IB Physics Thermodynamics Lab- &Quot;The Purpose Of This Lab Is...

IB Physics Thermodynamics Lab- "The purpose of this lab is...
Thermodynamics Lab
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab is to determine the identity of an unknown metal, and to prove whether the
laws of thermodynamics hold when determining this identity. Using the accepted specific heat of
water (4186 J/kg · oC), heat flow between two different sets of water though the conduction of an
unknown metal can provide useful data in determining the identity. The heat transfers can be
calculated to approximate the specific heat of the unknown metal.
When heat is transferred to an object, the temperature of the object increases. When heat is removed
from an object, the temperature of the object decreases. The relationship between the heat (q) that is
transferred and the change in temperature (DT) is: q = mCDT = ... Show more content on
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m1 = .3686 ± .0001 kg – .1696 ± .0001 kg = .1990 ± .0002 kg
m2 = .3878 ± .0001 kg – .1696 ± .0001 kg = .2182 ± .0002 kg
m3 = .2104 ± .0001 kg
The heat gained by the unknown metal and the cool water(2) equals the heat lost by the hot
water(1).
m2C2DT2 = m1C1DT1 + m3C3DT3
MetalSpecific Heat (J/kg · oC)
Aluminum900
Copper387
Gold129
Iron448
Lead128

Silver234
The specific heat found for the unknown metal is closest to the specific heat of aluminum, 900 J/kg ·
oC.
Conclusion:
The graph indicates that heat flow did undergo during the experimentation. The cold water increased
in temperature, while the hot water decreased. The two liquids underwent changes in temperature
until they both reached thermal equilibrium. This thermodynamics law is called the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics. This law basically states that two bodies will naturally reach thermal equilibrium
when in contact. The First Law of Thermodynamics was obeyed as well. Only heat from the warmer
body went to the colder body. Heat only travels in one direction, from the hot to the cold, as can be
seen from the graph.
My hypothesis of the unknown metal being aluminum was correct. The results of my lab showed
that the unknown metal was aluminum, and later it was said that the metal had in fact been
aluminum. The lab calculations went well. The values were somewhat disparate however. For
example, the specific heat was found to be 1200 ± 110 J/kg · oC, but the actual
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Mathematical Theory Of Communication In Thomas...
According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, entropy can be defined as "the degree of disorder or
uncertainty in a system." In his novel, The Crying of Lot 49, Thomas Pynchon manipulates the
definition of the scientific term "entropy" to manifest the innate chaos and disorder in both a closed
thermodynamic system and in the life of the protagonist: Oedipa Maas. In the novel, Oedipa Maas
explores entropy with respect to the thermodynamic sorting of molecules in Maxwell's Demon, and
the communication information regarding the "Tristero". According to Warren Weaver's, Recent
Contributions to The Mathematical Theory of Communication, there are technical, semantic, and
effectiveness problems that may distort the accuracy of communication, ... Show more content on
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Since entropy prospers in closed environments much like Oedipa's life at the beginning of the novel,
Pynchon develops the idea that the chaos in Oedipa's life is subject to increase with the discovery of
more information pointing to the existence of Tristero. This overload of information Oedipa
experiences serves as a roadblock to her understanding of the true meaning behind the Tristero.
According to Warren Weaver, "the entropy in the channel is determined both by what one attempts
to feed into the channel and by the capabilities of the channel to handle different signal situations"
(Weaver, 10). Thus, when Oedipa is fed copious amounts of symbols, words, and theories, she finds
it hard to handle sorting what is real and unreal. This confusion that Oedipa endures is a direct
consequence of the "noise" created by different people, symbols, and word that disrupt Oedipa's
deciphering of the Tristero. Warren Weaver comments on this "noise" seen in Claude Shannon's
communication transmission model, stating that, "If noise is introduced, then the received message
contains certain distortions...that would certainly lead one to say that the received message exhibits,
because of the effects of the noise, an increased uncertainty... If the information source has any
residual uncertainty...then this must be undesirable uncertainty due to noise" (Weaver, 11). This
"undesirable uncertainty due to noise" leads

