, race, income, and partisanship).
(approximately 150-200 words)
3. Based on your reading of “Political Sectarianism in America,” (a) summarize the article’s major
findings, (b) list and describe the three causes identified for the increase in political sectarianism, and
(c) identify and elaborate on a few of the consequences of this trend. (approximately 150-200 words)
Be careful not to plagiarize. If you want to quote directly, do so using quotation marks (giving the page number
if available). But try to do this sparingly and simply use your own words in addressing the questions.
In your writing, use an analytical tone that is free of your personal opinions. In other words, try to answer the
questions in a straightforward and objective manner.
When you are done, save the document as a Word file or as an Adobe PDF file (it cannot be Google docs, etc.)
and upload it through Moodle (these parts are very important!). Papers not uploaded by the deadline will receive
a grade penalty.
WARNING: This is an individual assignment and you are to do your own work. Use of another person’s
words without proper citation or copying from another student’s paper is considered plagiarism. All papers are
checked and retained in a plagiarism software program to identify cheating. Any suspicion of plagiarism or
other violations of the university’s academic conduct policies are turned over to the Dean of Students.
Links to the articles:
Pew Report: "Americans See Broad Responsibilities for Government"
Science: "Political Sectarianism in America"
...
The document discusses issues around financial conflicts of interest between physicians, academics, and industry. It notes that industry payments to physicians and academics are increasingly common but not always fully transparent. It also discusses the role of ghostwriting in medical literature and the weak disclosure rules around industry funding of medical research. Several high-profile cases are described where physicians and academics had large undisclosed payments from pharmaceutical companies that may have influenced their work.
M11 power point the argument essay be an attorneyestarr50
This document provides guidance on writing an argument thesis statement for an argument essay. It explains that an argument thesis must take a stand on an issue that others could reasonably disagree with and be supported with evidence. It provides examples of weak and strong thesis statements and explains the different types of argument claims a thesis could make, such as claims of definition, cause and effect, value, or solutions. The document emphasizes thinking of yourself as an advocate for your thesis and considering how to reframe a research question into an argument thesis statement.
This document provides background information on a senior thesis examining the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's involvement in legal challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act between 2010-2012. The thesis will analyze over 200 sources including 742 pages of amicus briefs and court rulings. It will seek to understand how interest groups use litigation to change policy by exploring the Chamber's role in shaping appellate court decisions on the ACA through its amicus briefs, as well as why it did not continue challenging the law after 2012. The introduction outlines the scope and significance of studying the Chamber's evolving position on health care reform and its impact on legal and policy debates.
This document summarizes key developments in public health law in 2013. It discusses how public health law grew as an academic field but faced challenges as legal doctrine from increased scrutiny of public health regulations under the First Amendment, federalism, and administrative law. Notable court cases limited graphic warning labels and portion size restrictions. However, public health law advanced in some areas like vaccine requirements and trans fat bans. Overall, it was an ordinary year that highlighted ongoing issues like obesity and tensions between public health and civil liberties.
How to Write an Argumentative Essay Step By Step - Gudwriter. FREE 9+ Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF. Argumentative Essay Examples, Structure & Topics | Pro Essay Help. Check my Essay: Argumentative essay writing examples. Argumentative Essay- booklet - Argumentative Essays owl.english.purdue .... 008 Maxresdefault Essay Example How To Write Good ~ Thatsnotus. 015 Argumentation Essay Example Student Refutation Writing Samples .... 009 How To Write Claim For An Argumentative Essay Example Good .... Sample Research Argumentative Essay - How to create a Research .... How to Write an Argumentative Essay – Samples and Topics. Business Paper: Sample argument essay. How To Write A Argumentative Essay Example - Coverletterpedia. 020 Maxresdefault Mla Format Argumentative Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 013 Argumentative Essays Examples Brilliant Ideas Of How To Write An .... 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper ~ Museumlegs.
Law is a social activity. It is made within an environment where man.docxjesseniasaddler
Law is a social activity. It is made within an environment where many forces attempt to influence whether a bill becomes law; and it is interpreted in an environment where actors on both (or sometimes many) sides of the controversy to be decided have interests that they are motivated to satisfy.
