Report #3: Changing Public Opinion
Before beginning this assignment, make certain that you have read Chapter 6 in your text (“Public Opinion
and Political Action”), the 2021 Pew Research Center Report titled “Americans See Broad Responsibilities for
Government; Little Change Since 2019” (March 17), and the 2020 article by Eli Finkel et al. from Science titled,
“Political Sectarianism in America” (October, Vol. 370, Issue 6516). Then write a brief report that contains
three separate sections that address all the points in each set of questions. Notice the expected word count
for each section (exceeding the word count will not negatively affect your grade, but please try to stay within
the range).
1. Relying on the Pew Research Center Report, briefly summarize what Americans think about the role
of the federal government in addressing various policy issues (indicate specific areas and indicate
where support is strongest and where it is weakest). Also, describe general levels of trust of and
contentment with the federal government and indicate what changes can be detected over time.
(approximately 150-200 words)
2. How do attitudes about federal government responsibilities differ by age, race, income, and
partisanship (Democrats and Republicans)? Be sure to indicate where the differences are the least and
where they are the greatest on each of these dimensions (age, race, income, and partisanship).
(approximately 150-200 words)
3. Based on your reading of “Political Sectarianism in America,” (a) summarize the article’s major
findings, (b) list and describe the three causes identified for the increase in political sectarianism, and
(c) identify and elaborate on a few of the consequences of this trend. (approximately 150-200 words)
Be careful not to plagiarize. If you want to quote directly, do so using quotation marks (giving the page number
if available). But try to do this sparingly and simply use your own words in addressing the questions.
In your writing, use an analytical tone that is free of your personal opinions. In other words, try to answer the
questions in a straightforward and objective manner.
When you are done, save the document as a Word file or as an Adobe PDF file (it cannot be Google docs, etc.)
and upload it through Moodle (these parts are very important!). Papers not uploaded by the deadline will receive
a grade penalty.
WARNING: This is an individual assignment and you are to do your own work. Use of another person’s
words without proper citation or copying from another student’s paper is considered plagiarism. All papers are
checked and retained in a plagiarism software program to identify cheating. Any suspicion of plagiarism or
other violations of the university’s academic conduct policies are turned over to the Dean of Students.
Links to the articles:
Pew Report: "Americans See Broad Responsibilities for Government"
Science: "Political Sectarianism in America"
...
Alsindi 1Dhari Alsindi Professor Cole POLS 372 14 April .docxnettletondevon
Alsindi 1
Dhari Alsindi
Professor Cole
POLS 372
14 April 2016
Homework #5
Poverty is responsible for a decrease in voter turnout. Therefore, what are the main components of poverty contributing to a decrease in voter turnout? The following essay will explore the significant voting factors that play a role in the poverty stricken societies. One indicator commonly used to measure voter turnout is the proportion of individuals who participate in the political system. Defining the underlying effects of decreasing voter turnout rates can be challenging. A low turnout may be due to disappointment or indifference, or even complacent satisfaction with the way the nation is being governed. Contrariwise, a high turnout rate may reflect compulsory voting laws or pressure. Voter turnout therefore societies do not maintain sufficient indicator of social cohesion. The vast majority of political analysts, however, consider a high voter turnout to be desirable to a low turnout because it indicates that the government is inclined to reflect the benefits of a larger share of the population. Low voter turnout suggests that the democratic system may not be replicating the happiness of all citizens. Voter turnout tends to be decrease among youth, those who are less educated, and those in lower income brackets.
Literature Review
The following article titled “Income Inequality, Redistribution, and Poverty: Contrasting Rational Choice and Behavioral Perspectives” written by Malte Luebker explores the difference in political representation from citizens according to their income. Income plays a large role within political participation in the United States of America. The article is grounded on the “standard axiom of individual utility maximization”. The author effectively offers research suggesting individuals who earn a higher income inequality translates into greater participation in influencing the median voter's participation. While numerous scholarly articles tested this suggestion, the journal continues through offering separated over the applicable degree for redistribution. The article often refers to additional articles that argue similar aspects. However, the current paper argues that the median voter theory suggests that comparative redistribution should rise in line with poverty. The article also provides empirical evidence. An empirical test was presented based on 110 observations from the Luxembourg Income Study ( LIS ). The results test the narrow concept of human motivation that supports rational choice, and highlight the importance of justice orientations that have been stressed in social economics.
The article “What Affects Voter Turnout” by André Blais explores significant information related to the reasons why the United States faces lower voter turnout rates as opposed to other regions. The article mentions an effective question, “Why is turnout higher in some countries and/or in some elections than in others? And Why does it increase .
online timed essay 45mins to answer one questionCHAPTER 1, IN.docxamit657720
online timed essay 45mins to answer one question
CHAPTER 1, “INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA”
NEW section “How Democratic Are We?” introduces new topics that are featured throughout the book regarding popular sovereignty, political equality, and political liberty.
Added mention of budget deficits under President Obama.
Added mention of Occupy Wall Street movement.
NEW Simulation: You Are A Candidate For Congress
NEW Explorer Infographic and MyPoliSciLab Exercise: How Do You Measure Freedom?
NEW Core Concept Videos available on MyPoliSciLab:
The Big Picture Author Edward S. Greenberg illustrates how almost every social, economic, and technological development affects people and how the resolution of problems related to these changes eventually bubbles up through the political system.
The Basics What function does government serve? In this video, you will analyze this question and explore the core values that shape our political system and how the growing diversity of our population is changing — and reaffirming -- the definition of what it means to be American.
In Context Where did the basic principles of American government come from? Boston University political scientist Neta C. Crawford uncovers the Greek, Roman, and Iroquois roots of our political system. She also traces the expansion of the concept of accountability since the birth of the nation.
Thinking Like A Political Scientist Find out how and why research on American politics has shifted. Boston University political scientist Neta C. Crawford discusses how scholars who once focused on voters and institutions are now looking at deliberation as the primary indicator of the health of a democratic system.
In the Real World What is the government’s function in everyday life? Real people share their opinions on how involved the federal government should be in education by evaluating the effectiveness of the No Child Left Behind Act, which encourages standardized testing.
So What? Most people reading this book are part of the least politically involved age group in the country. Author Edward S. Greenberg invites students to make sense of the political processes and national debates that shape their lives every day.
CHAPTER 2, “THE CONSTITUTION”
Opening case study clarifies the issues of the new presidential power of executive signing statements, comparing the use of statements by President Bush with the use of statements by President Obama.
NEW Feature Can Government Do Anything Well? considers the degree to which government has influenced economic growth in America.
Mapping American Politics feature now includes 2010 census data.
NEW Simulation: You Are A Founder
NEW Explorer Infographic and MyPoliSciLab Exercise: How Long Did It Take to Ratify the Constitution?
NEW Core Concept Videos available on MyPoliSciLab:
The Big Picture Author Edward S. Greenberg discusses how the Constitution provides the basic rules for how government operates in the United States.
A presentation on Political Science on the subject "Public Opinion". A presentation filled with information and diagrams for North South University or any university students. It shows how public opinion might defer from the real world and how it effects the national politics.
Dissection 1As technology continues to develop and advance, we are.docxlefrancoishazlett
Dissection 1
As technology continues to develop and advance, we are exposed to greater impacts on everyday life. This holds true especially for advances in media technology. The media is a universal aspect of life on a day to day basis. A time when it really becomes prevalent is in regards to government and political information. The Internet has become an important tool for people around the world to not only gain political knowledge, but to engage themselves in the political process itself. Some scholars suggest that this may "revitalize democratic society, enabling citizens to command the political and economic resources needed to become effectively self-governing" (Winner, 2003,p. 167). I use this reference to express just how times have changed because of this social networking medium. The idea that the Internet may create a shift in how certain people view democracy is not a new one. The revolutions of the newspaper, radio, and television each raised the same questions. Certain media sites share news from a conservative perspective while others are more liberal, and this is an ongoing debate in society, is there such a thing being able to learn about a situation, without having your views challenged, or have reassurance that you are right in how you see our current situation. My point being, it is difficult to find different issues than those in previous posts have discussed, because other than a few controversies different media outlets, report on what they feel is important, making it hard to establish what really is a problem or important.
Multiple media sites such as; CNN, NY magazine, Whitehouse.gov, bbc, MSNBC, FOX and CBS to name a few outlets have covered heightened controversial issues such as the enforcement on immigration (Travel ban), retracting the Affordable Care Act, interrogation techniques, border patrol, building and funding of a wall, to name a few. When we read the news, it feels like literally the only thing ever being spoken about are the horrible things happening in this world. But when it comes to politics, why do media outlets pick and choose what to speak about. Take CNN and ABC, at one point, prior to FOX news surpassing other media reporters in ratings, had the biggest audiences, however, according to business insider, they also were also not the most trusted in America. Conservative leaning outlets seem to be the least trusted, yet liberal outlets also, ranked lower than Wall Street journal and NY times. Once a media outlet establishes who their audience is, they can then adjust what content they will focus on because that is how you keep people coming back for more, how you can relate to them.
Pal discusses criteria related to that of implementation and how certain indicators can be used to determine whether a policy can actually be successful, depending on administration standards, and provided that these new policies are free of conflict, no external constraints, valid theory and any misco.
Alsindi 1Dhari Alsindi Professor Cole POLS 372 14 April .docxnettletondevon
Alsindi 1
Dhari Alsindi
Professor Cole
POLS 372
14 April 2016
Homework #5
Poverty is responsible for a decrease in voter turnout. Therefore, what are the main components of poverty contributing to a decrease in voter turnout? The following essay will explore the significant voting factors that play a role in the poverty stricken societies. One indicator commonly used to measure voter turnout is the proportion of individuals who participate in the political system. Defining the underlying effects of decreasing voter turnout rates can be challenging. A low turnout may be due to disappointment or indifference, or even complacent satisfaction with the way the nation is being governed. Contrariwise, a high turnout rate may reflect compulsory voting laws or pressure. Voter turnout therefore societies do not maintain sufficient indicator of social cohesion. The vast majority of political analysts, however, consider a high voter turnout to be desirable to a low turnout because it indicates that the government is inclined to reflect the benefits of a larger share of the population. Low voter turnout suggests that the democratic system may not be replicating the happiness of all citizens. Voter turnout tends to be decrease among youth, those who are less educated, and those in lower income brackets.
Literature Review
The following article titled “Income Inequality, Redistribution, and Poverty: Contrasting Rational Choice and Behavioral Perspectives” written by Malte Luebker explores the difference in political representation from citizens according to their income. Income plays a large role within political participation in the United States of America. The article is grounded on the “standard axiom of individual utility maximization”. The author effectively offers research suggesting individuals who earn a higher income inequality translates into greater participation in influencing the median voter's participation. While numerous scholarly articles tested this suggestion, the journal continues through offering separated over the applicable degree for redistribution. The article often refers to additional articles that argue similar aspects. However, the current paper argues that the median voter theory suggests that comparative redistribution should rise in line with poverty. The article also provides empirical evidence. An empirical test was presented based on 110 observations from the Luxembourg Income Study ( LIS ). The results test the narrow concept of human motivation that supports rational choice, and highlight the importance of justice orientations that have been stressed in social economics.
The article “What Affects Voter Turnout” by André Blais explores significant information related to the reasons why the United States faces lower voter turnout rates as opposed to other regions. The article mentions an effective question, “Why is turnout higher in some countries and/or in some elections than in others? And Why does it increase .
online timed essay 45mins to answer one questionCHAPTER 1, IN.docxamit657720
online timed essay 45mins to answer one question
CHAPTER 1, “INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA”
NEW section “How Democratic Are We?” introduces new topics that are featured throughout the book regarding popular sovereignty, political equality, and political liberty.
Added mention of budget deficits under President Obama.
Added mention of Occupy Wall Street movement.
NEW Simulation: You Are A Candidate For Congress
NEW Explorer Infographic and MyPoliSciLab Exercise: How Do You Measure Freedom?
NEW Core Concept Videos available on MyPoliSciLab:
The Big Picture Author Edward S. Greenberg illustrates how almost every social, economic, and technological development affects people and how the resolution of problems related to these changes eventually bubbles up through the political system.
The Basics What function does government serve? In this video, you will analyze this question and explore the core values that shape our political system and how the growing diversity of our population is changing — and reaffirming -- the definition of what it means to be American.
In Context Where did the basic principles of American government come from? Boston University political scientist Neta C. Crawford uncovers the Greek, Roman, and Iroquois roots of our political system. She also traces the expansion of the concept of accountability since the birth of the nation.
Thinking Like A Political Scientist Find out how and why research on American politics has shifted. Boston University political scientist Neta C. Crawford discusses how scholars who once focused on voters and institutions are now looking at deliberation as the primary indicator of the health of a democratic system.
In the Real World What is the government’s function in everyday life? Real people share their opinions on how involved the federal government should be in education by evaluating the effectiveness of the No Child Left Behind Act, which encourages standardized testing.
So What? Most people reading this book are part of the least politically involved age group in the country. Author Edward S. Greenberg invites students to make sense of the political processes and national debates that shape their lives every day.
CHAPTER 2, “THE CONSTITUTION”
Opening case study clarifies the issues of the new presidential power of executive signing statements, comparing the use of statements by President Bush with the use of statements by President Obama.
NEW Feature Can Government Do Anything Well? considers the degree to which government has influenced economic growth in America.
Mapping American Politics feature now includes 2010 census data.
NEW Simulation: You Are A Founder
NEW Explorer Infographic and MyPoliSciLab Exercise: How Long Did It Take to Ratify the Constitution?
NEW Core Concept Videos available on MyPoliSciLab:
The Big Picture Author Edward S. Greenberg discusses how the Constitution provides the basic rules for how government operates in the United States.
A presentation on Political Science on the subject "Public Opinion". A presentation filled with information and diagrams for North South University or any university students. It shows how public opinion might defer from the real world and how it effects the national politics.
Dissection 1As technology continues to develop and advance, we are.docxlefrancoishazlett
Dissection 1
As technology continues to develop and advance, we are exposed to greater impacts on everyday life. This holds true especially for advances in media technology. The media is a universal aspect of life on a day to day basis. A time when it really becomes prevalent is in regards to government and political information. The Internet has become an important tool for people around the world to not only gain political knowledge, but to engage themselves in the political process itself. Some scholars suggest that this may "revitalize democratic society, enabling citizens to command the political and economic resources needed to become effectively self-governing" (Winner, 2003,p. 167). I use this reference to express just how times have changed because of this social networking medium. The idea that the Internet may create a shift in how certain people view democracy is not a new one. The revolutions of the newspaper, radio, and television each raised the same questions. Certain media sites share news from a conservative perspective while others are more liberal, and this is an ongoing debate in society, is there such a thing being able to learn about a situation, without having your views challenged, or have reassurance that you are right in how you see our current situation. My point being, it is difficult to find different issues than those in previous posts have discussed, because other than a few controversies different media outlets, report on what they feel is important, making it hard to establish what really is a problem or important.
Multiple media sites such as; CNN, NY magazine, Whitehouse.gov, bbc, MSNBC, FOX and CBS to name a few outlets have covered heightened controversial issues such as the enforcement on immigration (Travel ban), retracting the Affordable Care Act, interrogation techniques, border patrol, building and funding of a wall, to name a few. When we read the news, it feels like literally the only thing ever being spoken about are the horrible things happening in this world. But when it comes to politics, why do media outlets pick and choose what to speak about. Take CNN and ABC, at one point, prior to FOX news surpassing other media reporters in ratings, had the biggest audiences, however, according to business insider, they also were also not the most trusted in America. Conservative leaning outlets seem to be the least trusted, yet liberal outlets also, ranked lower than Wall Street journal and NY times. Once a media outlet establishes who their audience is, they can then adjust what content they will focus on because that is how you keep people coming back for more, how you can relate to them.
Pal discusses criteria related to that of implementation and how certain indicators can be used to determine whether a policy can actually be successful, depending on administration standards, and provided that these new policies are free of conflict, no external constraints, valid theory and any misco.
Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
Prepare Prior to completing this discussion question, review Chap.docxshpopkinkz
Prepare: Prior to completing this discussion question, review Chapters 10, 11, and 12 in American Government and review Week Five Instructor Guidance. Also read the following articles: How Voter ID Laws Are Being Used to Disenfranchise Minorities and the Poor, Fraught with Fraud, and Proof at the Polls.
Reflect Icon
Reflect: The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnout rates among modern democratic political systems. One study ranks the U.S. 120th on a list of 169 nations compared on voter turnout (Pintor, Gratschew, & Sullivan, 2002). During the last decade, many initiatives have been undertaken to increase voter participation, yet concerns about the possibility of election fraud have also increased. Additionally, some political interests feel threatened by the increase in turnout among some traditionally low-turnout ethnic minorities. Several states have recently passed legislation imposing new registration and identification requirements. This has sparked debate about whether these are tactics intended to suppress turnout or to prevent fraud. Think about the media’s role in the election process and how both mass media and social media can impact the election process.
Write Icon
Write: In your initial post, summarize recent developments in several states enacting voter ID laws. Analyze and describe the pros and cons on both sides of the debate about these laws. Is voter fraud a major problem for our democracy or are some groups trying to make it harder for some segments of society to vote? What impact has the media (mass and social) had in influencing public opinion regarding voter ID laws? Draw your own conclusion about the debate over voter ID laws and justify your conclusions with facts and persuasive reasoning.
Fully respond to all parts of the prompt and write your response in your own words. Your initial post must be at least 300 words. Support your position with at least two of the assigned resources required for this discussion, and/or peer reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library databases. Include APA in-text citations in the body of your post and full citations on the references list at the end. Support your position with APA citations from two or more of the assigned resources required for this discussion. Please be sure that you demonstrate understanding of these resources, integrate them into your argument, and cite them properly.
.
Running head It May Not Work in Politics1It May Not Work in Po.docxwlynn1
Running head: It May Not Work in Politics 1
It May Not Work in Politics 6It May Not Work in Politics
Strayer University – POL 110 - Dr. Jane El-Yacoubi
03/01/19
It May Not Work in Politics
The American political system has many great parts and pieces that come together to help bring a strong government for the people. It also has many pieces that do not work and need change or reform. These areas that need work are interesting as each person might have a different view on if that part is working properly or not.