The First Law Of Thermodynamics
Want to feel awkwardly conscious about your brain for the next couple of minutes? Too late, you're
already hooked, so you might as well keep reading. Right now your mind is churning along,
carrying out routine maintenance and suchlike, now–at least if my introduction here is successful–it
is thinking about itself. Pretty weird, huh? Thought is a basic capacity shared by all humans. At
least, we're pretty sure. I mean, it's not like your entire surroundings could be fabricated, and all
your interactions with the world mere hallucination, right? That wouldn't work...for...some...reason.
Heh. That's to say, the possibility that this essay was constructed solely in your head, or by some
external deity, that possibility is simply unrealistic. Right? It'd violate the...uh...second law of
thermodynamics...or relativity...or something. After all, reality couldn't be a computer simulation,
because we have irrational constants like pi! Ha, got you there, existence! Unless the computer is
just really, really powerful...damn. Such is the struggle of existence, as a mind trapped within a body
placed in a surrounding world which might–or might not–be real. Where was I going with this? Oh,
yeah. I think I wanted to impress upon the reader that thought is an inextricable aspect of human
existence, and as such, John Proctor, a character in Arthur Miller's The Crucible, is a man of good
standing in the town of Salem; he is universally respected and, to a degree,

Maxwell's Experiment To Contradict The Second Law Of...
Maxwell's Demon is a thought experiment created by a mathematician James Clerk Maxwell to
contradict the second law of thermodynamics. For example, you have a box filled with a gas (a
mixture of hot and cold molecules) at the same temperature. This means that the temperature can
have an affect on an average speed of the molecules. Some of the molecules will move slower than
average, and some will move faster than the average. Suppose that a divider is placed in the middle
of the box separating the two sides into left and right compartment. Maxwell imagined a demon at
the door would observe the molecules. When a hot molecule approaches the door, the demon opened
the door and the molecule move from the right to the left. When a cold molecule approaches the
door he do not open the door in order to let it be on the right side. Therefore, when he finished the
operations, he has a box in which all the hot molecules are in the left side and all the cold molecules
are in the right side. A heat engine can be run by allows the heat to flow from the hot side to the cold
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second law of thermodynamics stated, "In any cyclic process the entropy would either increase or
remain the same." (auburn.edu) To explain Maxwell's Demon paradox, scientists draw out that the
demon still need to use energy to observe the molecules, for example, maybe in the form of photons.
In addition, the demon itself and the trap door mechanism would gain entropy from the gas as it
moved the separate door. Thus, the total entropy of the system still increases (auburn.edu). In
chapter 4 of "The Touchstone of Life," Loewenstein stated that the production of macromolecular
information can be as large as you wish, so long as the gain of molecular information (ΔIm) and the
sum of the production of entropy in the macromolecule (ΔSm) and of the entropy in the
environment (ΔSe) balance out:
ΔIm = ΔSe +

Energy Is An Important Part Of Human Evolution
Energy has been an important part of human evolution. Ever since human began development,
energy was a major factor. We need energy for everything we do. Heat is one of many types of
energy, and it is a very important type of energy. We use heat to warm our shelter, drive cars. Heat
transfer is one of the most obvious processes in the nature. It occurs at all the places such as
machine, biological creatures, etc... In engineering this heat transfer is a key part of understanding
heat energy. The study of heat behaviour and harnessing heat energy is called thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is used for many areas such as nuclear power plant, car engines, etc... This essay
will cover topics such as, what is energy, and what makes it useful? , what is thermodynamics,
success rate for harnessing and manipulating energy and how energy is vital to us all and how we
use it.
Firstly, energy is a power produced from physical or chemical resources, such as heat provided to
work the machines. It defines the capacity for doing the work, generating heat, etc... There are many
types of energies such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, nuclear, etc... This essay will cover thermal
energy. Thermal energy is the random motion of particles in the substance. An example of this
situation would be warming a cup of water, where water particles gets in random motion when
heated. The uses of thermal energy are very broad. Thermal energy is used in simple tasks such as a
coffee maker, to a solar plant. It is