In this Individual Project assignment, you have an opportunity to write an essay on
1
of 2 topics listed below:
Option 1:
In the wake of the terrorist attacks in New York on September 11, 2001, a law called the USA Patriot Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. Regulations were put into place as a result of this law that increased the powers of various government agencies to engage in surveillance activities on American citizens under broader circumstances than ever before. This called into question for many people whether the legislation trampled on the civil liberties of Americans. Although reforms to the Act have resulted in changes intended to reduce these fears, in a number of court cases, interest groups have engaged in activities in an attempt to influence the outcomes.
Option 2:
In May of 2008, marriage between same-sex couples became legal in California. This situation lasted for only a few short months, and then a proposed amendment to the California Constitution (Proposition 8) was passed by the voters in November of the same year. Both proponents and opponents of same-sex marriage acknowledge that this issue will be in and out of the courts for many years, most likely ending with a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court. The battle for and against Proposition 8 was intensely waged by forces on both sides of the issue. These forces are continuing their activities in hopes of influencing future court outcomes by swaying public opinion and media attention in their favor.
Assignment Guidelines
Write an essay of between 2–3 pages on 1 of these issues (Option 1
or
Option 2). You will need to access various types of outside sources to respond thoroughly to the following questions and topics, and include appropriate and properly formatted APA-style citations:
What are the key provisions of law that are at the center of this debate?
Which interest groups and individuals are active on both sides of the debate on this issue, and what specific interests are they attempting to promote?
What is the current legal situation on this issue?
Using research from your text, the AIU Library, supplemental course materials, and Web-based resources for background, what activities have the groups or individuals promoting various positions on this issue engaged in that you think might have influenced legal interpretation?
What do you conclude about how public opinion, actions of interest groups, and media coverage do or do not have the potential of influencing the outcome of court cases on important social policies?
.
A subtle but perceptible shift in the United States’ political orientation took place in November measurable by the success of several ballot proposals from states as far apart as Maine and Colorado. Here and in Washington, voters approved constitutional amendments for the legalisation of recreational marijuana for the first time in the country’s history.
ENG122 Composition II Research Paper Guidelines ASHF.docxYASHU40
ENG122: Composition II
Research Paper Guidelines
ASHFORD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, LOWER DIVISION
VERSION 2013 (FALL)
P A G E | 1
ENGLISH 122: COMPOSITION II
~ Ancillary Materials ~
Research Paper Guidelines
INTRODUCTION
To write the Final Research Paper for this course, you must choose
one writing prompt and develop a position. Your thesis statement
forms the basis of your position and guides your argument to a
logical conclusion. The thesis statement will answer any
question(s) presented in the writing prompt in one to two clear
sentences.
In the body of the paper, you will examine issues that are relevant
to your thesis statement and use research to support your claims
about those issues. Each claim or assertion must be supported by
scholarly research in the form of summaries, paraphrased
information, or direct quotes from published, credible sources.
Each paragraph should address one topic that directly supports
your thesis statement.
Research is an analytical process, so you are expected to discuss multiple viewpoints and to present
research results in an impersonal manner. It is also important to remember that a persuasive essay
does not simply report information or summarize sources; it uses research to develop an
argument and/or prove a point.
At the end of your paper, you will need to provide a conclusion that features a closing argument, a
paper summary, and a rephrased thesis statement.
PROMPTS: ARTS, MEDIA, AND PHILOSOPHY
1. Should organized religious groups be allowed to act as political advocates or should they
focus only on the spiritual needs of people? Is it possible to strike a balance? Research all
sides of this debate and defend a single position in your persuasive essay.
2. The word “hero” is culturally-specific and is often applied to sports figures, celebrities, and
cultural icons. Define how the term is currently and most commonly used in mass media, and
decide if you agree or disagree with who is considered heroic. If you agree with its current
usage, explain to readers why you feel it is appropriately applied. If you disagree, make the
case for the people you would define as heroic and explain your reasoning.