Congressional Ethics
Congressional ethics has been built into the system from the very beginning. The framers of our country believed that the members of Congress to be trustworthy people but knew that some would not be so, in turn they built a system of checks and balances. With Congressional members being charged and convicted of ethical violations throughout the years “the House and Senate have steadily tightened their ethics rules to the point that today members can rarely accept anything from anybody, except for regulated campaign contributions” (Wilson, Dilulio, & Bose, 2013).
One particular example is Rep Charles Rangel, who is a member of Congress for the 13th district of New York. Rep Charles Rangel “was until his recent troubles one of the House's most powerful members, was found guilty Tuesday of breaking 11 separate Congressional rules related to his personal finances and his fundraising efforts for a New York college” (Kane, 2010). Some of the charges were that he used his rent controlled buildings in Harlem as housing locations for his political committees, didn’t pay taxes on a home he owns in the Dominican Republic, and not properly disclosing personal finances. Another charge was using his name and letterhead to help raise funds for a college in New York, while sounding nice is still an ethical violation.
Rep Charles Rangel was convicted and then was censured, the 23rd member of Congress to be censured. Being censured is the second harshest penalty available by Congress, expulsion is the strongest possible penalty. I agree with the outcome as he violated the ethical guidelines set forth by Congress. Being censured does not remove him from his seat or his office but is logged and documented the violations he committed as he continues his term. The amount of violations he committed with the evidence provided it is a fitting punishment. While trying to defend himself he brought up the charges that caused other members of Congress to be censured and his were a different level of infractions but infractions none the less.
Third Party Candidates
“Often seen as "spoilers" for candidates in mainstream parties, third-party candidates are nothing new in presidential elections” (Liptak, 2012). The United States hasn’t had a non-Republican or Democratic President since Andrew Johnson in the 1800s. Independent or third party candidates have difficulty raising funds, finding a candidate that will run outside of the power .
Essay on Respect | Value (Ethics) | Natural And Legal Rights. Respect essay for students - Reliable Essay Writers That Deserve Your Trust. 014 Essays On Respect Essay Example 1864 Mon 52064 1 T1 0382 0000 .... Free Essays About Respect. Respect essays for students - 24/7 Homework Help.. Misbehavior - Respect Essays by Up the Ante | Teachers Pay Teachers. Speech On Respect | Respect Speech for Students and Children in English .... Surprising Respect Essay To Copy ~ Thatsnotus. Respect essay for students to copy - inhisstepsmo.web.fc2.com. Essay on what respect means to you - frankensteincoursework.x.fc2.com. Essay about respect - presentationbackgrounds.web.fc2.com.
The TRUTH About POLITICS
Executive Summary
by Truth Well Told Agency & McCANN
________________________________
"La verdad acerca de la política"
Resumen Ejecutivo
por Truth Well Told Agency y McCANN
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TMoseStaton39
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TO THE NCO COMMON CORE COMPENTENCY (NCOCCC) OF OPERATIONS?
The NCOCCC of Operations is a combination of operational skill sets that, when mastered by senior leaders can save lives and ensure effective unified action. Some of its key tenets include: Large-scale combat operations; understanding operational and mission variables; resolving complex, ill-structured problems with the use of Mission Command; and understanding how to integrate the different branches of the military into successful joint operations (Department of the Army [DA], 2020, pp. 2-3). This final principle of conducting joint operations becomes increasingly important as contemporary conflicts continue to venture further into the realm of multi-domain warfare (Marr, 2018, pp. 10-11). In order to execute such a complex task, Joint Force Commanders (JFC) must “integrate, synchronize, and direct joint operations” through the use of seven Joint Functions (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017, p. III-1). One of these functions, Command and Control, is how the JFC directs the forces toward accomplishment of the mission, and its essential task is to “Communicate and ensure the flow of information across the staff and joint force” (JCS, 2017, p. III-2). This task is critical to the creation of a shared understanding, which allows the separate branches to work seamlessly together toward a common goal. The absence of this unifying component hinders missions and increases casualties. In Operation ANACONDA, JFC Major General (MG) Hagenbeck failed to create such a shared understanding with his subordinate Air Force assets, which contributed to increasing the amount of casualties his forces incurred. Although the warning order was published on 6 January, MG Hagenbeck did not notify the Combined Force Air Component Commander of Operation ANACONDA until 23 February, just days before the operation began (Fleri et al., 2003). This failure to ensure the flow of information across the joint force, caused downstream effects in planning and preparation that led to diminished air support during the initial stages of the operation. As noted by Lambeth (2005) in his comprehensive analysis, “because so little air support had been requested…coalition troops entered the fight virtually unprotected by any preparatory and suppressive fire” (pp. 204-205). Operation Anaconda provides a clear case of how proficiency in the realm of Operations can result in fewer U.S. casualties.
M451: Decisive Action
Case Study Defense Support of Civil Authorities
1. Scenario
Good morning, welcome to VNN -- local officials are celebrating this morning as a new industrial
park is being christened in our community, there’s a ribbon-cutting scheduled for 10am this
morning. Officials say the new Hampton Industrial Park will bring millions of dollars of new tax
revenues and thousands of new jobs to state and local communities. But a group of activi ...
(Remarks)Please keep in mind that the assiMoseStaton39
(Remarks)
Please keep in mind that the assignment states, "Each of your sections’ content must be at least one full page in length, in Times New Roman 12-pt. font, double-spaced, with 1” margins." When you turn something in that is about half of the required length, you take a bit of a double hit. The first hit is for not meeting minimum expectations for the assignment. The second hit is for not going into as much detail as needed to get a high grade. I can see that you are ahead on the sections. That is not a problem as those have not been graded yet. However, understand that as is, they will also have significant point deductions.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
[Student name here…remove brackets]
Columbia Southern University
ENV 4301: Pollution Prevention
[Instructor name here…remove brackets]
[Date here…remove brackets]
Abstract
Block one full paragraph (no indenting the first line or any subsequent lines). Provide one full sentence here for each unit as you complete a level 1 heading section, describing what material or calculations were presented in that section. By the time the Unit VII material is complete, you will have six or seven sentences in this abstract (one for each unit, for Units II–VII).
Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
General Operational Characteristics
Start typing here for Unit II in non-italicized font (despite the different font types and sizes allowed with APA 7th edition, please stay in Times New Roman 12-pt. font for this document, since this template is already in that font and size), citing with
CSU APA Citation Guide p. 6 styled citations to defend what you state as fact.
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit II. Remove each blank section before submittal in each unit.
Potential Human Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit III.
Potential Societal Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit IV.
Risk Assessment and Regulatory Requirements
Fill this in for Unit V.
Pollution Prevention Technologies
Fill this in for Unit VI.
Engineering Opportunities for Pollution Prevention
Fill this in for Unit VII.
References
Brusseau, M. L., Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (2019).
Environmental and pollution science (3rd ed.). Academic Press. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780128147207
List additional references here alphabetically (you may need to list some before the textbook reference). Be sure to double-space and use a hanging indent for each subsequent line in each reference entry, formatting according to CSU APA Citation Guide pp. 8–11.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Study
Abstract
This undertaking essentially entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, risk ...
(This is provided as an example of the paper layout and spacMoseStaton39
(This is provided as an example of the paper layout and spacing. No running header required
for this report. Don’t add graphic title pages or additional embellishments. Follow complete
instructions provided for each staged assignment. Note: The BA&SR report is a business
report, and you will be expected to follow the specific formatting guidelines that are shown
in the assignment instructions. This report should be typed and double-spaced on standard-
sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a font consistently
throughout the paper. APA recommends using either a sans serif font such as 11-point Calibri,
11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, or a serif font such as 12-point Times New
Roman, 11-point Georgia, or 10-point Computer Modern.
(Title page – centered horizontally and vertically; no running head required)
Title of Report
Company Name
Your Name
Course and Section #
Date of Submission
1
Introduction
(Begin your report with a clear, concise, well organized introduction to explain why you are
writing and what is to come in the complete BA&SR report (not just Stage 1). This should
briefly set the context for MTC – business purpose, environment, and current challenges related
to hiring. Then specifically provide what is to come in the full report. Keep your audience in
mind – this is an internal report for the CIO of MTC. Provide an introduction in one paragraph
that engages the reader’s interest in continuing to read your report.)
I. Strategic Use of Technology
A. Business Strategy
(In this section, you should clearly present – at a broad level – what MTC’s
business strategy is (refer to case study information), then what issues the current
manual hiring process may present that interfere with achieving that strategy, and
how improving the hiring process will benefit MTC and support its business
strategy. (Use two to three strong sentences that explain how the system would
support the strategy and justify your position with specifics from the Case Study.)
B. Competitive Advantage
(First, provide an overview of the competitive environment that MTC is currently
operating in based on information from the case study. Then explain how and
why MTC can use the new hiring system to increase its competitive advantage
and help achieve its overall business strategy. Your explanation should
demonstrate your understanding of what competitive advantage is as well as how
improving the hiring process will help achieve MTC’s competitive advantage.
Include how MTC can use the type of data or information that will be in the
2
hiring system to improve its competitive advantage. (Paragraph of 4-5
sentences))
C. Strategic Objectives
(First, insert an introductory opening sentence for this table. Then, for each of the
rows listed below, complete the table with the requested information. (Pr ...
(Student Name)Date of EncounterPreceptorClinical SiteClMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Grivel J. Hera Gomez APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and somet ...
(TITLE)Sung Woo ParkInternational American UniversityFINMoseStaton39
(TITLE)
Sung Woo Park
International American University
FIN 500: Financial management
Vahick Yedgarian, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., M.S.
April 15th, 2021
TITLE
According to the market analysis of Walmart, the retail firm is considered an unstoppable retail force. It is ranked as the first or number retail firm and the largest business organization in revenue and employee size. The company's total number of employees is estimated to be 2.2 million employees across its different stores. Apart from the retail business line, it also undertakes wholesale business activities (Tan, 2017). It provides all types of assortment merchandise as well as services for affordable costs. In this research paper, the main objective is to undertake a cash flow analysis statement of Walmart and its Relevance to its investors (Tan, 2017).
A cash flow statement is an important financial statement. A cash flow statement is understood as the financial statement that summarizes the financial or cash amounts. It is a summary of the amount in cash and cash equivalents (Murphy, 2021). In other words, it reflects the amount of cash entering and leaving an organization. The cash flow statement provides measures of a company’s financial strength and reflects its position in terms of revenue (Murphy, 2021). Besides, it helps investors to make the right financial decision.
The cash flow statement is an important financial document to investors. Investors always have a trait of looking at how a company is performing by evaluating the progress, the trends among other issues, and deciding whether to invest in the company. Investment decision-making in an in-depth analysis is usually achieved by looking at the cash flow performance based on an analysis of different elements of the statement.
The cash flow statement for Walmart is an important document to its investors. The cash flow statement of Walmart is an important measure of the profitability of the company. Besides, it provides investors with a clear picture and future projection outlook of how the company will be. Based on the analysis of the company’s cash flow statement company has been recording high levels of revenue over the past few years. As a result, it has been ranked as the largest company in terms of revenue collected. Such a specific entity of the company is a clear reflection that Walmart is indeed a profitable firm in profitability (Tan, 2017). Hence, it is a clear reflection to the investors that the company is making money instead of losses. For instance, over the past few years, the company has recorded a revenue increment and stability. The economic analysis measures the company revenue growth in terms of net sales changes to be 7.2% (WMT | Walmart Inc. Annual Cash Flow Statement | Market Watch. Market Watch, 2021). Such a growth rate is indeed admirable and attractive to investors searching for companies to invest in. The company's revenue level is a general overview and clear or direct instant and r ...
(Student Name) UniversityDate of EncounterPreceptorCliniMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor:
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and sometimes it is accompanied by dizziness. He states that he has been under stress in his workplace for the last month. Patient denies chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies fever or chills. Denies weakness or weight loss. NEUROLOGIC: Headache and dizziness as describe above. Denies changes in LOC. Denies history of tremors or seizures.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies any head injury, or change in LOC. Eyes: Denies any changes in vision, diplopia or blurred vision. Ear: Denies pain in the ears. Denies loss of hearing or drainage. Nose: Denies nasal drainage, congestion. THROAT: Denies throat or neck pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies shortness of breath, cough or hemoptysis.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, tachycardia. No orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies abdominal pain or discomfort. Denies flatulence, nausea, vomiting or
diarrhea.
GENITOURINARY: Denies hematuria, dysuria or change in urinary frequency. Denies difficulty starting/stopping stream of urine or incontinence.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies falls or pain. Denies hearing a clicking or snapping sound.
SKIN: No change of coloration such as cyanosis or jaundice, no rashes or pruritus.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 98.5 °F, Pulse: 87, BP: 159/92 mmhg, RR 20, PO2-98% on room air, Ht- 6’4”, Wt 200 lb, BMI 25. Report pain 2/10.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: The patient is alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress noted. NEUROLOGIC: Alert, CNII-XII grossly intact, oriented to person, ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Patricio Bidart MSN, APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS) (This section is what the patient says, therefore should state Pt denies, or Pt states….. )
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
(In a paragraph please state “your encounter with your patient and your findings ( including subjective and objective data)
Example : “Pt came in to our clinic c/o of ear pain. Pt states that the pain started 3 days ago after swimming. Pt denies discharge etc… on examination I noted this and that etc.)
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
Nutrition and Diet.
Semester:
Spring
Course:
MSN6150C Advanced Practice Pediatrics
Preceptor:
REYES-CHOUZA, CARLOS
Clinical Site:
IDEAL MEDICAL CENTER
Setting Type:
Patient Demographics
Age:
12 years
Race:
Black or African American
Gender:
Male
Insurance:
Medicaid
Referral:
No referral
Clinical Information
Time with Patient:
25 minutes
Consult with Preceptor:
15 minutes
Type of Decision-Making:
Moderate complexity
Reason for Visit:
New Consult
Chief Complaint:
Felling pressure behaving my eyes
Type of HP:
Detailed
Social Problems Addressed:
Sanitation/Hygiene
Emotional
Prevention
Procedures/Skills (Observed/Assisted/Performed)
Physical Assessment - Physical Assessment (Perf)
General Skills - Vital Signs (Perf)
ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes
#1 -
J01.10 - ACUTE FRONTAL SINUSITIS, UNSPECIFIED
CPT Billing Codes
#1 -
99214 - OFFICE/OP VISIT, EST PT, MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE HX/EXAM; MODERATE LEVEL MED DECISION; 30-39 MIN
Birth & Delivery
Medications
# OTC Drugs taken regularly:
0
# Prescriptions currently pre ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterPMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note #1 DX: Allergic Rhinitis
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Ms. JD
Age: 23-year-old
Gender at Birth: Female
Gender Identity: Female
Source: Patient
Allergies: NKDA
Current Medications:
· Cetirizine 10mg/d
· Mucinex-D
PMH:
Immunizations: Tetanus.
Preventive Care: No history.
Surgical History: No history of surgery.
Family History: Father- alive, 60 years old, healthy.
Mother-alive, 54 years old, HTN, hyperlipidemia.
Sister-alive, 20 years old, Asthma.
Social History: Denies alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs use. College student, lives alone in campus hostels. Physically active and occasionally does exercise.
Sexual Orientation: Active
Nutrition History: Eats balance diet but avoids excessive junk food.
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “stuffy nose” that has lasted for two weeks.
Symptom analysis/HPI:
Ms. JD is a 23-year-old patient who presents with complaints of a stuffy nose, rhinorrhea, congestion and sneezing. She reports a spontaneous start of the symptoms that have remained consistent. Indicates no particular aggravating symptoms but reports higher severity of the symptoms in the morning. She complains of a sore throat and itchy eyes. She reports an all-day clear runny nose. She indicates consistent outdoor handball practice routine. She reports using Cetirizine and Mucinex-D which do not help. She denies vision or taste changes. She denies fever or chills. Denies diagnosis with allergies.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies change in weight, fatigue, fever, night sweats or chills. NEUROLOGIC: Denies seizure, numbness or blackout.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies headache. Eyes: Reports itchy eyes. Denies vision change. Ear: Denies hearing loss, pain or discharge. Nose: Admits stuffiness, nasal congestion and clear discharge. Denies nose bleeds. THROAT: Reports a sore throat.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies breathing difficulties, cough, wheezing, TB, pneumonia.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No palpitations or chest pain. No edema, PND or orthopnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies nausea, abdominal pains, vomiting and diarrhea. Denies ulcers hx.
GENITOURINARY: Denies change in urine color, urgency and frequency. Regular menses cycle. Denies ovulation pain. Denies hematuria and dysuria.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies back and joint pains or stiffness.
SKIN: No skin rashes or lesions.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 36.7 °C, Pulse: 78, BP: 119/87 mmHg, RR 20, PO2-97% on room air, Ht- 1.60m, Wt 67kg, BMI 26.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: Healthy appearing. Alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress. Well-groomed and responds appropriately.
NEUROLOGIC: Alert, oriented, posture erect, clear speech. gait. to person, place, and time.
HEENT: Head: Normocephalic, atraumatic, symmetric, non-tender. Maxillary sinuses mild tenderness. Eyes: Bilateral conjunctival inject ...
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation buMoseStaton39
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation but is instead linked to other social statuses in the effects it has on our lives. The gender distinction reflects what we see as appropriate “masculine” or “feminine.” For example, some societies expect men to be more aggressive and competitive and women to be emotionally nurturing. I was playing with dolls one day and was playing with two dolls: a female doll and a male doll. Upon passing by, an uncle of mine saw me playing with my toys and frowned. When I asked what was wrong, he seemed uncomfortable. In this statement, he suggested that girls should act like girls and play with girlie things, while boys should play with boy things, including boy dolls. The family experiences that taught me about gender and gender roles are vividly in my memory. Throughout my childhood, my mother and father stressed how essential it is for me to understand and know that I am a girl, and I should always act and carry myself accordingly.