What Is The First Law Of Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
According to the first law of thermodynamics, the amount of energy given in a system remains the
same the entire time. You are allowed to transfer the energy but it is impossible to create or destroy
energy. If I was to take a tennis ball and hold my arm out at a 90° angle, then release the ball there is
no possible way the ball would go higher than where it started. This important with energy policy
because in order to learn how to make energy more efficient and cost effective you have to
understand what is physically possible to accomplish.
Energy security Energy security is the nonstop accessibility of energy sources at an inexpensive
price, To provide solid economic growth and to maintain high levels of economic performance,
energy must be readily available, affordable and be able to provide a reliable source of power
without vulnerability to long or short term disruptions. Interruption of energy supplies can cause
major financial losses and create chaos in economic loss as well as potential damage to the health
and wellbeing of the population.
Unconventional oil The U.S. Department of Energy divides unconventional oil into four types:
heavy oil, extra heavy oil, bitumen, and oil shale. Some analysts also include gas to liquids,
processes for converting natural gas to oil and coal to liquids, processes for converting coal to oil in
the unconventional oil category. These unconventional oil–processing techniques widen the use of

4Results And Discussion. Air Conditioning Systems Equipped
4 Results and Discussion
Air conditioning systems equipped with compound pressure and temperature gauges have been
studied experimentally using exergy analysis. The units were charged with R–22 and R–600a
refrigerants respectively and allowed to reach the optimum operating state. The fan is varied
between high, medium and low speeds and the system performance was analyzed in each case. The
compressor work, refrigerating effect, coefficient of performance, exergy destruction rate and
exergy efficiency were calculated using Microsoft Excel sheet.
4.1 Performance of the Air Conditioning System
The general performance of an air conditioning system is based on the coefficient of performance of
the system. It is the ratio of heat extracted in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As this happens, the air flow makes maximum utilization of the effect of the evaporator coils,
getting cooler as the air flows over the coils.
The refrigerant accumulated in the evaporator coils soon absorbs its latent heat of vaporization and
may not be able to absorb anymore. This causes a rise in the temperature of the delivery air. The air
rises to about 21℃. The thermostat sensed this rise in temperature and actuates the compressor. The
vapour compression cycle, however, resumes its normal operation. This stop in the compressor
operation conserves the amount of energy used up by the system while also cooling the space more.
The behavior of the compressor had the same pattern while operating at high fan speeds and
medium fan speeds. As the time increases, the compressor work increases linearly for both the high,
medium and low speeds as shown in figure 3. However, the compressor work is the same for both
high and medium speeds. The system using R–600a refrigerant exhibited a different behaviour when
the fan speed was altered. At high fan speed, the temperature of the delivery air was 23°C while it
was 20°C at low fan speeds. This was similar to the change in temperature experienced in the R–22
system. However, there was no stop in the operation of the compressor.
4.2 Exergy Expenditure
The exergy analysis was carried out on each component separately. Exergy accounts for individual
process

Challenges Of Teaching Thermodynamics For Biotechnology...
Challenges in teaching thermodynamics for biotechnology engineering students
Praphulla Rao1,*, Prathibha N2
1,2 B M S College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka
* Corresponding author. Tel: +91 9036471963, E–mail: praphulla.rao@gmail.com
Abstract–The disciplines of physics, biology, and chemistry have adopted highly diverse approaches
and strategies on thermodynamics education. Many studies have addressed the problems in making
the students understand the fundamentals in thermodynamics. Students tend to memorize the
equations without the knowledge of their applications and therefore forget them soon after their
exams. This paper talks about the challenges of teaching thermodynamics course to biotechnology
students. It also highlights some of the teaching learning methods adopted in some universities in
order to make the students develop interest and understand the role of thermodynamics in
biotechnology. The course outcomes attainment for the thermodynamics in department of
biotechnology, BMS college of Engineering, has also been compared for the last two academic
years. A social learning platform called "Wiksate" has been introduced at the institution level, where
thermodynamics has been chosen as the course from department of biotechnology, to see if it helps
the students easily learn the basics of thermodynamics.
Keywords–thermodynamics; biotechnology engineering; challenges; teaching learning methods
I. INTRODUCTION
The science of thermodynamics deals with