3. In 2012, three of the top-grossing action films featured female heroes: The Hunger Games,
Breaking Dawn, and Brave (IMDB, n.d., “Most Popular Feature Films Released in 2012”). Do
you believe it’s noteworthy that so many recent films have female heroes, or do you believe
that female role models have always been present in American movies? Explain your position
through examples and analysis of these characters. Finally, are these depictions important?
It is important that
you select a single
writing prompt
that interests you.
You will spend the
next five weeks
researching and
writing about that
subject.
ENG122: Composition II
Research Paper Guidelines
ASHFORD UNIVERSITY, ...
The document discusses a research project on same-sex marriage bans in Florida. It will examine the laws banning same-sex marriage, perspectives from psychology on why people support or oppose such bans, and how education could inform views. There are conflicts between laws guaranteeing equal rights and new bans, and between emotional responses and facts. The project aims to establish common ground by explaining how same-sex marriage expands equal rights without harming others.
Definition Essay Writing Tips [+Universal Guide] | Pro Essay Help. Definition essay how to write. Extended Definition Essay Example "What is Love" | Essays (university .... FREE 8+ Extended Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. 006 Sample Definition Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. 011 Essay Example Examples Of Definition Essays The Underground Hero .... 023 Definition Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Definition Essay Examples and Topic Ideas | YourDictionary. 3 Steps to Define 3 Terms in a Definition Essay. Impressive Definition Argument Essay Examples ~ Thatsnotus. Definition essay example. 005 Newdoc2 1 How To Write Definition Essay ~ Thatsnotus. How to Write a Definition Essay: 80 Brilliant Topics to Stand Out. How to Write a Definition Essay: Writing Guide with Sample Essays. Definition Essay - A Complete Guide and Examples. Useful hints on writing excellent definition essay are found here!.
Definition Essay Writing Tips [+Universal Guide] | Pro Essay Help. Definition essay how to write. Extended Definition Essay Example "What is Love" | Essays (university .... FREE 8+ Extended Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. 006 Sample Definition Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. 011 Essay Example Examples Of Definition Essays The Underground Hero .... 023 Definition Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Definition Essay Examples and Topic Ideas | YourDictionary. 3 Steps to Define 3 Terms in a Definition Essay. Impressive Definition Argument Essay Examples ~ Thatsnotus. Definition essay example. 005 Newdoc2 1 How To Write Definition Essay ~ Thatsnotus. How to Write a Definition Essay: 80 Brilliant Topics to Stand Out. How to Write a Definition Essay: Writing Guide with Sample Essays. Definition Essay - A Complete Guide and Examples. Useful hints on writing excellent definition essay are found here!.
The document discusses a proposal called the Fairness for All Act, which aims to find a compromise between LGBT nondiscrimination protections and religious exemptions. It proposes extensive nondiscrimination protections, but also carefully defined carve-outs for religious charities, schools, and small businesses. While rejected by activists on both sides, the authors argue it deserves closer consideration as it models an approach of negotiated compromise, as was successfully done in Utah. It could build new protections for LGBT Americans while affording new safeguards for religious institutions.
Similar to IB Theory of Knowledge EA: Disagreement Between Experts in a Discipline (19)
The document summarizes the Rubin causal model and key assumptions and methods for causal inference using observational data, including linear regression models.
It introduces the Rubin model for causal effects, noting the need for a good counterfactual to estimate causal parameters. It then covers simple linear regression models (SLRM) and assumptions needed for causal interpretation, including the zero conditional mean assumption.
Finally, it discusses multivariate linear regression models (MLRM), outlining additional assumptions required like no multicollinearity between covariates and the independence of errors from covariates. It also introduces ordinary least squares estimation and the Frisch-Waugh theorem for interpreting slope estimates from MLRM.
1. The optimal input blend is where the marginal productivity per dollar spent is equal for all inputs.
2. A production function specifies the maximum output possible from different combinations of inputs.
3. A cost minimizing firm will produce at the input levels where the marginal costs of each input are equal to its price.
Intermediate Microeconomic Theory Cheat Sheet 4Laurel Ayuyao
1. Firms that practice price discrimination determine their profit functions based on how much revenue is generated from each quantity sold at different prices.