I found conversations like that to be overly exaggerated at the time, but I subsequently understood why my parents did what they did. We were a family of six, with five girls and one boy. As a child, my parents, specifically my mother, stressed what clothing the girls wore. Our mother was always careful not to let us wear anything provocative, and we were to get married and have our own families. Girls are often told that it's alright to cry because girls cry, and if I was a boy, I'd be made to suck it up and deal with it. In addition, my mother taught me that women nurture and that we take care of the home, including cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. As girls, we could not play any sports that were deemed "too rough" or to be performed by boys. From a young age, we chose professional careers. All these careers involved female dominating industries, such as nursing, teaching, caretaking, and hairdressing. They all contributed to the construction of my gender.
Multiple ways are available to conceptualize gender; essentialists see it as a binary division, which classifies you as male or female at birth. In contrast, mainstream social scientists take a constructionist approach to gender. Page 242 argues that gender is a constructed concept that has been shaped through culture and history. Finally, people internalize the social expectations they are introduced to.(Ferris & Stein, 2020) (Links to an external site.)
Resources
Ferris, T., & Stein, J. (2020). Chapter 9/ Page 242. In The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology (7th ed., pp. 236–242). essay, W.W. Norton.
...
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flippMoseStaton39
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flipping through ads to find a job, I was concerned with what companies offered for pay, the type of work I would be doing, and how long would the job last. There were a few companies that were only looking to hire temporarily and again not an ideal situation if I am already concerned with having a steady income. Between the three ads, Office temp, a server at a restaurant making $2.13hr plus tips with hours varying, and a warehouse position, starting at $14Hr with hours from 12 pm to 7 pm. I chose to pick the warehouse position since it offers the most money and a set schedule. Continuing with the simulation, my monthly take-home pay after taxes is $1,224, making my weekly pay only $306. Ideally $1,224 is not enough funds to help sustain a family, barely one person. During this time, I have to pick my insurance, which is a requirement through the Affordable Care Act. Luckily my child is covered and I picked the cheapest plan that I could afford, the bronze plan and it costs $303 a month, which averages to almost $76 a paycheck. I have to ensure I have a place to live, paying rent over $720 and traveling puts my monthly rental and traveling costs at more than 800 dollars a month. The results of me living further away from my job, so that my rent is lower also increased gas costs. According to the simulation, every working household that saves a dollar spends 77 cents on transportation. My balance jumps from $1000 to $192 after paying rent only to find out my apartment is too small for my things, so I chose to have a yard sale. I only made $150 from the yard sale and made the decision to get paid by the piece, since I am barely making a living wage on an hourly paycheck, and in doing so my paycheck decreased by 25cents. I skipped my grandfather’s memorial service because I can not afford to travel, I paid $25 to replace a broken item I fixed, even though considered hiding the evidence. Grocery shopping is next on my to-do list, spending only 30 for things I needed, I felt was hardly enough food, but could not really afford to splurge and spend on extra things. During this time my stress levels are at an all-time high, but I turn the offer for a cigarette down because I do not want to get addicted. As a result, the simulation states there is a misconception that smoking relieves stress during difficult situations in life.
Now that I have come to payday, I decided to start my fitness journey by asking a friend to be my running partner. On the way to work, something blew in the car and needed to get fixed, and asking a friend to look at the issue saved money. The landlord decided to raise rent and $150 had to be paid or I could spend more on legal fees fighting it in court. On the way out to work, someone stole my gas from my car, so I had to make the decision to take the bus and the result where it took me three buses and fives times longer to get there, making me miss a few hours of p ...
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Similar to Report #3 Changing Public Opinion Before beginning this
Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
Prepare Prior to completing this discussion question, review Chap.docxshpopkinkz
Prepare: Prior to completing this discussion question, review Chapters 10, 11, and 12 in American Government and review Week Five Instructor Guidance. Also read the following articles: How Voter ID Laws Are Being Used to Disenfranchise Minorities and the Poor, Fraught with Fraud, and Proof at the Polls.
Reflect Icon
Reflect: The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnout rates among modern democratic political systems. One study ranks the U.S. 120th on a list of 169 nations compared on voter turnout (Pintor, Gratschew, & Sullivan, 2002). During the last decade, many initiatives have been undertaken to increase voter participation, yet concerns about the possibility of election fraud have also increased. Additionally, some political interests feel threatened by the increase in turnout among some traditionally low-turnout ethnic minorities. Several states have recently passed legislation imposing new registration and identification requirements. This has sparked debate about whether these are tactics intended to suppress turnout or to prevent fraud. Think about the media’s role in the election process and how both mass media and social media can impact the election process.
Write Icon
Write: In your initial post, summarize recent developments in several states enacting voter ID laws. Analyze and describe the pros and cons on both sides of the debate about these laws. Is voter fraud a major problem for our democracy or are some groups trying to make it harder for some segments of society to vote? What impact has the media (mass and social) had in influencing public opinion regarding voter ID laws? Draw your own conclusion about the debate over voter ID laws and justify your conclusions with facts and persuasive reasoning.
Fully respond to all parts of the prompt and write your response in your own words. Your initial post must be at least 300 words. Support your position with at least two of the assigned resources required for this discussion, and/or peer reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library databases. Include APA in-text citations in the body of your post and full citations on the references list at the end. Support your position with APA citations from two or more of the assigned resources required for this discussion. Please be sure that you demonstrate understanding of these resources, integrate them into your argument, and cite them properly.
.
Running head It May Not Work in Politics1It May Not Work in Po.docxwlynn1
Running head: It May Not Work in Politics 1
It May Not Work in Politics 6It May Not Work in Politics
Strayer University – POL 110 - Dr. Jane El-Yacoubi
03/01/19
It May Not Work in Politics
The American political system has many great parts and pieces that come together to help bring a strong government for the people. It also has many pieces that do not work and need change or reform. These areas that need work are interesting as each person might have a different view on if that part is working properly or not.
Congressional Ethics
Congressional ethics has been built into the system from the very beginning. The framers of our country believed that the members of Congress to be trustworthy people but knew that some would not be so, in turn they built a system of checks and balances. With Congressional members being charged and convicted of ethical violations throughout the years “the House and Senate have steadily tightened their ethics rules to the point that today members can rarely accept anything from anybody, except for regulated campaign contributions” (Wilson, Dilulio, & Bose, 2013).
One particular example is Rep Charles Rangel, who is a member of Congress for the 13th district of New York. Rep Charles Rangel “was until his recent troubles one of the House's most powerful members, was found guilty Tuesday of breaking 11 separate Congressional rules related to his personal finances and his fundraising efforts for a New York college” (Kane, 2010). Some of the charges were that he used his rent controlled buildings in Harlem as housing locations for his political committees, didn’t pay taxes on a home he owns in the Dominican Republic, and not properly disclosing personal finances. Another charge was using his name and letterhead to help raise funds for a college in New York, while sounding nice is still an ethical violation.
Rep Charles Rangel was convicted and then was censured, the 23rd member of Congress to be censured. Being censured is the second harshest penalty available by Congress, expulsion is the strongest possible penalty. I agree with the outcome as he violated the ethical guidelines set forth by Congress. Being censured does not remove him from his seat or his office but is logged and documented the violations he committed as he continues his term. The amount of violations he committed with the evidence provided it is a fitting punishment. While trying to defend himself he brought up the charges that caused other members of Congress to be censured and his were a different level of infractions but infractions none the less.
Third Party Candidates
“Often seen as "spoilers" for candidates in mainstream parties, third-party candidates are nothing new in presidential elections” (Liptak, 2012). The United States hasn’t had a non-Republican or Democratic President since Andrew Johnson in the 1800s. Independent or third party candidates have difficulty raising funds, finding a candidate that will run outside of the power .
Essay on Respect | Value (Ethics) | Natural And Legal Rights. Respect essay for students - Reliable Essay Writers That Deserve Your Trust. 014 Essays On Respect Essay Example 1864 Mon 52064 1 T1 0382 0000 .... Free Essays About Respect. Respect essays for students - 24/7 Homework Help.. Misbehavior - Respect Essays by Up the Ante | Teachers Pay Teachers. Speech On Respect | Respect Speech for Students and Children in English .... Surprising Respect Essay To Copy ~ Thatsnotus. Respect essay for students to copy - inhisstepsmo.web.fc2.com. Essay on what respect means to you - frankensteincoursework.x.fc2.com. Essay about respect - presentationbackgrounds.web.fc2.com.
The TRUTH About POLITICS
Executive Summary
by Truth Well Told Agency & McCANN
________________________________
"La verdad acerca de la política"
Resumen Ejecutivo
por Truth Well Told Agency y McCANN
Similar to Report #3 Changing Public Opinion Before beginning this (12)
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TMoseStaton39
(U) WHAT INSIGHTS ARE DERIVED FROM OPERATION ANACONDA IN REGARDS TO THE NCO COMMON CORE COMPENTENCY (NCOCCC) OF OPERATIONS?
The NCOCCC of Operations is a combination of operational skill sets that, when mastered by senior leaders can save lives and ensure effective unified action. Some of its key tenets include: Large-scale combat operations; understanding operational and mission variables; resolving complex, ill-structured problems with the use of Mission Command; and understanding how to integrate the different branches of the military into successful joint operations (Department of the Army [DA], 2020, pp. 2-3). This final principle of conducting joint operations becomes increasingly important as contemporary conflicts continue to venture further into the realm of multi-domain warfare (Marr, 2018, pp. 10-11). In order to execute such a complex task, Joint Force Commanders (JFC) must “integrate, synchronize, and direct joint operations” through the use of seven Joint Functions (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017, p. III-1). One of these functions, Command and Control, is how the JFC directs the forces toward accomplishment of the mission, and its essential task is to “Communicate and ensure the flow of information across the staff and joint force” (JCS, 2017, p. III-2). This task is critical to the creation of a shared understanding, which allows the separate branches to work seamlessly together toward a common goal. The absence of this unifying component hinders missions and increases casualties. In Operation ANACONDA, JFC Major General (MG) Hagenbeck failed to create such a shared understanding with his subordinate Air Force assets, which contributed to increasing the amount of casualties his forces incurred. Although the warning order was published on 6 January, MG Hagenbeck did not notify the Combined Force Air Component Commander of Operation ANACONDA until 23 February, just days before the operation began (Fleri et al., 2003). This failure to ensure the flow of information across the joint force, caused downstream effects in planning and preparation that led to diminished air support during the initial stages of the operation. As noted by Lambeth (2005) in his comprehensive analysis, “because so little air support had been requested…coalition troops entered the fight virtually unprotected by any preparatory and suppressive fire” (pp. 204-205). Operation Anaconda provides a clear case of how proficiency in the realm of Operations can result in fewer U.S. casualties.
M451: Decisive Action
Case Study Defense Support of Civil Authorities
1. Scenario
Good morning, welcome to VNN -- local officials are celebrating this morning as a new industrial
park is being christened in our community, there’s a ribbon-cutting scheduled for 10am this
morning. Officials say the new Hampton Industrial Park will bring millions of dollars of new tax
revenues and thousands of new jobs to state and local communities. But a group of activi ...
(Remarks)Please keep in mind that the assiMoseStaton39
(Remarks)
Please keep in mind that the assignment states, "Each of your sections’ content must be at least one full page in length, in Times New Roman 12-pt. font, double-spaced, with 1” margins." When you turn something in that is about half of the required length, you take a bit of a double hit. The first hit is for not meeting minimum expectations for the assignment. The second hit is for not going into as much detail as needed to get a high grade. I can see that you are ahead on the sections. That is not a problem as those have not been graded yet. However, understand that as is, they will also have significant point deductions.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
[Student name here…remove brackets]
Columbia Southern University
ENV 4301: Pollution Prevention
[Instructor name here…remove brackets]
[Date here…remove brackets]
Abstract
Block one full paragraph (no indenting the first line or any subsequent lines). Provide one full sentence here for each unit as you complete a level 1 heading section, describing what material or calculations were presented in that section. By the time the Unit VII material is complete, you will have six or seven sentences in this abstract (one for each unit, for Units II–VII).
Pollution Prevention Plan (P3) Pre-Assessment Study
General Operational Characteristics
Start typing here for Unit II in non-italicized font (despite the different font types and sizes allowed with APA 7th edition, please stay in Times New Roman 12-pt. font for this document, since this template is already in that font and size), citing with
CSU APA Citation Guide p. 6 styled citations to defend what you state as fact.
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit II. Remove each blank section before submittal in each unit.
Potential Human Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit III.
Potential Societal Health Impacts
Fill this in for Unit IV.
Risk Assessment and Regulatory Requirements
Fill this in for Unit V.
Pollution Prevention Technologies
Fill this in for Unit VI.
Engineering Opportunities for Pollution Prevention
Fill this in for Unit VII.
References
Brusseau, M. L., Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (2019).
Environmental and pollution science (3rd ed.). Academic Press. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780128147207
List additional references here alphabetically (you may need to list some before the textbook reference). Be sure to double-space and use a hanging indent for each subsequent line in each reference entry, formatting according to CSU APA Citation Guide pp. 8–11.
1
4
A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Study
Abstract
This undertaking essentially entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, risk ...
(This is provided as an example of the paper layout and spacMoseStaton39
(This is provided as an example of the paper layout and spacing. No running header required
for this report. Don’t add graphic title pages or additional embellishments. Follow complete
instructions provided for each staged assignment. Note: The BA&SR report is a business
report, and you will be expected to follow the specific formatting guidelines that are shown
in the assignment instructions. This report should be typed and double-spaced on standard-
sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a font consistently
throughout the paper. APA recommends using either a sans serif font such as 11-point Calibri,
11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, or a serif font such as 12-point Times New
Roman, 11-point Georgia, or 10-point Computer Modern.
(Title page – centered horizontally and vertically; no running head required)
Title of Report
Company Name
Your Name
Course and Section #
Date of Submission
1
Introduction
(Begin your report with a clear, concise, well organized introduction to explain why you are
writing and what is to come in the complete BA&SR report (not just Stage 1). This should
briefly set the context for MTC – business purpose, environment, and current challenges related
to hiring. Then specifically provide what is to come in the full report. Keep your audience in
mind – this is an internal report for the CIO of MTC. Provide an introduction in one paragraph
that engages the reader’s interest in continuing to read your report.)
I. Strategic Use of Technology
A. Business Strategy
(In this section, you should clearly present – at a broad level – what MTC’s
business strategy is (refer to case study information), then what issues the current
manual hiring process may present that interfere with achieving that strategy, and
how improving the hiring process will benefit MTC and support its business
strategy. (Use two to three strong sentences that explain how the system would
support the strategy and justify your position with specifics from the Case Study.)
B. Competitive Advantage
(First, provide an overview of the competitive environment that MTC is currently
operating in based on information from the case study. Then explain how and
why MTC can use the new hiring system to increase its competitive advantage
and help achieve its overall business strategy. Your explanation should
demonstrate your understanding of what competitive advantage is as well as how
improving the hiring process will help achieve MTC’s competitive advantage.
Include how MTC can use the type of data or information that will be in the
2
hiring system to improve its competitive advantage. (Paragraph of 4-5
sentences))
C. Strategic Objectives
(First, insert an introductory opening sentence for this table. Then, for each of the
rows listed below, complete the table with the requested information. (Pr ...
(Student Name)Date of EncounterPreceptorClinical SiteClMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Grivel J. Hera Gomez APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
(Student Name)
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and somet ...
(TITLE)Sung Woo ParkInternational American UniversityFINMoseStaton39
(TITLE)
Sung Woo Park
International American University
FIN 500: Financial management
Vahick Yedgarian, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., M.S.
April 15th, 2021
TITLE
According to the market analysis of Walmart, the retail firm is considered an unstoppable retail force. It is ranked as the first or number retail firm and the largest business organization in revenue and employee size. The company's total number of employees is estimated to be 2.2 million employees across its different stores. Apart from the retail business line, it also undertakes wholesale business activities (Tan, 2017). It provides all types of assortment merchandise as well as services for affordable costs. In this research paper, the main objective is to undertake a cash flow analysis statement of Walmart and its Relevance to its investors (Tan, 2017).
A cash flow statement is an important financial statement. A cash flow statement is understood as the financial statement that summarizes the financial or cash amounts. It is a summary of the amount in cash and cash equivalents (Murphy, 2021). In other words, it reflects the amount of cash entering and leaving an organization. The cash flow statement provides measures of a company’s financial strength and reflects its position in terms of revenue (Murphy, 2021). Besides, it helps investors to make the right financial decision.
The cash flow statement is an important financial document to investors. Investors always have a trait of looking at how a company is performing by evaluating the progress, the trends among other issues, and deciding whether to invest in the company. Investment decision-making in an in-depth analysis is usually achieved by looking at the cash flow performance based on an analysis of different elements of the statement.
The cash flow statement for Walmart is an important document to its investors. The cash flow statement of Walmart is an important measure of the profitability of the company. Besides, it provides investors with a clear picture and future projection outlook of how the company will be. Based on the analysis of the company’s cash flow statement company has been recording high levels of revenue over the past few years. As a result, it has been ranked as the largest company in terms of revenue collected. Such a specific entity of the company is a clear reflection that Walmart is indeed a profitable firm in profitability (Tan, 2017). Hence, it is a clear reflection to the investors that the company is making money instead of losses. For instance, over the past few years, the company has recorded a revenue increment and stability. The economic analysis measures the company revenue growth in terms of net sales changes to be 7.2% (WMT | Walmart Inc. Annual Cash Flow Statement | Market Watch. Market Watch, 2021). Such a growth rate is indeed admirable and attractive to investors searching for companies to invest in. The company's revenue level is a general overview and clear or direct instant and r ...