The Theory Of Classical And Quantum Mechanics
If one thought that time and its direction reduce to some reductive base in fundamental physical
science one would encounter a perceived barrier viz., the fact that the underlying dynamical laws of
fundamental physical theory do not privilege the past or the future. If those laws permit certain
physical processes to be future directed or oriented, then they also allow for those self–same
processes to be past directed or oriented. The dynamical laws are time–reversal invariant. As Roger
Penrose stated, ...the dynamical equations of classical and quantum mechanics are symmetrical
under a reversal of the direction of time! As far as mathematics is concerned, one can just as well
specify final conditions, at some remote future time, and evolve ... Show more content on
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Moreover, we have experimentally confirmed a violation of time reversal invariance in B0 meson
systems. Weakly interacting systems are anomalous for this reason. I will have more to say about
how to understand such systems in the context of discussing the arrow of time. For now, let's
unashamedly affirm that the fundamental dynamical laws are time–reversal invariant, deliberately
suppressing worries about weakly interacting systems for the purposes of deliberation. Even though
the dynamical laws of our fundamental physical theories are time–reversal invariant, there appear to
be macroscopic energetically isolated processes that are temporally irreversible. So the microphysics
is such that it suggests temporal symmetry, though macroscopic goings–on suggest temporal
asymmetry. To make things worse, given an appropriately robust reductionist story in the
background, macroscopic phenomena depend in some strong sense on underlying microphysical
phenomena. We should now ask: "what could be the source of...[the]...widespread temporal bias in
the" macroscopic "world, if the underlying" microphysical "laws are so even–handed?" This is the
puzzle of the arrow of time. Why isn't the temporal handedness accounted for by the phenomenon of
weakly interacting systems previously discussed? Answer: That phenomenon does not occur
frequently enough to serve as

Oedipa's Search For Truth In The Crying Of Lot 49
Oedipa's search for truth is caught in a paradox: On one hand, she is (or at least believes she is) in
search of "absolute" meaning; on the other hand, that meaning is concentrated around herself and is
shutting her off from the world around her in a subjective circle of signification where the
communicational void she wishes to escape is filled with illusions of meaning. Oedipa's search is
fueled by a belief that it will bring to an "end her encapsulation in her tower (Pynchon 31)." The
complication to her journey is that all language (truth, communication, meaning, etc....) is founded
in entropy, on a waste of force that alone makes possible the fictional constitution of abstract truth.
In The Crying of Lot 49, Pynchon uses the ideas of entropy in thermodynamics and information
theory (through Maxwell's Demon) to more fully delve into Oedipa's paradoxical search for
meaning in a world that has created, forgotten, and rediscovered it's own truth.
Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship between heat and other energies. It deals with the
changes within a system if the energy distribution in that system is unbalanced. Thermodynamic
entropy is the measure of this chaos in the universe. In beginning of The Crying of Lot 49, Oedipa
Maas realizes that she exists within "the confinement of [a] tower, (11)" that is similar to a closed
system. Entropy thrives in closed systems; therefore, if she does not open her system she is doomed
to slow degradation, till she is nothing

Biomes And Biomes : Biomes Essay
Biomes A biome is a large, natural community of distinct vegetation and growth habits that occupy a
large geographic area. There are many different forms of biomes. Their main classification is there
average temperature and average precipitation. The precipitation and temperature determine what
plants can survive in the area. However, over millions of years plants have been able to adapt to
their biomes in order to survive.
Vegetation of a biome can vary drastically from biome to biome. In the Arctic Tundra it is extremely
cold year round with little precipitation; the main plant life in this biome is low shrubs, sedges,
lichens, and mosses. Tropical Rainforests are basically the opposite. Tropical Rainforests have no
cold or dry periods. It rains nearly every day and forms dense jungles. With the amount of plant life
and precipitation, there is a huge amount of decomposers. Somewhat in the middle of these two
vastly different biomes, not necessarily geographically, is the Temperate Grasslands. As the name
suggests, grasses are the dominant form for life, there are riparian woodlands (trees occurring along
streams). Once a thriving biome, is now managed mainly as rangeland due to years of commercial
farming.
Temperate Grasslands are located in between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The
veldts of Africa, the pampas of South America, the steppes of Eurasia, and the plains of North
America are the main regions of Temperate Grasslands.
I find