2. Firms take the first order condition with respect to quantity to find the profit-maximizing level of production. They then plug this back into the demand function to find the optimal prices.
3. By using multiple blocks of prices for different quantity levels, price-discriminating firms can increase both quantity sold and total surplus compared to charging a single price, though they must prevent resale between customer groups.
Intermediate Microeconomic Theory Cheat Sheet 3Laurel Ayuyao
1. Production fundamentals include cost minimizing input blends and production functions that specify the maximum output possible from given inputs.
2. Firms produce at the efficient level that maximizes output from inputs while minimizing costs. There are possibilities for increasing, decreasing, and constant returns to scale.
3. Cost and profit maximization problems can be modeled using cost functions, production functions, and marginal analysis to determine optimal input levels and output quantities.
This document summarizes key concepts in macroeconomics including:
- Exogenous and endogenous variables
- Real vs nominal GDP and how constant dollar GDP is used
- Production functions and how they determine output based on inputs
- The Solow growth model framework including production, households, firms, steady state, and effects of changes in productivity
- How augmented Solow models incorporate technological progress
- Hypotheses for understanding cross-country income differences including differences in initial capital, savings rates, and productivity
- The concept of convergence between countries with different steady states
1) The plane containing points p1(1,2,3), p2(3,4,3), and p3(1,3,4) has the equation 2x - 2y + 2z - 4 = 0.
2) The line perpendicular to the plane x + 2y + 3z + 4 = 0 and passing through the point (5,6,7) is r(t) = (5 + t, 6, 7 + 3t).
3) The distance between a point p = (x,y,z) and a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is |ax + by + cz + d|/√(
Intermediate Microeconomic Theory Midterm 2 "Cheat Sheet"Laurel Ayuyao
For Intermediate Microeconomic Theory (ECON 30010) at University of Notre Dame. Topics include demand, elasticity, income and substitution effects, compensating and equivalent variation, intertemporal choice, uncertainty, and preferences over risk.
Notes for Calculus B (MATH 10360) at the University of Notre Dame. Topics include integration, volume of rotation of a curve, integration by parts, Euler's method, initial value, etc.
Statistics for Economics Midterm 1 Cheat SheetLaurel Ayuyao
Notes for Statistics for Economics (ECON 30330) at the University of Notre Dame. Topics include types of data, mean, median, mode, variance, coefficient of variation, z-scores, covariance, correlation, permutation, combination, and probability.
Statistics for Economics Midterm 2 Cheat SheetLaurel Ayuyao
Cheat sheet for second midterm in Statistics for Economics (ECON 30330) at University of Notre Dame. Covers topics such as discrete and continuous probability distribution, types of distributions, and linear combinations of random variables.
Notes for Principles of Macroeconomics (ECON 10020 or ECON 20020) at the University of Notre Dame. Topics include the role of financial institutions and financial markets in capitalist economies, government management of the business cycle, and current monetary policy in the United States. Etc.
Statistics for Economics Final Exam Cheat SheetLaurel Ayuyao
Cheat sheet for statistics for economics final exam at the University of Notre Dame. Exam covers sampling and sampling distribution, interval estimation, and hypothesis testing.
1. International trade allows countries to benefit from specializing in goods where they have a comparative advantage and trading for other goods.
2. While Luxembourg has an absolute advantage in both TVs and t-shirts, it has a comparative advantage in TVs due to lower opportunity costs of production. Burundi has a comparative advantage in t-shirts.
3. When Luxembourg and Burundi specialize and trade according to their comparative advantages, both countries increase their overall production possibilities through gains from trade.
Principles of Microeconomics Midterm 3 "Cheat Sheet"Laurel Ayuyao
Definitions and charts for microeconomics; Topics include: game theory, nash equilibrium, tragedy of the commons, economic and accounting profit, shutdown and exit rule, natural monopolies, oligopolies, average total cost, fixed costs and variable costs, etc. (Made for ECON 10010 at University of Notre Dame)
Principles of Microeconomics Midterm 2 "Cheat Sheet"Laurel Ayuyao
Own price elasticity of demand measures how responsive consumers are to changes in the price of a good. Income elasticity of demand measures responsiveness to changes in consumer income. Supply elasticity measures producer responsiveness to price changes. More inelastic sides of demand and supply curves are more affected by taxes and subsidies. Externalities occur when an action imposes positive or negative effects on a third party not involved in the primary transaction.