(Student Name) UniversityDate of EncounterPreceptorCliniMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor:
Soap Note # Main Diagnosis ( Exp: Soap Note #3 DX: Hypertension)
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Mr. DT
Age: 68-year-old
Gender at Birth: Male
Gender Identity: Male
Source: Patient
Allergies: PCN, Iodine
Current Medications:
· Atorvastatin tab 20 mg, 1-tab PO at bedtime
· ASA 81mg po daily
· Multi-Vitamin Centrum Silver
PMH: Hypercholesterolemia
Immunizations: Influenza last 2018-year, tetanus, and hepatitis A and B 4 years ago.
Preventive Care: Coloscopy 5 years ago (Negative)
Surgical History: Appendectomy 47 years ago.
Family History: Father- died 81 does not report information
Mother-alive, 88 years old, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN
Daughter-alive, 34 years old, healthy
Social History: No smoking history or illicit drug use, occasional alcoholic beverage consumption on social celebrations. Retired, widow, he lives alone.
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Nutrition History: Diets off and on, Does not each seafood
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “headaches” that started two weeks ago
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is 65 years old male who complaining of episodes of headaches and on 3 different occasions blood pressure was measured, which was high (159/100, 158/98 and 160/100 respectively). Patient noticed the problem started two weeks ago and sometimes it is accompanied by dizziness. He states that he has been under stress in his workplace for the last month. Patient denies chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies fever or chills. Denies weakness or weight loss. NEUROLOGIC: Headache and dizziness as describe above. Denies changes in LOC. Denies history of tremors or seizures.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies any head injury, or change in LOC. Eyes: Denies any changes in vision, diplopia or blurred vision. Ear: Denies pain in the ears. Denies loss of hearing or drainage. Nose: Denies nasal drainage, congestion. THROAT: Denies throat or neck pain, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies shortness of breath, cough or hemoptysis.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, tachycardia. No orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies abdominal pain or discomfort. Denies flatulence, nausea, vomiting or
diarrhea.
GENITOURINARY: Denies hematuria, dysuria or change in urinary frequency. Denies difficulty starting/stopping stream of urine or incontinence.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies falls or pain. Denies hearing a clicking or snapping sound.
SKIN: No change of coloration such as cyanosis or jaundice, no rashes or pruritus.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 98.5 °F, Pulse: 87, BP: 159/92 mmhg, RR 20, PO2-98% on room air, Ht- 6’4”, Wt 200 lb, BMI 25. Report pain 2/10.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: The patient is alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress noted. NEUROLOGIC: Alert, CNII-XII grossly intact, oriented to person, ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Patricio Bidart MSN, APRN, FNP-C
Soap Note # ____ Main Diagnosis ______________
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name:
Age:
Gender at Birth:
Gender Identity:
Source:
Allergies:
Current Medications:
·
PMH:
Immunizations:
Preventive Care:
Surgical History:
Family History:
Social History:
Sexual Orientation:
Nutrition History:
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint:
Symptom analysis/HPI:
The patient is …
Review of Systems (ROS) (This section is what the patient says, therefore should state Pt denies, or Pt states….. )
CONSTITUTIONAL:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
GENITOURINARY:
MUSCULOSKELETAL:
SKIN:
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS:
GENERAL APPREARANCE:
NEUROLOGIC:
HEENT:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
RESPIRATORY:
GASTROINTESTINAL:
MUSKULOSKELETAL:
INTEGUMENTARY:
ASSESSMENT:
(In a paragraph please state “your encounter with your patient and your findings ( including subjective and objective data)
Example : “Pt came in to our clinic c/o of ear pain. Pt states that the pain started 3 days ago after swimming. Pt denies discharge etc… on examination I noted this and that etc.)
Main Diagnosis
(Include the name of your Main Diagnosis along with its ICD10 I10. (Look at PDF example provided) Include the in-text reference/s as per APA style 6th or 7th Edition.
Differential diagnosis (minimum 3)
-
-
-
PLAN:
Labs and Diagnostic Test to be ordered (if applicable)
· -
· -
Pharmacological treatment:
-
Non-Pharmacologic treatment:
Education (provide the most relevant ones tailored to your patient)
Follow-ups/Referrals
References (in APA Style)
Examples
Codina Leik, M. T. (2014). Family Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review (2nd ed.).
ISBN 978-0-8261-3424-0
Domino, F., Baldor, R., Golding, J., Stephens, M. (2010). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2010
(25th ed.). Print (The 5-Minute Consult Series).
Nutrition and Diet.
Semester:
Spring
Course:
MSN6150C Advanced Practice Pediatrics
Preceptor:
REYES-CHOUZA, CARLOS
Clinical Site:
IDEAL MEDICAL CENTER
Setting Type:
Patient Demographics
Age:
12 years
Race:
Black or African American
Gender:
Male
Insurance:
Medicaid
Referral:
No referral
Clinical Information
Time with Patient:
25 minutes
Consult with Preceptor:
15 minutes
Type of Decision-Making:
Moderate complexity
Reason for Visit:
New Consult
Chief Complaint:
Felling pressure behaving my eyes
Type of HP:
Detailed
Social Problems Addressed:
Sanitation/Hygiene
Emotional
Prevention
Procedures/Skills (Observed/Assisted/Performed)
Physical Assessment - Physical Assessment (Perf)
General Skills - Vital Signs (Perf)
ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes
#1 -
J01.10 - ACUTE FRONTAL SINUSITIS, UNSPECIFIED
CPT Billing Codes
#1 -
99214 - OFFICE/OP VISIT, EST PT, MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE HX/EXAM; MODERATE LEVEL MED DECISION; 30-39 MIN
Birth & Delivery
Medications
# OTC Drugs taken regularly:
0
# Prescriptions currently pre ...
(Student Name)Miami Regional UniversityDate of EncounterPMoseStaton39
(Student Name)
Miami Regional University
Date of Encounter:
Preceptor/Clinical Site:
Clinical Instructor: Dr. David Trabanco DNP, APRN, AGNP-C, FNP-C
Soap Note #1 DX: Allergic Rhinitis
PATIENT INFORMATION
Name: Ms. JD
Age: 23-year-old
Gender at Birth: Female
Gender Identity: Female
Source: Patient
Allergies: NKDA
Current Medications:
· Cetirizine 10mg/d
· Mucinex-D
PMH:
Immunizations: Tetanus.
Preventive Care: No history.
Surgical History: No history of surgery.
Family History: Father- alive, 60 years old, healthy.
Mother-alive, 54 years old, HTN, hyperlipidemia.
Sister-alive, 20 years old, Asthma.
Social History: Denies alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs use. College student, lives alone in campus hostels. Physically active and occasionally does exercise.
Sexual Orientation: Active
Nutrition History: Eats balance diet but avoids excessive junk food.
Subjective Data:
Chief Complaint: “stuffy nose” that has lasted for two weeks.
Symptom analysis/HPI:
Ms. JD is a 23-year-old patient who presents with complaints of a stuffy nose, rhinorrhea, congestion and sneezing. She reports a spontaneous start of the symptoms that have remained consistent. Indicates no particular aggravating symptoms but reports higher severity of the symptoms in the morning. She complains of a sore throat and itchy eyes. She reports an all-day clear runny nose. She indicates consistent outdoor handball practice routine. She reports using Cetirizine and Mucinex-D which do not help. She denies vision or taste changes. She denies fever or chills. Denies diagnosis with allergies.
Review of Systems (ROS)
CONSTITUTIONAL: Denies change in weight, fatigue, fever, night sweats or chills. NEUROLOGIC: Denies seizure, numbness or blackout.
HEENT: HEAD: Denies headache. Eyes: Reports itchy eyes. Denies vision change. Ear: Denies hearing loss, pain or discharge. Nose: Admits stuffiness, nasal congestion and clear discharge. Denies nose bleeds. THROAT: Reports a sore throat.
RESPIRATORY: Patient denies breathing difficulties, cough, wheezing, TB, pneumonia.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No palpitations or chest pain. No edema, PND or orthopnea.
GASTROINTESTINAL: Denies nausea, abdominal pains, vomiting and diarrhea. Denies ulcers hx.
GENITOURINARY: Denies change in urine color, urgency and frequency. Regular menses cycle. Denies ovulation pain. Denies hematuria and dysuria.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Denies back and joint pains or stiffness.
SKIN: No skin rashes or lesions.
Objective Data:
VITAL SIGNS: Temperature: 36.7 °C, Pulse: 78, BP: 119/87 mmHg, RR 20, PO2-97% on room air, Ht- 1.60m, Wt 67kg, BMI 26.
GENERAL APPREARANCE: Healthy appearing. Alert and oriented x 3. No acute distress. Well-groomed and responds appropriately.
NEUROLOGIC: Alert, oriented, posture erect, clear speech. gait. to person, place, and time.
HEENT: Head: Normocephalic, atraumatic, symmetric, non-tender. Maxillary sinuses mild tenderness. Eyes: Bilateral conjunctival inject ...
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation buMoseStaton39
(Monica)Gender rarely shapes individual experience in isolation but is instead linked to other social statuses in the effects it has on our lives. The gender distinction reflects what we see as appropriate “masculine” or “feminine.” For example, some societies expect men to be more aggressive and competitive and women to be emotionally nurturing. I was playing with dolls one day and was playing with two dolls: a female doll and a male doll. Upon passing by, an uncle of mine saw me playing with my toys and frowned. When I asked what was wrong, he seemed uncomfortable. In this statement, he suggested that girls should act like girls and play with girlie things, while boys should play with boy things, including boy dolls. The family experiences that taught me about gender and gender roles are vividly in my memory. Throughout my childhood, my mother and father stressed how essential it is for me to understand and know that I am a girl, and I should always act and carry myself accordingly.
I found conversations like that to be overly exaggerated at the time, but I subsequently understood why my parents did what they did. We were a family of six, with five girls and one boy. As a child, my parents, specifically my mother, stressed what clothing the girls wore. Our mother was always careful not to let us wear anything provocative, and we were to get married and have our own families. Girls are often told that it's alright to cry because girls cry, and if I was a boy, I'd be made to suck it up and deal with it. In addition, my mother taught me that women nurture and that we take care of the home, including cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. As girls, we could not play any sports that were deemed "too rough" or to be performed by boys. From a young age, we chose professional careers. All these careers involved female dominating industries, such as nursing, teaching, caretaking, and hairdressing. They all contributed to the construction of my gender.
Multiple ways are available to conceptualize gender; essentialists see it as a binary division, which classifies you as male or female at birth. In contrast, mainstream social scientists take a constructionist approach to gender. Page 242 argues that gender is a constructed concept that has been shaped through culture and history. Finally, people internalize the social expectations they are introduced to.(Ferris & Stein, 2020) (Links to an external site.)
Resources
Ferris, T., & Stein, J. (2020). Chapter 9/ Page 242. In The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology (7th ed., pp. 236–242). essay, W.W. Norton.
...
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flippMoseStaton39
(Monica) A summary of my decision-making process starts with flipping through ads to find a job, I was concerned with what companies offered for pay, the type of work I would be doing, and how long would the job last. There were a few companies that were only looking to hire temporarily and again not an ideal situation if I am already concerned with having a steady income. Between the three ads, Office temp, a server at a restaurant making $2.13hr plus tips with hours varying, and a warehouse position, starting at $14Hr with hours from 12 pm to 7 pm. I chose to pick the warehouse position since it offers the most money and a set schedule. Continuing with the simulation, my monthly take-home pay after taxes is $1,224, making my weekly pay only $306. Ideally $1,224 is not enough funds to help sustain a family, barely one person. During this time, I have to pick my insurance, which is a requirement through the Affordable Care Act. Luckily my child is covered and I picked the cheapest plan that I could afford, the bronze plan and it costs $303 a month, which averages to almost $76 a paycheck. I have to ensure I have a place to live, paying rent over $720 and traveling puts my monthly rental and traveling costs at more than 800 dollars a month. The results of me living further away from my job, so that my rent is lower also increased gas costs. According to the simulation, every working household that saves a dollar spends 77 cents on transportation. My balance jumps from $1000 to $192 after paying rent only to find out my apartment is too small for my things, so I chose to have a yard sale. I only made $150 from the yard sale and made the decision to get paid by the piece, since I am barely making a living wage on an hourly paycheck, and in doing so my paycheck decreased by 25cents. I skipped my grandfather’s memorial service because I can not afford to travel, I paid $25 to replace a broken item I fixed, even though considered hiding the evidence. Grocery shopping is next on my to-do list, spending only 30 for things I needed, I felt was hardly enough food, but could not really afford to splurge and spend on extra things. During this time my stress levels are at an all-time high, but I turn the offer for a cigarette down because I do not want to get addicted. As a result, the simulation states there is a misconception that smoking relieves stress during difficult situations in life.
Now that I have come to payday, I decided to start my fitness journey by asking a friend to be my running partner. On the way to work, something blew in the car and needed to get fixed, and asking a friend to look at the issue saved money. The landlord decided to raise rent and $150 had to be paid or I could spend more on legal fees fighting it in court. On the way out to work, someone stole my gas from my car, so I had to make the decision to take the bus and the result where it took me three buses and fives times longer to get there, making me miss a few hours of p ...
(Note This case study is based on many actual cases. All the nameMoseStaton39
(Note: This case study is based on many actual cases. All the names used are made up, and any relation to actual people or events is purely accidental and coincidental.)
Addictions Case Study: Narrative
Presenting Problem:
Marci is a 22-year-old female college student who was arrested five months ago for driving while impaired with a blood alcohol level of 0.13. She was also charged with possession of a small amount (about 1 gram) of marijuana. Her license was suspended, but she has driving privileges to get to school/work and back.
Drug History and Current Patterns of Use:
She has smoked cigarettes since age 16 and currently smokes one pack daily. Marci stopped smoking cigarettes for six months one year ago, but she presently does not plan to cut down or quit.
She has five prescription pills (Xanax) for depression and anxiety that were given to her by a college classmate (for whom they were prescribed). Marci shared that she had been struggling with feelings of sadness and worrying too much about two months ago. She hasn’t taken them yet, but has considered trying them.
Marci first experimented with marijuana during her senior year of high school (age 17), with her use becoming more regular after she entered college. Marci was first introduced to marijuana by her high school boyfriend, who used it every day along with alcohol on the weekends.
While she started drinking wine with her family when she was 13, she started to
EDCO 740
Page 2 of 2
“seriously” drink starting around 18-years-old. She currently drinks four or more alcoholic beverages (usually wine or wine coolers; sometimes beer) three to four times a week and had been smoking marijuana two to three times a week for one year. Her usual pattern was to go on weekend binges, starting to drink and smoke on Friday evenings until 2:00 a.m. She would then have a glass or two of wine around lunchtime on Saturday, smoking a joint or two with a couple of friends during Saturday afternoons prior to attending college sporting or social events. She would then go to parties with friends on Saturday evenings, typically consuming six to seven cans/bottles/cups of beer and sharing several joints of marijuana with others. She had also started to consume energy drinks (Red Bull, Monster, etc.) when she drank beer at these parties to get an added “boost” to her high.
During the past two months, she has sometimes had one to two glasses of wine (she also used to smoke half a joint of marijuana with it) when alone on school nights. On the mornings after she used alcohol, Marci tended to sleep in and cut class, but not every week. Her recreational and social interests had increasingly involved the use of alcohol and marijuana, now since her arrest, it is mainly alcohol (although she still desires to smoke cannabis). Recently, Marci has begun to express concern to her friends about “feeling depressed and anxious,” but she reports no suicidal ideation or panic attacks. She is also concerned since sh ...
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology,MoseStaton39
(Kaitlyn)To be very honest I know next to nothing about mythology, it has never been something that I have had around me or taught in school, I guess it was one of those subjects that got kind of, overlooked. But history is history and in my opinion, it’s important to know what happened in the past to prevent future mishaps or wrongdoings. Therefore I don't know anything about mythology to start, but I am eager to learn more about all these different gods, goddesses, etc., and am surprised to find out that entire towns or civilizations would support the myths or people I am reading about.
The gods and goddesses seem to all have their sanction of what was claimed as their own, one wraps his arms around the earth floating the continents with his aqua arms, and another is essentially the undertaker and decides whose soul belongs where. The people are peasants and they are unequal to those that are considered the higher power, they are the protected and shall not reach out to become a protector. From what I have read it doesn't seem like the gods step on each other’s territory or have competitions to push each other out, it seems as though all that made it up there are respected and get to look down on those that are less than them.
While reading I noticed that there is a bit of a divide between men and women the same as we have today. A big part of societal issues today is gender equality and the general outlook on how each gender is portrayed without any prior information. Men are supposed to be large, strong, and tall, to protect and conquer for the interest of mankind. Women are supposed to be dainty and spread love, make a house a home, and show endearing qualities. I can see the reverse argument for Cupid who is the God of Love being that Eros is a male, being portrayed as the, "fairest of the deathless gods," (Hamilton, 36) but that is one instance in an array of different people. It seems that even though we have come a long way to today with working on gender-specific stereotypes, for these "myths" to be ancient and long ago, it doesn't seem like we have come that far. Yes women are seen as loving and they can be attractive to people around them, but in the man’s brain, they are simply there to be of service to the man, and to man the home when they are not present. It's interesting because even though the language of the reading may be hard for me to get used to, being that it is not in modern English, I can still very well understand one thing. Women like Aphrodite would "...[laugh] sweetly or mockingly at those her wiles had conquered, the irresistible goddess who stole away even the wits of the wise" (Hamilton, 32). Being a woman I translated this to essentially smiling in the faces of those who either are factually in the wrong, or have done wrong to you, and that is something that is still very much alive today. From history, we know that women were seen as property or disposable at the discretion of the man that homed her, and f ...
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, DMoseStaton39
(Harry)Dante’s Inferno is the first of the three-part epic poem, Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri. The Inferno depicts Dante’s journey through Hell, accompanied and guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In his poem, Dante describes Hell’s topography consisting of nine circles, each representing the seriousness of the sin committed by its offenders, these sins are categorized (by the Catholic Church), grouped, and commonly known as the nine deadly sins. Each level of Hell represent places of torment where the first level is home to less serious offenders, and increase in severity in each circle. As they go deeper into each level, our characters, Dante and Virgil encounter offenders within each ring of hell who have committed more serious offenses and the sins are more egregious. We find that the lowest part of hell houses the betrayers, and punishment here is more severe. Punishment in the poem is handed out in a poetic justice fashion Dante calls contrapasso. In this last (deepest) level or ring of Hell the betrayers of Julius Caesar: Brutus and Cassius are prime tenants, along with Judas, who had betrayed Jesus.