Comparing The Equivalence Of Kelvin-Plank And Clausius...
EQUIVALENCE OF THE KELVIN–PLANK AND CLAUSIUS STATEMENTS Two statements
are said to be equivalent if the truth statement implies the trust of the other, and vacation of one
statement implies the violation of other. Thus, there could be two methods to show the equivalence.
Method 1: Violation of Kelvin–Plank statement by violating Clausius statement:
From Fig. (2.4.9) (a) let us assume that a heat pump receives heat Q2 from low temperature
reservoir at T2 and supplies it to high temperature sink at T1 without any external work, thus
violating the Clausius statement. A larger quantity of heat (Q1 + Q2) is supplied to heat engine (by
high temperature source at T1) Which produces net work output Wnet equal to Q1 and rejects an ...
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But, from (b) it can be observed that heat Q1 follows a loop though HE and HP and perform no
function. The equivalent system thus can be shown as figure. From fig. (c) it is obvious the heat is
being transferred from low temperature, thermal energy reservoir to high temperature thermal
energy reservoir, without any external work. It is therefore violation of Clausius statement. Thus,
violation of Kelvin Plank's and we can say, the two statements are equivalent.
Equivalence of the Two Statements
The Kelvin–Planck and the Clausius statements are equivalent in their consequences, and either
statement can be used as the expression of the second law of thermodynamics. Any device that
violates the Kelvin–Planck statement also violates the Clausius statement, and vice versa. This can
be demonstrated as follows:
Kelvin–Planck statement: No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100 percent, or for a
power plant to operate, the working fluid must exchange heat with the environment as well as the
furnace.
Clausius statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no
effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower temperature body to a higher–temperature body
Consider the heat–engine–refrigerator combination shown in figure below left, operating between
the same two reservoirs.
The heat engine is assumed to have, in violation of the Kelvin–Planck statement, a thermal
efficiency of

Cosmological Argument: The Law Of Thermodynamics
The Cosmological Argument:
a. Everything that begins to exist has a cause of its existence.
Pretty self–explanatory...
b. The universe began to exist.
Modern science supports that the universe had a beginning. For example, the second law of
thermodynamics helps us figure out that the universe is running out of energy (hence heading
towards a heat death). In an eternal universe, it would have run out of energy by now. So since this
hasn't happened, we know that the Universe had a beginning. Also, there is the discovery of red–
shift in 1929. Basically, this discovery showed us that the universe is expanding which means if you
were to go back in time, the universe would shrink and shrink until you get this infinite point.
William Lane Craig ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is interesting to note that we always try to make excuses for violating the moral law. But if there
was no objective moral law, then we would not feel the need to apologize to people when we hurt
them. For example, if I were to say some harsh words to a family member of mine, I might try to
offer them excuses like "I was hungry."
However, if morality was subjective, and there was no right/wrong, we wouldn't feel the need to to
say sorry whenever we did something "wrong". In fact, lets say that I owed a person money. I
wouldn't have any moral reason to pay them back. The person I owed money to merely would have
a different opinion of what morality was than me. And since there would be no objective moral
standard, I would be perfectly justified in not paying him back.
But this is all ridiculous since we all are aware of the same objective moral law. And that is why we
make excuses for violating it and that is the reason why we just know when someone wrongs us.
c. All people really do know that a standard of right/wrong