Principles of Microeconomics Midterm 1 "Cheat Sheet"Laurel Ayuyao
Definitions and charts for microeconomics; Topics include: trade, opportunity cost, shifts in supply and demand, consumer and producer surplus, etc. (Made for ECON 10010 at University of Notre Dame)
IB History of the Americas IA: A Historical Analysis of the Effectiveness of ...Laurel Ayuyao
IB History of the Americas Internal Assessment
Received a score of 23/25
Details the effectiveness of the Marshall Plan in aiding European economic recovery after World War II
IB Math SL IA: Probability in Guess WhoLaurel Ayuyao
1) The document describes an analysis of the game Guess Who where one player asks questions about traits that apply to half of the characters while another asks about traits applying to one-fourth to one-third.
2) Through creating tree diagrams and calculating probabilities, the analysis found that asking about common traits leads to a 76% chance of winning when going first and a 5% chance when going second.
3) Testing this with 20 games against siblings found an 85% win rate for the common trait strategy, somewhat higher than predicted due to the small sample size.
IB Spanish SL IA: An Interview with Jose Hernandez on the Day of Tradition in...Laurel Ayuyao
IB Spanish SL Internal Assessment Interview
Fictional interview with Jose Hernandez, an important figure for the Day of Tradition in Argentina
Includes examples of Argentinian traditions
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
IB Theory of Knowledge EA: Disagreement Between Experts in a Discipline
1. Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between
experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.
Laurel Ayuyao
Candidate Number: fpx438
If experts within the same discipline disagree, how can one ascertain which argument
should be considered knowledge? The investigation will center on natural science and ethics, and
reason, emotion, and intuition as ways of knowing. Experts are people with a great depth of
knowledge in their discipline. Disagreements do not have to be completely opposite arguments,
but any nuanced differences in beliefs. The title assumes that experts have access to all the same
facts, but this may be unrealistic in disciplines such as ethics because each knower may have
different personal knowledge. This also questions to what extent does the existence of debate
within a discipline increase the scope of knowledge. In most cases, the discrepancies between
cases can be attributed to differences in intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
In ethics, arguments arise due to differences in extrinsic factors. Usually, in the discipline
of law, they result from political affiliation, and these differences result in a greater
understanding. Legislators can make the best decision possible because they can consider
diverse opinions. Within the discipline of law, an expert is anyone who is involved in the issue
and tries to acquire more knowledge about the issue. In 2016, Republicans within the United
States Senate wanted to pass a bill that would prevent states from requiring “Genetically
Modified Organism” (GMO) labels on food, but the Senate rejected the bill . Using reason, the1
Republicans, who tend to support business, thought that from a utilitarian standpoint, requiring
labels on GMOs would disrupt the American economy. Because food retailers sell
$6,000,000,000 of food annually, the requirement to repackage food may cause economic2
1
Godoy, Maria. "Bill Blocking GMO Labels Stalls In Senate, But Battle Is Far From Over." NPR. NPR, 16
Mar. 2016. Web. 28 Dec. 2016.
2
Wilson, Jamar. "Topic: Food Retail Industry." Www.statista.com. N.p., 20 Sept. 2016. Web. 05 Dec.
2016.
2. Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between
experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.