As I read this poem, I can agree with how Hell was organized, and as it sits currently, those guilty of child sexual abuse could reside along with those who are being tortured in the second circle: Lust. But Dante seemed to portray these sins as less severe. But personally, I think that those guilty of committing child sexual abuse should be in the ninth circle of Hell, along with those committing treachery because what is child sexual abuse if not treachery! It is treacherous against the innocent children, who fall betrayed by those who they must respect and obey (adults or those older then they), it is an act of treason to the victim who may have trusted the person committing such a heinous act. But after much contemplation, I still cannot agree with this placement. Child sexual abuse and child sexual assault is, in a very real way, equal to those types of betrayals. The innocence of a child makes those crimes so bad that I feel so uncomfortable writing about. As defined on their website, child sexual abuse includes: any sexual act between an adult and a minor, or between two minors, when one exerts power over the other, forcing, coercing or persuading a child to engage in any type of sexual act, non-contact acts such as exhibitionism, exposure to pornography, voyeurism, and communicating in a sexual manner by phone or Internet. In Dante’s world, those guilty of child sexual assault are far more wicked than those guilty of other sexual sins, and even worse than those guilty of aberrant sexual behavior (as it was understood at the time). Therefore, these sinners would have their very own special place below the ninth circle.
For sinners tormented in the tenth circle, the torture must be as gruesome as the act committed by the sinners. For someone who has committed such a abominable act as is child sexual abuse, assault, ...
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause aMoseStaton39
(Lucious)Many steps in the systems development process may cause a project to balloon out of control, affecting the scope's size, where the budget and timeline remain the same. Unfortunately, this is a widespread problem known as scope creep during an IS development. Scope creep is an unexpected demand that moves a project past its predetermined limits. Projects are always documented with a planning outline, which covers in-depth details on boundaries, schedules, major deliverables, time, and budget. Unfortunately, individuals involved in the project may intentionally or unintentionally cause a project to not meet its goals due to the unpredictable nature of adding tasks to a project in progress. Project managers can ensure that the scope is clear by referring to the project planning outline, where all the boundaries and parameters of the project stipulate all deliverables. Spending extra time finalizing the plan can dial in a clear and detailed scope for everyone involved in the project. A project manager needs to engage directly with the clients by speaking with them and thoroughly walking them through all the parameters and deliverables. Closely collaborating with clients throughout the various stages of the project can prevent hiccups that may occur. If issues arise during project development, it is always best to be transparent with the client about every problem. Being able to work through solutions with clients will ease the anxieties as strategies are planned. To ensure deliverables are to the client's expectations, necessary features should be identified as critical for delivering a usable end product. For example, managing a scope creep can be difficult if not handled correctly. However, managing change in a project development does not have to be a battle of wills. Knowing how to address change can be beneficial. It can be outlined in the project planning document with parameters that will deliver the best product for the client without derailing the project. (Joseph S. Valacich, 2015)
REFERENCES
Joseph S. Valacich, J. F. (2015). Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design Sixth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.
i1v2e5y5pubs
W21153
NEDBANK GROUP: LEADERSHIP AND ADAPTIVE SPACE FOR
DIGITAL INNOVATION
Caren Scheepers, Jill Bogie, and Michael Arena wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not
intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names
and other identifying information to protect confidentiality.
This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized, or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the
permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights
organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business Sch ...
(Eric)Technology always seems simple when it works and it is when MoseStaton39
(Eric)Technology always seems simple when it works and it is when it fails that we see how complex these physical and virtual spiderwebs truly are. Networks can fail due to multiple reasons, namely lack of redundancy and failover. This can be in the form of backup servers and switches that can activate when primary hardware fails or backup power supplies for when there are failures outside the network hardware. Hardware runs firmware and software, which needs to be updated. Forgetting to keep it updated can also lead to issues with loss of efficiency or complete failure.
I work for the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, and one of the common LAN issues that we have on our units is outdated hardware. The units suffer daily from bandwidth problems since the physical cables that are run throughout the building(s) are incredibly outdated. This means that the physical network cannot handle the data required for daily business. Another issue with LAN design is the lack of continuous testing. You should plan to test your networks on a regular basis to ensure that they are continuing to function as intended and plan for unscheduled testing after large increases in company growth.
Introduction
On a cold winter morning in 2006, Jeff Ryan sat in his office steaming over the fax he had just received from his long-time distribution partner. This could easily be the last straw for the company, as what choice did he have since this partner was responsible for the sales and distribution of over 95 percent of their product? The fax had come on the heels of a highly charged discussion with this distributor just two days earlier, which had been tense but ended with the distributor assuring Jeff that they would continue their exclusive arrangement with Versare. At the meeting, Jeff aired his concerns about the distributor’s lack of interest in the business, the cost increases for Versare, and the distributor’s poor receiving and order-taking processes, which cause expensive and unnecessary extra work on wall bed installations. As Jeff walked out of the meeting, though, he was assured by the distributor’s president that they were maintaining the exclusive arrangement. “We give you our word. Everything goes through you,” he assured Jeff.
So, despite the tensions, he felt good about the agreement that had been reached two days earlier. But this fax changed everything. Sent to Versare by mistake, the fax was intended for a competitor, and it included a large order for the same product that the distributor had promised would come only from Versare. Jeff quickly realized that the distributor’s assurances of two days earlier had been a lie. In his head, he could already hear the president saying, “It’s just business you understand.” While he did understand, he also knew that this relationship accounted for nearly all his company’s revenues. In hindsight, this may not have been smart, but in the early days it had been the only way to get the company’s product to t ...
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in higMoseStaton39
(ELI)At the time when I first had to take a sociology class in high school, I was staunchly anti-feminism, as I felt it was unnecessary in first world countries and primarily focused on encouraging immodesty and considering women to be worth more than men. At that time, my only education on feminism or feminist issues had come from my parents during homeschooling. I clearly remember getting into a heated debate with a classmate whom I considered "the feminist equivalent of a vegan," (referring to the stereotypical joke, "How do you know if someone is a vegan? Don't worry, they'll tell you,") and I told her I simply could not see any situations in real life where women aren't being represented without a real reason. She introduced me to the term Bechdel Test, and encouraged me to spend a few weeks watching my usual shows, but counting how many times the female characters spoke to each other about anything other than men.
As my understanding of feminism and of the world around me has evolved, I have seen an increase in media that passes the Bechdel Test, but have also been surprised to find it is significantly less common than I expected. Additionally, the Bechdel Test only looks at named female characters who discuss something other than men. It does not look at factors of race, sexuality, topics of conversation, or visual presentation. Some argue that although media increasingly passes the test, the quality of that media is lacking and therefore the value of the Bechdel Test does not hold up (How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women, 2021). More detailed studies show that women remain underrepresented in media, both behind and before the camera (Smith et. al, 2016). The female characters that are portrayed in trend towards being young and traditionally attractive, reinforcing the "ideal" image as the standard and further raising the standard for the average woman. Additionally, women of color and women belonging to other racial or social minority groups are even less visible, impacting the expectations that society has of women based on how they are shown, and influencing what women consider "normal" in themselves.
How does the Bechdel Test measure up in evaluating film representations of women? (2021, April 19). UWIRE Text, 1.
Smith, S., Choueiti, M., & Pieper, K. (2016). Inclusion or invisibility? Comprehensive Annenberg Report on diversity in entertainment. Media, Diversity & Social Change Initiative. USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.
...
(Executive Summary)MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcMoseStaton39
(Executive Summary)
MedStar Health Inc, a leader in the healthcare industry regionally and nation-wide, is a constant target of the malicious attempts of cyber criminals. Over the past 6 years MedStar Health Inc. has faced several instances of data breach most notably, the 2016 breach that compromised 370 computer systems and halted its operations. As the organization continues to digitize and broaden the use of electronic medical records across its facilities, the threat of cyber-attack remains even more pervasive. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of MedStar Health Inc cybersecurity vulnerabilities, examine the overall causes and impact of the breaches and explore solutions to meet the organization’s cybersecurity challenges.
With a focal point on MedStar Health breaches, a literature-based study was conducted, and various news articles, academic journals and company publications were analyzed. It was found that the 2016 and 2020 data breaches were attacks on the organization’s internet servers. The 2020 hack compromised the records of 668 patients, whereas the 2016 hack was a result of a ransomware infection that compromised 7500 individuals’ records and halted the organizations’ operations. The cost of the virus infection was greater than the $19,000 ransom requested due to additional recovery and remediation costs. It was also revealed that the 2019 breach was due to human error.
To best combat the efforts of cyber criminals, it is recommended that MedStar Health Inc. place greater emphasis on cyber awareness training for employees/professionals, implementing multiple factor authentications and a strong password and identity management system to reinforce its IT infrastructure against future hacks. Failure to effectuate these measures pose significant risk to MedStar Health Inc., its affiliates and patients that extend beyond ransom payments, fines, imprisonment, lawsuits and costs incurred for subsequent identity theft protection services. The damage caused by data security breaches may prove fatal for patients, the company’s most valued asset, compromising public perception and the company’s mission to provide the highest quality of medical care and build long-term relationships with the patients they serve.)
Actual Technical Report
MedStar Medical Vs. Cybercrime
In the health sector, experts "see persistent cyber-attacks as the single greatest threat to the protection of healthcare data" (Moffith & Steffen, 2017). To the world at large, this is not the most absurd news or revelation. Healthcare data embodies some of the most marketable information, and for the black market this is Eldorado – the fictional tale of the city of gold. Healthcare organizations are tasked with fighting the uphill battle of providing quality medical care to their number one stakeholder – patients – while also ensuring that their valuable information is kept safe and secure. Despite their efforts, healthcare organizations sometimes fail in ...
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Report #3 Changing Public Opinion Before beginning this
1. Report #3: Changing Public Opinion
Before beginning this assignment, make certain that you have
read Chapter 6 in your text (“Public Opinion
and Political Action”), the 2021 Pew Research Center Report
titled “Americans See Broad Responsibilities for
Government; Little Change Since 2019” (March 17), and the
2020 article by Eli Finkel et al. from Science titled,
“Political Sectarianism in America” (October, Vol. 370, Issue
6516). Then write a brief report that contains
three separate sections that address all the points in each set of
questions. Notice the expected word count
for each section (exceeding the word count will not negatively
affect your grade, but please try to stay within
the range).
1. Relying on the Pew Research Center Report, briefly
summarize what Americans think about the role
of the federal government in addressing various policy issues
(indicate specific areas and indicate
where support is strongest and where it is weakest). Also,
describe general levels of trust of and
contentment with the federal government and indicate what
changes can be detected over time.
(approximately 150-200 words)
2. How do attitudes about federal government responsibilities
differ by age, race, income, and
partisanship (Democrats and Republicans)? Be sure to indicate
where the differences are the least and
where they are the greatest on each of these dimensions (age,
2. race, income, and partisanship).
(approximately 150-200 words)
3. Based on your reading of “Political Sectarianism in
America,” (a) summarize the article’s major
findings, (b) list and describe the three causes identified for the
increase in political sectarianism, and
(c) identify and elaborate on a few of the consequences of this
trend. (approximately 150-200 words)
Be careful not to plagiarize. If you want to quote directly, do so
using quotation marks (giving the page number
if available). But try to do this sparingly and simply use your
own words in addressing the questions.
In your writing, use an analytical tone that is free of your
personal opinions. In other words, try to answer the
questions in a straightforward and objective manner.
When you are done, save the document as a Word file or as an
Adobe PDF file (it cannot be Google docs, etc.)
and upload it through Moodle (these parts are very important!).
Papers not uploaded by the deadline will receive
a grade penalty.
WARNING: This is an individual assignment and you are to do
your own work. Use of another person’s
words without proper citation or copying from another student’s
paper is considered plagiarism. All papers are
checked and retained in a plagiarism software program to
identify cheating. Any suspicion of plagiarism or
other violations of the university’s academic conduct policies
are turned over to the Dean of Students.
Links to the articles:
3. Pew Report: "Americans See Broad Responsibilities for
Government"
Science: "Political Sectarianism in America"
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/05/17/americans-
see-broad-responsibilities-for-government-little-change-since-
2019/
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe1715
· As a leader, we need to be effective instilling a planning
mindset in the culture of an organization. Identifying,
promoting, and managing strategy should be an intrinsic attitude
of every member of the organization.
· Your organization you should write about is: National
Education Association
· Should conduct a review of relevant literature about the
chosen issue/problem. Discuss the nature of the issue/problem
and give thorough examples of its significance, and the effects
on the organization’s success/growth. Based on the reviewed
literature, present feasible solutions. Should support your
arguments with 5-7 current scholarly references. NO
PLAGIARISM.
· Your paper should be between 5-6 pages in academic writing.
This does not include your additional pages for references.
Content and Structure of the Assignment:
· Introduction
· Background of Organization
· Research Studies
· Environmental Scan
· SWOT Analysis Process
· Strengths
4. · Weaknesses
· Opportunities
· Threats
· Conclusion
· Reference
Politics in Action THE LIMITS OF PUBLIC
UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH CARE REFORM
The Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as “Obamacare,”
was a historic change in America’s health care system. No other
public policy issue has been debated so long or in as much
detail over the last decade. Yet surveys have consistently found
that the public’s knowledge of the law has been sketchy. Soon
after Obamacare went into effect, the Kaiser Family
Foundation’s tracking poll found that over 40 percent wrongly
believed that Obamacare (1) had established a govern-ment
panel to make decisions about end-of-life care and (2) allowed
undocumented immigrants to receive financial help from the
government to buy health insurance. Another 20 percent said
they were unsure whether Obamacare included provisions for
end-of-life care and for insurance for undocumented
immigrants.1 In January 2018, the Kaiser tracking poll checked
to see if people were aware of the recent changes that had been
made to Obamacare by President Trump and the Republican
Congress. When asked whether Obamacare was still in effect or
had been repealed, only 68 percent correctly answered that it
was still the law of the land. And when asked specifically about
the mandate to have health insurance or pay a fine, just 36
percent knew that President Trump had signed a law that
repealed this crucial aspect of the Affordable Care Act.2
* * * * *
Public opinion polling has become a major growth industry in
recent years. The media seem to love to report on the latest
polls. If there is nothing new in their findings, jour-nalists can
5. always fall back on one sure pattern: the lack of public attention
to matters of public policy. Whether it’s health care reform,
policies to address global warming, or the question of
immigration reform, the safest prediction that a public opinion
analyst can make is that many people will be unaware of the
major elements of the legislative debate going on in
Washington. In a democracy, the people are expected to guide
public policy. But do people pay enough attention to public
affairs to fulfill their duty as citizens? As we shall see in this
chapter, there is much reason to be concerned about how little
the American public knows about policy issues; however, a case
can also be made that most people know enough for democracy
to work reasonably well. Like public opinion itself, evalu-ating
the state of public knowledge of public policy is complex.
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 6.1 Identify demographic trends and
their likely impact on American politics. Politicians and
columnists commonly intone the words “the American people”
and then claim their views as those of the citizenry. Yet it
would be hard to find a state-ment about the American people—
who they are and what they believe—that is either entirely right
or entirely wrong. The American people are wondrously diverse.
There are over 300 million Americans, forming a mosaic of
racial, ethnic, and cultural groups. America was founded on the
principle of tolerating diversity and individualism, and it
remains one of the most diverse countries in the world. Most
Americans view this diversity as among the most appealing
aspects of their society. The study of American public opinion
aims to understand the distribution of the population’s beliefs
about politics and policy issues. Because there are many groups
and a great variety of opinions in the United States, this is an
especially complex task. This is not to say that public opinion
would be easy to study even if America were a more
homogeneous society; as you will see, measuring public opinion
involves pains-taking interviewing procedures and careful
wording of questions. One way of looking at the American
6. public is through demography—the science of human
populations. The most valuable tool for understanding
demographic changes in America is the Census. The U.S.
Constitution requires that the government conduct an “actual
enumeration” of the population every 10 years. The first Census
was conducted in 1790; in 2020, the twenty-fourth Census will
be conducted. The Census Bureau tries to conduct the most
accurate count of the population possible. The information
determines how more than $400 billion of federal fund-ing is
allocated every year for infrastructure and services such as
hospitals, schools, and job training centers. With so much at
stake, every question on the main Census questionnaire is
carefully scrutinized. For the 2020 Census, the Justice
Department requested, for the first time since the 1950 Census,
that respondents should be asked about their citizenship status.
The Trump administration asserted that this would facilitate
enforcement of the Voting Rights Act, arguing that the Justice
Department needed a reliable calculation of the citizen voting-
age population in localities in order to properly assess any
violations of voting rights. Critics charged that this request was
a veiled attempt to discourage non-citizens from filling out the
Census form and being counted. They further pointed out that if
unauthorized immigrants refused to fill out the form for fear of
being deported, areas that are dominated by Democrats would
be undercounted and Republicans would benefit. In the end, the
Census Bureau opted to include a question about citizenship in
the 2020 Census. Changes in the U.S. population, which Census
figures reflect, also impact our culture and political system in
numerous ways, as will be examined in the next few sections.
The Immigrant Society
The United States has always been a nation of immigrants. As
John F. Kennedy said, America is “not merely a nation but a
nation of nations.”3 All Americans except Native Americans are
descended from immigrants or are immigrants themselves.
Today, fed-eral law allows for about 1 million new immigrants
a year, and in recent years about 500,000 illegal immigrants a
7. year have also entered the United States. Combined, this is
equivalent to adding roughly the population of Phoenix every
year. The Census Bureau reported in 2018 that 13.7 percent of
the nation’s population were born outside the United States, and
estimated that this percentage would rise to 18 percent by 2050
if the current rate of immigration continued. There have been
three great waves of immigration to the United States:
• In the first wave, in the early and mid-nineteenth century,
immigrants were mainly northwestern Europeans (English, Irish,
Germans, and Scandinavians).
• In the second wave, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, many im-migrants were southern and eastern
Europeans (Italians, Jews, Poles, Russians, and others). Most
came through Ellis Island in New York (now a popular
museum).
• In the most recent wave, which began in the 1960s,
immigrants have been domi-nated by Hispanics, particularly
from Cuba, Central America, and Mexico, and Asians from
Vietnam, Korea, the Philippines, and elsewhere.
For the first century of U.S. history, America had an open door
policy for anyone who wanted to come to fill up its vast
unexplored territory. The first restrictions that were imposed on
immigration, in 1875, limited criminals and prostitutes from
staying in the United States, and soon lunatics and people with
serious diseases were banned also. The first geographically
based restrictions were imposed in 1882 when the Chinese
Exclusion Act was passed. In 1924, as concern grew about the
flood of new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe,
Congress passed the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act,
establishing official quotas for immigrants based on national
ori-gins. These quotas were based on the number of people from
each particular country living in the United States at the ti me of
the 1890 Census. By tying the quotas to a time when most
Americans were from northwestern Europe, this law greatly cut
down on the flow of immigrants from elsewhere.
It wasn’t until the Hart-Celler Immigration and Nationality Act
8. of 1965 that these
quotas were abolished. This 1965 law made family integration
the prevailing goal for U.S. immigration policy. As historian
Steven Gillon argues, this law produced an unanticipated chain
of immigration under the auspices of family unification. For
example, he writes, An engineering student from India could
come to the United States to study, find a job after graduating,
get labor certification, and become a legal resident alien. His
new status would then entitle him to bring over his wife, and six
years later, after being naturalized, his brothers and sisters.
They in turn could begin the pro-cess all over again by
sponsoring their wives, husbands, children, and siblings.4
Today, some politicians believe that America’s competitiveness
in the globalized economy would be better served by reducing
the emphasis on family unification in our immigration policy
and reallocating a substantial percentage of immigrant visas to
people with special talents. Should immigration be based more
on skills than on blood ties? You can consider your position on
this issue when you read “You Are the Policymaker,” which
follows next.
You Are the Policymaker
SHOULD IMMIGRATION BE BASED MORE ON SKILLS
THAN BLOOD TIES?
In today’s interconnected world, migration from one country to
another is easier than ever before, and countries that attract
immigrants with valuable skills can improve their economic
status. Thus, a country’s immigration policy, which sets criteria
for admitting people from abroad for permanent residence, can
be a valuable economic tool—if a country so chooses. Some
people think the United States needs to put economic factors
further up on its list of priorities for immigrants. Immigrants to
the United States can be roughly classified into three categories:
(1) family
sponsored, (2) employment sponsored, and (3) refugees and
political asylum seekers. In the figure below you can see the
9. distribution of American immigrants in a typical recent year —
2016.
In Brain Gain: Rethinking U.S. Immigration Policy, political
scientist Darrell M. West argues that
America needs to reorient its immigration policy toward
enhancing economic development and attracting more of the
world’s best-educated people. He criticizes immigration policy
in the United States as being based too much on whom one
knows and not enough on what one knows. West points out that
other countries, such as Canada and Australia, allocate a much
larger
percentage of their entry visas to people with special skills who
can make substantial contributions to their new country’s
economic development. He proposes changing U.S. policy to
narrow the definition of which family members are eligible for
immigration under the auspices of family reunification,
eliminating aunts, uncles, cousins, and other distant relatives.
This simple change would allow the number of visas granted for
employment purposes to be doubled. Of course, whenever there
is a substantial change in policy, there are losers as well as
winners.
West’s proposed change would certainly lead to a more
educated crop of immigrants. But immigration rates from lands
with relatively low rates of higher education would likely be
cut. Hence, representatives in Congress who have many
constituents who trace their roots to such countries would likely
be opposed to such a change from the status quo. In 2015, the
Pew Research Center American Trends Panel survey asked a
representative sample of Americans whether the government
should give higher priority to those who are highly educated
and skilled or those who have family in the United States. The
results varied substantially according to party affiliation, with
65 percent of Republicans prioritizing the highly educated and
skilled as compared to just 47 percent among Democrats, with
Independents in between at 59 percent. In 2018, President
10. Trump clearly sided with the proposal to place more emphasis
on job skills,
arguing in his State of the Union speech that “it is time to begin
moving toward a merit-based immigration system—one that
admits people who are skilled, who want to work, who will
contribute to our society, and who will love and respect our
country.” He later specifically proposed limiting family-based
migration to just spouses and minor children.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
Would you support the proposal to reallocate a substantial
number of entry visas from those who have family ties in the
United States to those who have special skills? Why or why
not?
In addition to debating how to manage legal immigration, the
United States has
also faced tough political questions regarding how to stem the
tide of illegal immigra-tion. The Migration Policy Institute
currently estimates that there are about 11 million unauthorized
persons residing in the United States, the majority of whom are
from Mexico.5 Although presidents and congressional leaders
have repeatedly pledged to address the problems of
unauthorized immigration, no significant reform has been
enacted since the 1986 Simpson-Mazzoli Act. This law requires
that employers docu-ment the citizenship of their employees.
Whether people are born in Canton, Ohio, or Canton, China,
they must prove that they are either U.S. citizens or legal
immigrants in order to work. Civil and criminal penalties can be
assessed against employers who knowingly employ
undocumented immigrants. However, it has proved difficult for
authorities to establish that employers have knowingly accepted
false social security cards and other forged identity documents,
and, as a result, the Simpson-Mazzoli Act has not significantly
slowed illegal immigration. In the 2016 campaign, Donald
Trump repeatedly promised to build a “great wall on our
southern border” to keep out future illegal immigrants. As
president, Trump asked Congress for $18 billion in funding for
11. a border wall in his 2019 fiscal year budget. Yet another
controversial immigration issue involves the question of what to
do about children who have grown up in the United States after
being brought il-legally to America by their parents. For many
years, advocates for these young im-migrants tried to get
Congress to pass the Dream Act, which would have offered
permanent residency to individuals who had arrived illegally as
children (often known as “Dreamers”). When this legislation
stalled, President Obama created the Deferred Action for
Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy that enabled about 700,000
unauthorized young immigrants to continue to live and work in
the United States without fear of deportation. Most Republicans
strongly criticized this action, arguing that President Obama had
exceeded his legal authority. President Trump formally ordered
an end to the DACA program in 2018 and called upon Congress
to deal with this issue once and for all. Until Congress acts,
these young immigrants face much uncertainty.
melting pot A term often used to characterize the United States,
with its history of im-migration and mixing of cultures, ideas,
and peoples.
minority majority The situation, likely beginning in the mid-
twenty-first century, in which non-Hispanic whites will
represent a minority of the U.S. population and minority groups
together will represent a majority.
The American Melting Pot With its long history of immigration,
the United States has often been called a melting pot, in which
cultures, ideas, and peoples blend into one. As the third wave of
immigration continues, policymakers have begun to speak of a
new minority majority, meaning that America will eventually
cease to have a non-Hispanic white majority. As of 2015, the
Census Bureau reported an all-time low in the percentage of
non-Hispanic white Americans—just 62 percent of the popu-
lation. Hispanics made up the largest minority group,
accounting for 18 percent of the U.S. population, with African
Americans making up 12 percent, Asian Americans 6 percent,
and Native Americans 1 percent. In recent years, minority
12. populations have been growing at a much faster rate than the
white non-Hispanic population. As you can see in Figure 6.1,
the Census Bureau estimates that by the middle of the twenty-
first century, non-Hispanic whites will represent less than half
of the population. The projected increases are based on two
trends that are likely to continue for decades to come. First,
immigration into the United States will probably continue to be
concentrated among Hispanics and Asian Americans. Second,
birth rates have been consistently higher among minorities. For
most of American history, African Americans were the largest
minority group in the country. Most African Americans are
descended from reluctant immigrants—Africans brought to
America by force as slaves. A legacy of centuries of racism and
discrimination is that a relatively high proportion of African
Americans are economically disadvantaged—in 2017, according
to Census Bureau data, 22 percent of African Americans lived
below the poverty line compared to 9 percent of non-Hispanic
whites.
Although this economic disadvantage persists, African
Americans have been
exercising more political power, and the number of African
Americans serving in an elected office has increased by over
600 percent since 1970.6 African Americans have been elected
as mayors of many of the country’s biggest cities, includ-ing
Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Under George W. Bush,
two African Americans, Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice,
served as secretary of state. And the biggest African American
political breakthrough of all occurred when Barack Obama was
elected president in 2008.
FIGURE 6.1 THE COMING MINORITY MAJORITY
Based on current birth and immigration rates, the Census
Bureau estimates that the demographics of the United States
should change as shown in the accompanying graph. As of 2015,
the Census estimated that minority groups should be in the
majority for the nation as a whole sometime between 2040 and
2045. Of course, should rates of birth and immigration change,
13. so would these estimates. According to multiple studies, should
President Trump’s proposals for immigration reform be
implemented, the date when a minority majority will be in place
would be pushed back three to five years.7
In the 1970 Census, just 4.5 percent of Americans said they
were Hispanics. Since then, the Hispanic population has
increased tremendously, with immigration account-ing for the
majority of their growth in the population up through the 1990s.
By the time of the 2000 Census, the Hispanic population
outnumbered the African American population for the first time.
Since 2000, the continued growth of the Hispanic popula-tion
has been attributed primarily to high birth rates rather than
immigration. In 2017, the Pew Research Center found that only
38 percent were now foreign born, 34 per-cent were children of
immigrants, and the remaining 28 percent were third generation
or higher. Notably, they found that the strength of Hispanic
identity declines the lon-ger one’s family has resided in the
United States.8 Like African Americans, Hispanics are
concentrated in cities. Hispanics are rap-idly gaining political
power in the Southwest, and cities such as San Antonio and Los
Angeles have elected mayors of Hispanic heritage. As of 2016,
the state legislatures of Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada,
New Jersey, New Mexico, and Texas had at least 10 percent
Hispanic representation.9 Whereas many Hispanics have come
to America to escape poverty, the recent influx of Asians has
involved a substantial number of professional workers looking
for greater opportunity. Indeed, the new Asian immigrants are
the most highly skilled immigrant group in American history,10
and Asian Americans have often been called the superachievers
of the emerging minority majority. Significantly, more than half
of Asian Americans over the age of 25 hold a college degree,
almost twice the national average.11 As a result, their median
family income has already surpassed that of non-Hispanic
whites. Although still a very small minority group, Asian
Americans have had some notable political successes. For
14. example, in 1996 Gary Locke (a Chinese American) was elected
governor of Washington, and in 2001 Norman Mineta (a
Japanese American) was appointed secretary of transportation.
Nikki Haley and Bobby Jindal, both of whom are the children of
immigrants from India, have recently served as governors of
South Carolina and Louisiana, respec-tively, and Haley went on
to be appointed U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.
Americans live in an increasingly multicultural and multilingual
society. Yet,
political culture An overall set of values widely shared within a
society.
regardless of ethnic background, Americans have a common
political culture—an overall set of values widely shared within
the society. For example, there is much agreement across ethnic
groups about such basic American values as the principle of
treating all equally. Debra Schildkraut’s recent study of
immigrants finds that the lon-ger one’s family has had to
integrate into American society, the greater the likelihood that
one will identify oneself primarily as American. Integration is a
simple matter of time for most immigrants. Schildkraut
therefore concludes that “there is not much va-lidity to concerns
that American national identity is disintegrating or that the
newest Americans are more likely than anyone else to reject
their own American identity or American institutions.”12
However, not all observers view this most recent wave of
immigration without concern. Ellis Cose, a prominent
journalist, has written that “racial animosity has proven to be
both an enduring American phenomenon and an invaluable
political tool.” Because America has entered a period of rapid
ethnic change, Cose predicts that immigration “will be a magnet
for conflict and hostility.”13 For Robert Putnam, the concern
takes a different form, as he finds that “diversity does not
produce ‘bad race relations’ or ethnically defined group
hostility” but, rather, that “inhabitants of diverse communities
tend to withdraw from collective life” and to distrust their
neighbors.14 Putnam thus recommends a renewed emphasis on
15. the motto on our on dollar bill—e pluribus unum (out of many,
one) to deal with the challenge created by the growing diversity
within American communities. The emergence of the minority
majority is just one of several major demographic changes that
are altering the face of American politics. In addition, the
population has been moving and aging.
The Regional Shift For most of American history, the most
populous states were concentrated north of the Mason–Dixon
Line and east of the Mississippi River. However, much of
America’s population growth since World War II has been
centered in the West and South. Demographic changes are
associated with political changes. States gain or lose
congressional representation as their population changes, and
thus power shifts as well. This reapportionment process occurs
once a decade, after each Census, when the 435 seats in the
House of Representatives are reallocated to reflect each state’s
proportion of the population. If the Census finds that a state has
5 percent of the popu-lation, then it receives 5 percent of the
seats in the House for the next 10 years. Thus, as the percentage
of Americans residing in Texas grew with the movement to the
Sun Belt, its representation in the House increased from 22 for
the 1962–1972 elections to 35 for the 2012–2020 elections.
During this same time period, in contrast, New York lost over
one-third of its delegation. According to current estimates of
population changes, after the 2020 Census results are in, states
in the Sunbelt will gain another 7 seats whereas the so-called
Rustbelt states in the Midwest will lose 7 seats.
The Graying of America
Florida, currently the nation’s fourth most populous state, has
grown in large part as a result of its attractiveness to senior
citizens. Nationwide, citizens over 65 are the fastest-growing
age group in America. Not only are people living longer as a
result of medical advances, but in addition the ferti lity rate has
dropped substantially—from 3.6 children per woman in 1960 to
about 2.1 today.
The aging of the population has enormous implications for
16. Social Security. Social
Security is structured as a pay-as-you-go system, which means
that today’s workers pay the benefits for today’s retirees. In
1960, there were 5.7 workers per retiree; today there are 3. By
2040, there will be only about 2 workers per retiree. This ratio
will put tremendous pressure on the Social Security system. The
current group of older Americans and those soon to follow can
lay claim to trillions of dollars guaranteed by Social Security.
People who have been promised benefits naturally expect to col -
lect them, especially benefits for which they have made monthly
contributions. Thus, both political parties have long treated
Social Security benefits as sacrosanct. Major proposed changes
to the Social Security system typically promise to leave the
system unchanged for anyone at or near retirement age.
HOW AMERICANS LEARN ABOUT POLITICS: POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION
6.2 Explain how the agents of socialization influence the
development of political attitudes.
Central to the formation of public opinion is political
socialization, or “the process through which an individual
acquires his or her particular political orientations—his or her
knowledge, feelings, and evaluations regarding his or her
political world.”15 As people become more socialized with age,
their political orientations grow firmer. Thus, governments
typically aim their socialization efforts largely at the young.
The Process of Political Socialization
Only a small portion of Americans’ political learning is formal.
Civics or government classes in high school teach citizens some
of the nuts and bolts of government—how many senators each
state has, what presidents do, and so on. But such formal social -
ization is only the tip of the iceberg. Americans do most of their
political learning without teachers or classes. Informal learning
is really much more important than formal, in-class learning
about politics. Most of this informal socialization is almost
17. accidental. Few parents sit down with their children and say,
“Johnny, let us tell you why we’re Republicans.” Instead, the
informal socialization process might be best described by words
like pick up and absorb. The family, the media, and the schools
all serve as important agents of political socialization. We will
look at each in turn.
THE FAMILY The family’s role in socialization is central
because of its monopoly on two crucial resources in the early
years: time and emotional commitment. If your parents are
interested in politics, chances are you will be also, as your
regular inter-actions with them will expose you to the world of
politics as you are growing up. Furthermore, children often pick
up their political leanings from the attitudes of their parents.
Most students in an American government class like to think of
themselves as independent thinkers, especially when it comes to
politics. Yet one can predict how the majority of young people
will vote simply by knowing the party identification of their
parents.16 Recent research has demonstrated that one of the
reasons for the long-lasting im-pact of parental influence on
political attitudes is simply genetics. In one study, Alford,
Funk, and Hibbing compared the political opinions of identical
twins and nonidentical twins.17 If the political similarity
between parents and children is due just to environ-mental
factors, then the identical twins should agree on political issues
to about the same extent the nonidentical twins do, as in both
cases the twins are raised in the same environment. However, if
genetics is an important factor, then identical twins, who are
genetically the same, should agree with one another more often
than nonidentical twins, who are not. On all the political
questions Alford and his coauthors examined, there was
substantially more agreement between the identical twins—
clearly demonstrating that genetics plays an important role in
shaping political attitudes.
THE MASS MEDIA The mass media are the “new parent,”
according to many ob-servers. Average grade-school youngsters
spend more time each week watching tele-vision than they
18. spend at school. And television displaces parents as the chief
source of information as children get older. Unfortunately,
today’s generation of young adults is significantly less likely to
watch television news and read newspapers than their elders.
Many studies have at-tributed the relative lack of political
knowledge of today’s youth to their media con-sumption or,
more appropriately, to their lack of it.18 In 1965, Gallup found
virtually no difference between age groups in frequency of
following politics through the media. In recent years, however,
a considerable age gap has opened up, with older people paying
the most attention to the news and young adults the least. In
2017, CNN had the young-est audience in cable news, with a
median age of 60, compared to 65 for MSNBC and 66 for Fox
News.19 If you have ever turned on the TV news and wondered
why so many of the commercials seem to be for various
prescription drugs, now you know why.