Laurel Ayuyao
Candidate Number: fpx438
problems, especially for smaller businesses. Democratic senate members believed the bill
shouldn't be passed because of a moral duty for businesses to be transparent with the public,
similar to Kantian ideology. Emotion may have affected Democratic senate members because
they may have felt that maintaining the trust of the public matters more than economic
consequences. Moreover, in 2016, Ed Hernandez, chair of United States health committee and
member of California Senate, introduced a bill to the California Senate which would censure the
company Mylan, which recently dramatically increased the price of emergency injection devices
for allergic reactions . According to utilitarianism, he argues that legislation that punishes Mylan3
will make the device available to people with different socioeconomic backgrounds. As a
Democrat, Hernandez may be inclined to agree with a decision that would prove to be more
beneficial to “common” people over business people. Because he represents a district in
California that has a large impoverished Hispanic population, emotion may have influenced him
to give preference to people in his district to give them increased access. Other California senate
members argued that allowing Mylan to choose their prices results in greater profit, which can be
used to create more jobs, improving the economy. California Senator of a different district Ted
Gaines may have wanted to reject the bill because he was a former business owner so he knew
how interference in businesses can affect economy.
While having different perspectives allows for a more informed decision, the outcome is
not always positive. Legislators use intuition to envision the outcomes of the law, but the actual
outcomes can be different than expected, as the public may respond differently than intentioned.
In Mexico City, a law was passed in 1989 that banned cars on certain days of the week based on
3
"State Senator Introduces Resolution to Condemn EpiPen Price Hikes." Los Angeles Times. Los
Angeles Times, n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2016.
3. Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between
experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.
Laurel Ayuyao
Candidate Number: fpx438
the last number of their license plate . Originally members of the Assembly of Representatives of4
Mexico City disagreed. Supporters of the law claimed that this would help the environment;
opponents thought that this would create inconvenience for drivers. The law intended to reduce
air pollution; however, the air pollution worsened. As the previous critics pointed out, people in
Mexico City simply bought multiple cars to get around the law, proving that although the
original disagreement acknowledged the possible consequence, it did not lead to a better
outcome.
In addition to factors such as political affiliation causing disagreements within law, using
emotion, differences in experts’ backgrounds may cause disputes. In California in 2016, the
FAIR Education Act introduced LGBT historical characters into the K-12 statewide framework .5
Because it was made in California, a significant reason for its passing is due to the diversity in
California. Mark Leno who worked on the bill was the first openly gay member of the state
senate which probably influenced his opinion. People such as Pastor Thompson of the Southern
Missionary Baptist Church, who fought the act were influenced by religion which condemns
homosexuality, showing the influence of background.
Lawmakers can attempt to remove their bias when making decisions. In the United States
ruling of Roe v. Wade which legalized abortion, the decision was passed despite justices’
conservative backgrounds . Chief Justice Burger voted in favor of abortion rights despite his6
affiliation with the Republican party, which generally views abortion as unethical. However, as a
4
Guthrie, Amy. "Mexico City Doubles Driving Ban as Pollution Persists." The Wall Street Journal. Dow
Jones & Company, 06 Apr. 2016. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.
5
"When Historians Help Make History: California's Groundbreaking New K-12 Framework." When
Historians Help Make History: California's Groundbreaking New K-12 Framework. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec.
2016.
6
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court Case and Opinions." Findlaw. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2016.
4. Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between
experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.
Laurel Ayuyao
Candidate Number: fpx438
justice, his job was to interpret existing law and previous cases in order to make a determination
in Roe v. Wade instead of solely evaluating the morality of abortion.
While lawmakers intend to remain unbiased, one can never be truly unbiased as
subconsciously, who one is as a person affects their decisions. Compensating for possible bias,
one may become prejudiced when trying to compensate for their background. Prejudice does not
take away from the value of disagreements. By having groups with different biases, one can
better understand the problem. Both differing political affiliations and backgrounds improves the
comprehensiveness of lawmaking.
Disagreements in biology in natural science may arise due to differences in motivation
for experts’ conclusions. Because conclusions are reached through empirical data, experts
consider there to be one true answer. Disagreement in natural sciences may decrease the
certainty of a discipline. In biology, experts disagree whether talc is a carcinogen. In 2016,
during a trial involving the prosecution of Johnson & Johnson company, Dr. Daniel W. Cramer,
lead author of a study to link talc usage with ovarian cancer, was paid by the plaintiff in
exchange for testimony against the company . Dr. Cramer’s conclusion may be due to desire to7
gain prestige by being first to discover the supposed link. Since he was paid by the plaintiff, this
may have influenced him to interpret talc as harmful due to his employer’s opinions. Rather than
definitively declare talc to be safe or dangerous, the International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) says that talc could be carcinogenic, but remains uncertain. The IARC’s decision
may be due to trying to remain neutral on controversial issues, as not to lose credibility if the
claim is discredited, and the disagreement may create unnecessary worry for users of talc. In
7
Mulcahy, Nick. "Talc Powder, Ovarian Cancer Link: What Is the Evidence?" Medscape. N.p., 25 Feb.