SCHOOL Political socialization is as important to a government
as it is to an individ-ual. Governments, including our own, often
use schools to promote national loyalty and support for their
basic values. In most American schools, the day begins with the
Pledge of Allegiance. As part of promoting support for the basic
values of the system, American children have long been
successfully educated about the virtues of free en-terprise and
democracy. Most American schools are public schools, financed
by the government. Their textbooks are often chosen by the
local and state boards, and teachers are certified by the state
government. Schooling is perhaps the most obvious intrusion of
the government into Americans’ socialization. And education
does exert a profound influence on a variety of political
attitudes and behavior. Better-educated citizens are more likely
to vote in elections, they exhibit more knowledge about poli tics
and public policy, and they are more tolerant of oppos-ing (even
radical) opinions. The payoffs of schooling thus extend beyond
better jobs and better pay. Educated citizens also more closely
approximate the model of a democratic citizen. A formal civics
course may not make much difference, but the whole context of
19. education does. As Albert Einstein once said, “Schools need not
preach political doctrine to defend democracy. If they shape
men [and women] capable of critical thought and trained in
social attitudes, that is all that is necessary.”20
Political Learning over a Lifetime Political learning does not, of
course, end when one reaches 18 or even when one graduates
from college. Politics is a lifelong activity. Because America is
an aging
society, it is important to consider the effects of growing older
on political learning and behavior. Aging increases political
participation as well as strength of party attachment.
Young adults lack experience with politics. Because political
behavior is to some degree learned behavior, there is some
learning yet to do. Political participation rises steadily with age
until the infirmities of old age make it harder to participate, as
can be seen in Figure 6.2. Similarly, strength of party
identification increases as people of-ten develop a pattern of
usually voting for one party or the other. Politics, like most
other things, is thus a learned behavior. Americans learn to
vote, to pick a political party, and to evaluate political events in
the world around them. One of the products of all this learning
is what is known as public opinion.
MEASURING PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL
INFORMATION 6.3 Describe public opinion research and
modern methods of polling.
The study of American public opinion aims to understand the
population’s beliefs about politics and policy issues. Because
there are many groups and a great variety of opinions in the
United States, this is an especially complex task. This is not to
say that public opinion would be easy to study even if America
were a more homogeneous society; as you will see, measuring
public opinion involves painstaking interviewing procedures
and careful wording of questions. Before examining the role
that public opinion plays in American politics, it is essential to
learn about the science of public opinion measurement. How do
20. we re-ally know the approximate answers to questions such as
“What percentage of young people favor abortion rights?,”
“How many Hispanics supported Donald Trump’s 2016
presidential campaign?,” or “What percentage of the public is
looking for a job but cannot find one?” Carefully executed polls
can provide these answers, yet there is much skepticism about
polls. Many people wonder how accurately public opinion can
be measured by interviewing only 1,000 or 1,500 people around
the country.21 The next section provides an explanation of how
polling works; we hope that it will enable you to become a well -
informed consumer of polls.
How Polls Are Conducted
Public opinion polling is a relatively new science. It was first
developed by a young man named George Gallup, who initially
did some polling for his mother-in-law, a long-shot candidate
for secretary of state in Iowa in 1932. With the Democratic
landslide of that year, she won a stunning victory, thereby
further stimulat-ing Gallup’s interest in politics. From that little
acorn the mighty oak of public opinion polling has grown. The
firm that Gallup founded spread throughout the democratic
world, and in some languages Gallup is actually the word used
for an opinion poll.22
sample A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen
in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.
It would be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to ask
every citizen his or her opinion on a whole range of issues.
Instead, polls rely on a sample of the population—a relatively
small proportion of people who are chosen to represent the
whole. Herbert Asher draws an analogy to a blood test to
illustrate the principle of sampling.23 Your doctor does not
need to drain a gallon of blood from you to deter-mine whether
you have mononucleosis, AIDS, or any other disease. Rather, a
small sample of blood will reveal its properties.
21. In public opinion polling, a random sample of about 1,000 to
1,500 people can accurately represent the “universe” of
potential voters. The key to the accuracy of opinion polls is the
technique of random sampling, which operates on the prin-ciple
that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected
as part of the sample. Your chance of being asked to be in the
poll should therefore be as good as that of anyone else—rich or
poor, black or white, young or old, male or female. If the
sample is randomly drawn, roughly one out of eight people
interviewed will be African American, slightly over half will be
women, and so forth, matching the population as a whole.
Remember that the science of polling involves estimation; a
sample can repre-sent the population with only a certain degree
of confidence. The level of confidence is known as the sampling
error, which depends on the size of the sample. The more people
who are randomly interviewed for a poll, the more confident
one can be of the results. A typical poll of about 1,500 to 2,000
respondents has a sampling error of ;3 percent. What this means
is that 95 percent of the time the poll results are within 3
percent of what the entire population thinks. If 40 percent of the
sample say they approve of the job the president is doing, one
can be pretty certain that the true figure is between 37 and 43
percent. In order to obtain results that will usually be within
sampling error, research-ers must follow proper sampling
techniques. In perhaps the most infamous survey ever, a 1936
Literary Digest poll underestimated the vote for President
Franklin Roosevelt by 19 percent, erroneously predicting a big
victory for Republican Alf Landon. The well-established
magazine suddenly became a laughingstock and soon went out
of business. Although the number of responses the magazine
obtained for its poll was a staggering 2,376,000, its polling
methods were badly flawed. Trying to reach as many people as
possible, the magazine drew names from the biggest lists they
could find: telephone books and motor vehicle records. In the
midst of the Great Depression, the people on these lists were
above the average income level (only 40 percent of the public
22. had telephones then; fewer still owned cars) and were more
likely to vote Republican. The moral of the story is this: accu-
rate representation, not the number of responses, is the most
important feature of a public opinion survey. Indeed, the failure
of the polls in 2016 to predict Donald Trump’s stunning vic-
tory was also due to problems in obtaining an accurate
representation of the elector-ate. A blue-ribbon panel of
pollsters who examined the 2016 polls found that there was a
pervasive overrepresentation of college graduates in the polls
because they were more likely to participate in surveys.24
Because college graduates voted for Clinton over Trump by a
56–36 margin, their overrepresentation in the 2016 surveys
meant that the polls overestimated Clinton’s lead in the popular
vote both nation-wide and within key battleground states. The
panel of experts recommended that, in the future, pollsters
should carefully adjust their samples to take into account any
over-or underrepresentation of educational groups. This practice
is known as weighting the data, which computer technology
makes quite easy. Computer and telephone technology has also
made surveying less expensive
and more commonplace. In the early days of polling, pollsters
needed a national network of interviewers to traipse door to
door in their localities with a clipboard of questions. Now most
polling is done on the telephone with samples selected through
random-digit dialing. Calls are placed to phone numbers within
randomly chosen exchanges (for example, 512-471-XXXX)
around the country. In this man-ner, both listed and unlisted
numbers are reached at a cost of about one-fifth that of person-
to-person interviewing. There are a couple of disadvantages,
however. A small percentage of the population does not have a
phone, and people are sub-stantially less willing to participate
over the telephone than in person—it is easier to hang up than
to slam the door in someone’s face. These are small trade-offs
for political candidates running for minor offices, for whom
telephone polls are an af-fordable method of gauging public
opinion. However, in this era of cell phones, many pollsters are
23. starting to worry whether this methodology will continue to be
affordable. As of 2017, government studies showed that about
52 percent of the adult population had cell phone service only.
(This percentage is significantly higher among young adults,
minorities, and people who are transient.) Because feder al law
prohibits the use of automated dialing programs to contact cell
phone numbers, pollsters have to use the far more expensive
procedure of dialing these numbers manually. In addition,
studies have shown that people are much less likely to agree to
be interviewed when they are reached on a cell phone as
compared to a landline. All told, Mark Mellman, one of
America’s top political pollsters, estimates that it is 5 to 15
times as expensive to gather interviews from the cell-phone-
only segment of the population as from landline users.25
Although big firms like Gallup have successfully made the
adjustment so far, the costs of conduct-ing phone polls are
likely to further escalate as more people give up their landlines.
As with many other aspects of commerce in America, the future
of polling may
lie with the Internet. Internet pollsters, such as Knowledge
Networks, assemble rep-resentative panels of the population by
first contacting people on the phone and ask-ing them whether
they are willing to participate in Web-based surveys on a
variety of topics. If they agree, they are paid a small sum every
time they participate. And if they don’t have Internet access,
they are provided with it as part of their compensa-tion. Once
someone agrees to participate, he or she is then contacted
exclusively by e-mail. As Knowledge Networks proclaims,
“This permits surveys to be fielded very quickly and
economically. In addition, this approach reduces the burden
placed on respondents, since e-mail notification is less
obtrusive than telephone calls, and most respondents find
answering Web questionnaires to be more interesting and
engaging than being questioned by a telephone interviewer.”26
From its modest beginning with George Gallup’s 1932 polls for
his mother-in-law in Iowa, polling has become a big business.
24. That it has grown so much and spread throughout the world is
no surprise: from Manhattan to Moscow, from Tulsa to Tokyo,
people want to know what other people think.
The Role of Polls in American Democracy Polls help pol itical
candidates detect public preferences. Supporters of polling
insist that it is a tool for democracy. With it, they say,
policymakers can keep in touch with chang-ing opinions on the
issues. No longer do politicians have to wait until the next
election to see whether the public approves or disapproves of
the government’s course. If the poll results shift, then
government officials can make corresponding midcourse correc-
tions. Indeed, it was George Gallup’s fondest hope that polling
could contribute to the democratic process by providing a way
for public desires to be heard at times other than elections. His
son, George Gallup, Jr., argued that this hope had been realized
in prac-tice, that polling had “removed power out of the hands
of special interest groups,” and “given people who wouldn’t
normally have a voice a voice.”27 Critics of polling, by
contrast, say it makes politicians more concerned with
following than leading. Polls might have told the Constitutional
Convention del-egates that the Constitution was unpopular or
might have told President Thomas Jefferson that people did not
want the Louisiana Purchase. Certainly they would have told
William Seward not to buy Alaska, a transaction known widely
at the time as “Seward’s Folly.” Polls may thus discourage bold
leadership, like that of Winston Churchill, who once said,
Nothing is more dangerous than to live in the temperamental
atmosphere of a Gallup poll, always taking one’s pulse and
taking one’s temperature. . . . There is only one duty, only one
safe course, and that is to try to be right and not to fear to do or
say what you believe.28
Based on their research, Jacobs and Shapiro argue that the
common perception of politicians pandering to the results of
public opinion polls may be mistaken. Their examination of
major recent debates finds that political leaders “track public
opinion not to make policy but rather to determine how to craft
25. their public presentations and win public support for the
policies they and their supporters favor.”29 Staff members in
both the White House and Congress repeatedly remarked that
their purpose in con-ducting polls was not to set policies but
rather to find the key words and phrases with which to promote
policies already in place. Thus, rather than using polls to
identify centrist approaches that will have the broadest popular
appeal, Jacobs and Shapiro argue, elites use them to formulate
strategies that enable them to avoid compromis-ing on what
they want to do. As President Obama’s chief pollster, Joel
Benenson, said about his work for Obama: “Our job isn’t to tell
him what to do. Our job is to help him figure out if he can
strengthen his message and persuade more people to his side.
The starting point is where he is and then you try to help
strengthen the message and his reasons for doing something.”30
Yet polls might weaken democracy in another way—they may
distort the elec-toral process by focusing on who is ahead more
than on what people think about public policy questions. The
policy issues of recent presidential campaigns have sometimes
been drowned out by a steady flood of polls concerned with
which candi-date is currently ahead. Probably the most widely
criticized type of poll is the Election Day exit poll. For this
type of poll, voting places are randomly selected around the
country. Workers are then sent to these places and told to ask
every tenth person how he or she voted. The results are
accumulated toward the end of the day, enabling the television
net-works to project the outcomes of all but very close races
before hardly any votes are actually counted. Critics have
charged that this practice makes people wonder whether their
votes matter at all. The TV networks respond that it is their job
to re-port winners and losers as soon as technologically
possible. Furthermore, they argue that exit polls also enable
them to immediately report what sorts of groups have voted
which way and for what particular reasons. Perhaps the most
pervasive criticism of polling is that by altering the wording of
a question, pollsters can manipulate the results. Small changes
26. in question wording can sometimes produce significantly
different results. For example, numerous surveys have found
that people respond to questions about health reform quite
differently depending on whether they are asked about
“Obamacare” or “the Affordable Health Care Act,” despite the
fact that they are just different names for the same piece of
legislation.31 In evaluating public opinion data, it is crucial to
carefully evaluate how questions are posed. Fortunately, most
major polling organizations now post their questionnaires
online, thereby making it much easier than ever before for
everyone to scrutinize their work.
A nuts-and-bolts knowledge of how polls are conducted will
help you avoid the
common mistake of taking poll results for solid fact. But being
an informed consumer of polls also requires that you think
about whether the questions are fair and unbi-ased. The good—
or the harm—that polls do depends on how well the data are
col-lected and how thoughtfully the data are interpreted.
What Polls Reveal About Americans’ Political Information
Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had very different
views about the wisdom of common people. Jefferson trusted
people’s good sense and believed that education would enable
them to take the tasks of citizenship ever more seriously. In
contrast, Hamilton lacked confidence in people’s capacity for
self-government. His response to Jefferson was the infamous
phrase, “Your people, sir, is a great beast.”32 If there had been
polling data in the early days of the American republic,
Hamilton would probably have delighted in throwing some of
the results in Jefferson’s face. If public opinion analysts agree
about anything, it is that the level of public knowledge about
politics is dismally low. No amount of Jeffersonian faith in the
wisdom of the common people can erase the fact that Americans
are not well informed about politics. Polls have regularly found
that less than half the public can name their representative i n
27. the House. Asking people to explain their opinion on whether
the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade agreement was a good
deal for the United States or whether the Keystone Pipeline
should have been approved or whether they would like to see a
constitutional amendment to overturn the Supreme Court’s
ruling in the Citizens United case often elicits blank looks.
When trouble flares in a far-off country, polls regularly find
that many people have no idea where that country is. Figure 6.3
shows how political knowledge varies according to various
demo-graphic and political factors. As Lance Bennett points
out, these findings provide “a source of almost bitter humor in
light of what the polls tell us about public informa-tion on other
subjects.”33 For example, slogans from TV commercials are
better recog-nized than famous political figures. And in a Zogby
national poll in 2006, 74 percent of respondents were able to
name each of the “Three Stooges”—Larry, Curly, and Moe—
whereas just 42 percent could name each of the three branches
of the U.S. government—judicial, executive, and legislative.
How can Americans, who live in the most information-rich
society in the world, be so ill informed about politics? Some
blame the schools. E. D. Hirsch, Jr., criticizes schools for a
failure to teach “cultural literacy.”34 People, he says, often lack
the basic contextual knowledge—for example, where
Afghanistan is, or what the provisions of the Affordable Care
Act are—necessary to understand and use the information they
receive from the news media or from listening to political
candidates. Those who blame the schools for Americans’
ignorance about politics may have a point. Nevertheless, it has
been found that increased levels of education over the past half
century have scarcely raised public knowledge about politics.35
Despite the apparent glut of information provided by the media,
Americans do not remember much about what they are exposed
to through the media. (Of course, there are many critics who say
that the media fail to provide much meaningful information.)
The “paradox of mass politics,” says Russell Neuman, is that
the American politi-cal system works as well as it does given
28. the discomforting lack of public knowledge about politics.36
Scholars have suggested numerous ways that this paradox can
be resolved. Although many people may not know the ins and
outs of most policy ques-tions, some will base their political
behavior on knowledge of just one issue that they really care
about, such as abortion or environmental protection. Others will
rely on simple information regarding which groups (Democrats,
big business, environmen-talists, Christian fundamentalists,
etc.) are for and against a proposal, siding with the group or
groups they trust the most.37 Finally, some people will simply
vote for or against incumbent officeholders based on how
satisfied they are with the job the gov-ernment is doing
generally.
n the American National Election Study of 2016, 10 factual
questions were asked of a representative sample of the
American public. The average respondent got 5.5 correct, or
about 55 percent. Who knows the most about politics in
America? Demographic differences explain a lot of the variation
in political knowledge, as you can see in the figure below. In
contrast, political differences generally do not predict
differences in political knowledge nearly as well as
demographics. If you think that people who don’t agree with
you about politics are just sorely lacking in knowledge, the data
displayed here will probably come as a surprise to you.
The Decline of Trust in Government
Sadly, the American public has become increasingly dissatisfied
with government in recent decades, as shown in Figure 6.4. In
the late 1950s and early 1960s, nearly three-quarters of
Americans said that they trusted the government in Washington
to do the right thing always or mostly. By the late 1960s,
however, researchers started to see a precipitous drop in public
trust in government. First Vietnam and then Watergate shook
people’s confidence in the federal government. The economic
troubles of the Carter years and the Iran hostage crisis helped
29. continue the slide; by 1980, only one-quarter of the pub-lic
thought the government could be trusted most of the time or
always. Since then, trust in government has occasionally risen
for a while, but the only time a majority said they could trust
the government most of the time was in 2002, after the events of
September 11.
Some analysts have noted that a healthy dose of public cynicism
helps to keep politicians on their toes. Others, however, note
that a democracy is based on the con-sent of the governed and
that a lack of public trust in the government is a reflection of
their belief that the system is not serving the public well. These
more pessimistic analysts have frequently wondered whether
such a cynical population would unite behind their government
in a national emergency. Although the drop in political
cynicism after September 11 was not too great, the fact that it
occurred at all indi-cates that cynicism will not stop Americans
from rallying behind their government in times of national
crisis. Widespread political cynicism about government appar -
ently applies only to “normal” times; it has not eroded
Americans’ fundamental faith in our democracy. Even though
trust in government was very low in 2014, 81 percent of
respondents in the General Social Survey said they were proud
of how democracy in the USA works. Perhaps the greatest
impact of declining trust in government since the 1960s has
been to drain public support for policies that address the
problems of poverty and racial inequality. Mark Hetherington
argues, “People need to trust the gov-ernment when they pay the
costs but do not receive the benefits, which is exactly what
antipoverty and race-targeted programs require of most
Americans. When government programs require people to make
sacrifices, they need to trust that the result will be a better
future for everyone.”38 Hetherington’s careful data analysis
shows that declining trust in government has caused many
Americans to believe that “big government” solutions to social
problems are wasteful and impractical, thereby draining public
30. support from them. Indeed, during the debate over health care
reform, President Obama’s advisers argued that the primary
obstacle they faced was not persuading the public of the need
for health care reform but, rather, convincing them to put
sufficient trust in the government’s ability to carry out the
reform.39 Obama acknowledged the problem in his 2010 State
of the Union address, saying, “We have to recognize that we
face more than a deficit of dollars right now. We face a deficit
of trust—deep and corrosive doubts about how Washington
works that have been growing for years.” In the 2016 election,
Republicans successfully exploited such doubts about the
trustworthiness of the federal government, argu-ing that their
values favoring free enterprise solutions over governmental
programs were more in tune with Americans’ basic values.
WHAT AMERICANS VALUE: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 6.4
Compare and contrast the principles of conservatism and
liberalism. A coherent set of values and beliefs about public
policy is a political ideology; an ideology helps to organize
one’s thinking about political issues. Liberal ideology, for
example, supports a wide scope for the central government,
often involving policies that aim to promote equality.
Conservative ideology, in contrast, supports a less active scope
of government that gives freer rein to the private sector. Table
6.1 attempts to summarize some of the key differences between
liberals and conservatives. Decades of survey data have
consistently shown that more Americans choose the ideological
label of conservative over liberal. In 2018, the Gallup poll
reported that of those who labeled themselves, 35 percent were
conservatives, 35 percent were mod-erates, and just 26 percent
were liberals. The predominance of conservative thinking in
America is one of the most important reasons for the relatively
restrained scope of government activities compared to most
European nations. Yet there are some groups that are more
liberal than others and thus would generally like to see the
government do more. Among people under the age of 30, there
31. are slightly more liberals than conservatives. The younger an
individual, the less likely that person is to be a conservative. As
befits their greater liberalism, they are more supportive of
government spending on health care and environmental
protection, and they are less inclined than seniors to spend more
on the military. Younger voters are also more supportive of
abortion rights and gay rights. The fact that younger people are
also less likely to vote means that conservatives are over -
represented at the polls. In general, groups with political clout
tend to be more conservative than groups whose members have
often been shut out from the halls of political power. This is in
large part because excluded groups have often looked to the
government to rectify the inequalities they have faced. For
example, government activism in the form of the major civil
rights bills of the 1960s was crucial in bringing African
Americans into the main-stream of American life. It should
come as little surprise, then, that African Americans are more
liberal than the national average or that many African American
leaders cur-rently place a high priority on retaining social
welfare and affirmative action programs in order to assist
African Americans’ progress. Similarly, Hispanics also are less
conser-vative than non-Hispanic whites, and the influx of more
Hispanics into the electorate may well move the country in a
more liberal direction. Women are not a minority group—
making up, as they do, about 54 percent of the population—but
they have been politically and economically disadvantaged.
Compared to men, women are more likely to support spending
on social services and to oppose the higher levels of military
spending, which conservatives typically advocate. These issues
concerning the priorities of government lead women to be
significantly less conserva-tive than men. This ideological
difference between men and women has resulted in the gender
gap, a regular pattern in which women are more likely to
support Democratic candidates. In 2016, surveys showed that
women were about 11 percent less likely to sup-port Donald
Trump than men.
32. Another source of division between liberals and conservatives
is financial status, or what is often known as social class. But in
actuality, the relationship between family income and ideology
is now relatively weak; social class has become much less pre-
dictive of political behavior than it used to be.40 Even among
the much-talked-about wealthiest 1 percent of Americans,
Gallup has found that conservatism is not much more prevalent
than in the population as a whole.41
The role of religion in influencing political ideology has also
changed greatly in recent years. Catholics and Jews, as minority
groups who struggled for equality, have long been more liberal
than Protestants. Today, Jews remain by far the most liberal
demographic group in the country.42 However, the ideological
gap between Catholics and Protestants is now smaller than the
gender gap. Ideology is now de-termined more by religiosity—
that is, the degree to which religion is important in one’s life—
than by religious denomination. What is known as the new
Christian Right consists of Catholics and Protestants who
consider themselves fundamental-ists or “born again.” The
influx of new policy issues dealing with matters of moral -ity
and traditional family values has recently tied this aspect of
religious beliefs to political ideology. Those who identify
themselves as born-again Christians are cur-rently the most
conservative demographic group. On the other hand, people who
say they have no religious affiliation (roughly 20 percent of the
population) are more liberal than conservative.
THE INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY ON
POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 6.5 Assess the influence of political
ideology on political attitudes and behaviors.
Political ideology doesn’t necessarily guide political behavior.
It would probably be a mistake to assume that when
conservative candidates do better than they have in the past, this
necessarily means people want more conservative policies, for
not everyone thinks in ideological terms. The authors of the
classic study The American Voter first examined how much
33. peo-ple rely on ideology to guide their political thinking.43
They divided the public into four groups, according to
ideological sophistication. Their portrait of the American
electorate was not flattering. Only 12 percent of people showed
evidence of think-ing in ideological terms. These people,
classified as ideologues, could connect their opinions and
beliefs with broad policy positions taken by parties or
candidates. They might say, for example, that they liked the
Democrats because they were more liberal or the Republicans
because they favored a smaller government. Forty-two percent
of Americans were classified as group benefits voters. These
people thought of poli-tics mainly in terms of the groups they
liked or disliked; for example, “Republicans support small
business owners like me” or “Democrats are the party of the
working person.” Twenty-four percent of the population were
nature of the times voters. Their handle on politics was l imited
to whether the times seemed good or bad to them; they might
vaguely link the party in power with the country’s fortune or
misfortune. Finally, 22 percent of the voters expressed no
ideological or issue content in making their political
evaluations. They were called the no issue content group. Most
of them simply voted routinely for a party or judged the
candidates solely by their personali-ties. Overall, at least during
the 1950s, Americans seemed to care little about the differ -
ences between liberal and conservative politics. There has been
much debate about whether this portrayal has been and
continues to be an accurate characterization of the public. The
authors of The American Voter Revisited updated the analysis
of The American Voter using survey data from the 2000
election. They found that just 20 percent of the population met
the criteria for being classified as an ideologue in 2000—not
that much more than the 12 percent in 1956. Echoing the
analysts of the 1950s, they concluded that “it is problematic to
attribute ideological meaning to aggregate voting patterns when
most of the individuals mak-ing their decisions about the
candidates are not motivated by ideological concepts.”44 These
34. findings do not mean that the vast majority of the population
does not have a political ideology. Rather, for most people the
terms liberal and conservative are just not as important as they
are for members of the political elite, such as politi -cians,
activists, and journalists. Relatively few people have ideologi es
that organize their political beliefs as clearly as in the columns
of Table 6.1. Back in 1960, the au-thors of The American Voter
reached a conclusion that still stands: to speak of election
results as indicating a movement of the public either left (to
more liberal policies) or right (to more conservative policies) is
not justified because most voters do not think in such terms.
Furthermore, those who do are actually the least likely to shift
from one election to the next.
Morris Fiorina makes a similar argument with regard to the
question of whether America is in the midst of a political
culture war. In the media these days, one frequently hears
claims that Americans are deeply divided on fundamental
political issues, making it seem like there are two different
nations—the liberal blue states ver-sus the conservative red
states. After a thorough examination of public opinion data,
Fiorina concludes that “the views of the American citizenry
look moderate, centrist, nuanced, ambivalent—choose your
term—rather than extreme, polarized, uncon-ditional,
dogmatic.”45 He argues that the small groups of liberal and
conservative activists who act as if they are at war with one
another have left most Americans in a position analogous to
“unfortunate citizens of some third-world countries who try to
stay out of the crossfire while Maoist guerrillas and right-wing
death squads shoot at each other.”46
In 2016, as in most years, the relationship between ideology and
the vote was far
from perfect. According to the national exit poll, liberals made
up 26 percent of voters and cast 84 percent of their ballots for
Clinton. Conservatives made up 35 percent of voters and cast
nearly as high a percentage for Trump, at 81 percent. And
moderates, who numbered 39 percent of voters, gave Clinton a
35. narrow victory in the popular vote, by supporting her at a rate
of 52 percent.
HOW AMERICANS PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS
identify the ways that people may participate in politics. In
politics, as in many other aspects of life, the squeaky wheel gets
the grease. The way citizens “squeak” in politics is to
participate. Americans have many avenues of political
participation open to them: • Mrs. Jones of Iowa City goes to a
neighbor’s living room to attend her local precinct’s
presidential caucus.
• Demonstrators against abortion protest at the Supreme Court
on the anniversary of the Roe v. Wade decision.
• Parents in Alabama file a lawsuit to oppose textbooks that, in
their opinion, promote “secular humanism.”
• Mr. Smith, a Social Security recipient, writes to his senator to
express his concern about a possible cut in his cost-of-living
benefits.
• Over 135 million Americans vote in a presidential election.
All these activities are types of political participation, which
encompasses the
many activities in which citizens engage to influence the
selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue.47
Participation can be overt or subtle. The mass protests against
communist rule throughout Eastern Europe in the fall of 1989
represented an avalanche of political participation, yet quietly
writing a letter to your congressperson also represents political
participation. Political participation can be violent or peace -ful,
organized or individual, casual or consuming. Generally, the
United States has a culture that values political participation.
Americans
express very high levels of pride in their democracy: the
General Social Survey has con-sistently found that over 80
percent of Americans say they are proud of how democracy
works in the United States. Nevertheless, just 60 percent of
adult American citizens voted in the presidential election of
36. 2016, and only about 48 percent turned out for the 2018 mid-
term elections. At the local level, the situation is even worse,
with elections for city council and school board often drawing
less than 10 percent of the eligible voters.
Conventional Participation
Although the line is hard to draw, political scientists generally
distinguish between two broad types of participation:
conventional and unconventional. Conventional participation
includes many widely accepted modes of influencing
government—voting, trying to persuade others, ringing
doorbells for a petition, running for office, and so on. In
contrast, unconventional participation includes activities that
are often dramatic, such as protesting, civil disobedience, and
even violence. Millions take part in political activities beyond
simply voting. Alexis de
Tocqueville noted long ago that America has a rich
participatory culture, and this remains true today. Figure 6.5
presents four measures of political participation that have been
studied over the last half century. Substantial increases in
participation are evident in contacting public officials and
giving money for political campaigns, and small increases are
evident in persuading others how to vote and working with
others on local problems. Thus, although the disappointing
election turnout rates in the United States are something
Americans should rightly be concerned about, a broader look at
political participation reveals some positive developments for
participatory democracy.
Protest as Participation
Americans have engaged in countless political protests ranging
from the Boston Tea Party to burning draft cards to
demonstrating against abortion. Protest is a form of political
participation designed to achieve policy change through
dramatic and unconventional tactics. The media’s willingness to
cover the unusual can make pro-tests worthwhile, drawing
attention to a point of view that many Americans might
otherwise never encounter. For example, when an 89-year-old
37. woman walked across the country to draw attention to the need
for campaign finance reform, she put this issue onto the front
page of newspapers most everywhere she traveled. Protest
groups these days follow a now-standard playbook for
demonstrations, orchestrating their activities so as to provide
television cameras with vivid images. Demonstration
coordinators steer participants to prearranged staging areas and
provide facilities for press coverage. Throughout American
history, individuals and groups have sometimes used
civil disobedience as a form of protest; that is, they have
consciously broken a law that they thought was unjust. The
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., and others in the civil rights
movement engaged in civil disobedience in the 1950s and 1960s
to bring an end to segregationist laws. King’s “Letter from a
Birmingham Jail” is a clas-sic defense of civil disobedience.48
In 1964, King was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize at the age of
35—the youngest person ever to receive this honor. The Nobel
committee honored the ways that King used civil disobedience
to protest social and political injustices without engaging in
violence.
Sometimes political participation can be violent. The history of
violence in American politics is a long one—not surprising,
perhaps, for a nation born in rebel-lion. The turbulent 1960s
included many outbreaks of violence. African American
neighborhoods in American cities were torn by riots. College
campuses sometimes turned into battle zones as protestors
against the Vietnam War fought police and National Guard
units; students were killed at Kent State and Jackson State in
1970. At various points throughout American history, violence
has been resorted to as a means of pressuring the government to
change its policies.
Although the history of American political protest includes
many well-known
incidents, Americans today are less likely to report that they
have participated in protests than citizens of most other
established democracies around the world. As you can see in
38. Figure 6.6, the relative lack of protest activity in the United
States is not because Americans are “couch potatoes” when it
comes to political participation. Rather, Americans are just
more likely to employ conventional political participa-tion—
contacting politicians and/or governmental officials—than they
are to engage in protests.
Class, Inequality, and Participation
Rates of political participation are unequal among Americans.
Virtually every study of political participation has come to the
conclusion that Verba and Nie did back in 1972:
“[C]itizens of higher social economic status participate more in
politics. This gener-alization ... holds true whether one uses
level of education, income, or occupation as the measure of
social status.”49 People with higher incomes and levels of
education are not only more likely to donate money to
campaigns but also to participate in other ways that do not
require financial resources, such as contacting government
officials and signing petitions. Theorists who believe that
America is ruled by a small, wealthy elite make much of this
fact to support their view. To what extent does race affect
participation? When the scenes of despair among
poor African Americans in New Orleans during the aftermath of
Hurricane Katrina focused attention on racial inequalities, some
commentators speculated that one reason that the federal
government was so slow in coming to the aid of African
Americans was that they were less likely to vote because of
their relatively poor socio-economic status. But in actuality, the
difference in turnout rates between whites and blacks in
Louisiana has been minimal to nonexistent in recent years.
Nationwide, the Census Bureau reported that in 2012 blacks
actually had a turnout rate of 2 percent above that of non-
Hispanic whites. One reason for the fact that African Americans
vote at higher rates than we would expect given their socio-
39. economic status is that they often possess a group consciousness
that gives them an extra incentive to vote. Political scientists
have long recognized that when blacks and whites with equal
levels of education are compared, the former actu-ally
participate more in politics.
The picture for Hispanic and Asian political participation is not
so positive, though, at the present time. In recent years, their
voting turnout rates have trailed that of non-Hispanic whites
and blacks by roughly 20 percent. Scholars have found that
Hispanics and Asians who have difficulty with English and/or
those who have not been in the country for too long have
particularly low turnout rates. With both Hispanics and Asians
voting nearly 75 percent Democratic in recent years, one should
expect the Democrats to focus much of their mobilization
efforts on these groups in the near future.
People who believe in the promise of democracy should
definitely be concerned with the inequalities of political
participation in America. Those who participate are easy to
listen to; nonparticipants are easy to ignore. Just as the makers
of denture cream do not worry too much about people with
healthy teeth, many politicians don’t concern themselves much
with the views of groups with low participation rates, such as
the young and people with low incomes. Who gets what in
politics therefore de-pends in part on who participates.
UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL
ACTION
Analyze how public opinion about the scope of government
guides political behavior.
In many third world countries, there have been calls for more
democracy in recent years. One often hears that citizens of
developing nations want their political system to be like
America’s in the sense that ordinary people’s opinions
determine how the government is run. However, as this chapter
has shown, there are many limits on the role public opinion
40. plays in the American political system. The average person is
not very well informed about political issues, including the
crucial issue of the scope of government.
Public Attitudes Toward the Scope of Government
Central to the ideology of the Republican Party is the belief
that the scope of American
government has become too wide. According to Ronald Reagan,
probably the most admired Republican in recent history,
government was not the solution to society’s problems—it was
the problem. He called for the government to “get off the backs
of the American people.” Because of Americans’ long history of
favoring limited government, taking a gen-eral stand about the
need to streamline the federal establishment is appealing to the
majority of the public more often than not. Since 1992, the
Gallup poll has regularly asked samples the following question:
“Some people think the government is trying to do too many
things that should be left to individuals and businesses. Others
think that government should do more to solve our country’s
problems. Which comes closer to your own view?” On average,
52 percent have said the government is doing too much, whereas
just 40 percent have said the government should do more, with
the rest saying it depends or they don’t know. The only time
Gallup found that at least 50 percent said that the government
should do more was in the month after the terrorist attacks of
September 11. However, public opinion on the scope of
government, as with most issues, is often complex and
inconsistent. Although more people today think that overall the
government is too big, a plurality has consistently called for
more spending on such programs as education, health care, aid
to cities, protecting the environ-ment, and fighting crime.51
Many political scientists have looked at these contra-dictory
findings and concluded that many Americans are symbolic
conservatives but operational liberals—meaning that they
oppose the idea of big government in principle but favor it in
practice. As Christopher Ellis and James Stimson write, “We are
41. one and the same, a symbolically conservative nation that
honors tradi-tion, distrusts novelty, and embraces the
conservative label—and an operationally liberal nation that has
made Social Security one of the most popular government
programs ever enacted.”52 The fact that public opinion is
contradictory on these important aspects of the scope of
government contributes to policy gridlock, as both liberal and
conservative politicians can make a plausible case that the
public is on their side.
Democracy, Public Opinion, and Political Action
Remember, though, that American democracy is representative
rather than direct. As The American Voter stated many years
ago, “The public’s explicit task is to decide not what
government shall do but rather who shall decide what
government shall do.”53 When individuals under communist
rule protested for democracy, what they wanted most was the
right to have a say in choosing their leaders. Americans can—
and often do—take for granted the opportunity to replace their
leaders at the next election. Protest is thus directed at making
the government listen to specific demands, not overthrowing it.
In this sense, it can be said that American citizens have become
well socialized to democracy.
If the public’s task in democracy is to choose who is to lead, we
must still ask whether it can do so wisely. If people know little
about where candidates stand on issues, how can they make
rational choices? Most choose performance criteria over policy
criteria. As Morris Fiorina has written, citizens typically have
one hard bit of data to go on: “They know what life has been
like during the incumbent’s administra-tion. They need not
know the precise economic or foreign policies of the incumbent
administration in order to see or feel the results of those
policies.”54 Even if they are voting only based on a general
sense of whether the country is moving in the right or wrong
direction, their voices are clearly being heard; they hold publi c
officials ac-countable for their actions.