2016. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.
5. Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between
experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.
Laurel Ayuyao
Candidate Number: fpx438
addition, Stephen Jay Gould believed the evolutionary concept of punctuated equilibrium, while
Richard Dawkins believed in gradualism . While both biologists agreed evolution occurs, their8
disagreement makes the mechanism of evolution more uncertain. Both wanted to gain fame by
being correct. Consequently, believers in creationism cite the disagreement as a reason for
invalidation of evolution overall, suggesting that disagreement within biology leads to confusion.
While disagreements within science may momentarily create uncertainty, without
disagreements, how can knowledge within science be proven? Falsification encourages scientists
to prove scientific knowledge wrong in order to find the truth. Prior to Louis Pasteur, biologists
believed that organisms could spontaneously generate. This idea went against what was believed
at the time, but opposition led to true knowledge, demonstrating the value of disagreement in
biology.
While certain theories are completely rejected by the scientific community, disagreement
still results in uncertainty, especially in areas of the world that have limited access to
information. Although experts in biology almost unanimously agree that HIV leads to AIDS, a
handful of scientists disagree. Peter Duesberg, a cell biologist claims that AIDS is caused by
recreational drug use and sexual promiscuity, and HIV is a passenger virus, despite access to
data that disproves this . As a result, President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa and other biologists9
in South Africa were sympathetic to denialists which led to a slow governmental response to the
country’s AIDS epidemic . Even though there was evidence that disproved Duesberg’s10
8
Miguel, James. "Gould vs Dawkins: On Evolution." Newsvine. N.p., 7 Aug. 2006. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.
9
Duesberg, Peter. "HIV & AIDS - AIDS Epidemiology; Inconsistencies with HIV and with Infectious
Disease." Virus Myth. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 229 Stanley Hall University of California,
Berkeley, 11 Oct. 1990. Web. 29 Dec. 2016.
10
The New York Times. "Thabo Mbeki and AIDS." The New York Times. The New York Times, 03 Nov.
2001. Web. 29 Dec. 2016.
6. Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between
experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.
Laurel Ayuyao
Candidate Number: fpx438
hypothesis and the scientific community condemned him, his denial created uncertainty within
non-experts and ultimately led to harm. Duesberg’s disagreement may arise from his desire to
gain notoriety as a result of his dissent. In doing this, Duesberg gains attention from people both
inside and outside of the biology community.
However, having limited access to information does not always result in negative
consequences. In areas such as Paraguay where indigenous culture is prevalent, people adhere to
indigenous diets . Health experts in these countries and in western countries agree that11
indigenous diets may help fight modern diseases, proving that a lack of access to knowledge
does not always impact disagreement.
In natural science, disagreement within disciplines only leads to positive effects if the
dispute is resolved. While shared knowledge among the experts may indicate one belief, the
personal knowledge of a single expert may lead them to ignore available data. In the scientific
community alone, experts find disagreement to be beneficial because it allows them to disprove
theories, but in the lay community it may simply lead to confusion.
Overall, a multitude of extrinsic and intrinsic factors lead to disputes between experts.
While in ethics, disagreement allows an issue to be understood from different perspectives, in
natural science, it usually leads to uncertainty. Disagreements between experts affects the public
in that they are influenced by the experts’ arguments. However, they can also increase the depth
of knowledge within a discipline but may depend on the situation.
Word Count: 1595
11
IRIN. "Indigenous Diets Can Help Fight Modern Illnesses, Say Health Experts."Guardian Development
Network. Guardian News and Media, 03 Feb. 2014. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
7. Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between
experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.
Laurel Ayuyao
Candidate Number: fpx438
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