How Soda And Soda Affect When Poured Over Dry Ice
Overview
Dry ice is a solid form of carbon dioxide that produces a cold dense mist. I first learned what Dry
Ice was in fifth grade, this was due to the fact that my class had taken a field trip to River Legacy
Park. Where we saw an experiment and learned facts about dry ice. This led to a fascination with
dry ice, in this experiment I will test whether the temperature of water and soda affect when poured
over Dry ice. Dry Ice has multiple purposes some of which, is chemotherapy, to carbonate liquids,
store food, and accelerate plant growth. Since, I always liked the thought of working with Dry Ice I
had begun to think of an experiment to do for the IA involving Dry Ice. After much consideration I
choose to test how soda and water would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction
Thermodynamics is "the study of the effects of work, heat, and energy on a system". In
Thermodynamics to find the temperature change I will use the formula: Q=MCT. In this formula Q
represents the heat added, M is the mass, C is the specific heat, and Tis the change in temperature.
From using this equation I will later figure out the uncertainties I have in this experiment using the
formula: Amount of DataGiven (average data/ amount of data given) then you take the given and
subtract it from the answer from the formula above, lastly you add it up and square root it. Next, you
put it in this form: average data ± answer using the formula above. Lastly, I will use error bars on
the graphs to represent the uncertainty of the graphs. Error bars are represented by this image:
Subsequently, I choose this experiment because the thought of using Dry Ice in a experiment was
very intriguing to me due to the properties of Dry Ice. This experiment made me think a lot about
the uses of Dry Ice and how they are used in everyday life. Initially I believed that Dry Ice did not
have that many purposes in life, but in the process of experimenting I learned the purpose of Dry Ice
and the temperature changes that come with Dry Ice.
Research Question: How does the temperature of

The Crying Of Lot 49 By Thomas Pynchon
Human nature will not succumb to the constraints of order, corporations, and institutions, rather
return to the primal system of chaos and anarchy. Throughout history, the desire to rebel against
order transcends because of our inherent disposition to rise up against authority, apparent in
revolutions against an oppressive regime or in protest of immoral actions. Some prominent cases
were the American Revolution, French Revolution, Transcendentalists' civil disobedience, 1960's
counterculture movement, and the Civil Rights movement. Thomas Pynchon's postmodernist
novella, The Crying of Lot 49, set in the 1960 's counterculture era of hippies (rejecting mainstream
American Society), captures the essence of rebelling against institutions. ... Show more content on
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Society responds through counterculture movements to return to disorder because people are
"unwilling to accept the limitations by the virtues placed on them being human, they chose to rebel
against their position within the order of things. Latent within human nature is an unwillingness to
accept this order, and our place within it" (McGrath 135). Joaquín de Tristero y Calavera, the
founder of Trystero, an underground network of anarchist mail carriers, exemplifies this ideal.
Calavera, an "honest rebel", came to Brussels and attempted to overthrow the Thurn and Taxis
postal system, a governmental monopoly on mail. (Pynchon 131). However, he failed and retaliated
with a guerilla war, "a sub rosa campaign of obstruction, terror, and depredation", bringing chaos to
the destruction of an institution (Pynchon 132) . Trystero, an intricate web of secrets, conspiracy,
and chaos, functions as the driving force of entropy bringing true order to a generic life dominated
by corporations and institutions (rejecting the order and transparency of governments). Disorder is
order and surrounds us as everything ends in disarray. The idea of entropy entails that everything in
the universe flows from order to disorder, and entropy is the measurement of that change. The
Maxwell Demon, a tiny box that can sort fast and slow moving molecules (based on temperature),
doesn't require any work to sort molecules, and so

What Are The 4 Laws Of Thermodynamics
The four fundamental laws of thermodynamics are used to define how physical quantities behave
under various circumstances, these include energy, entropy, and temperature. The First Law of
Thermodynamics states that energy in the universe is always conserved, therefore it cannot be
created or destroyed, and it can only be transformed from one form to another. The second law of
thermodynamics states that entropy of isolated systems always increases, this means that in all
processes of energy exchange, if no energy is introduced to or leaves a system, the sum of potential
energy will be less than initial condition. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of
a system is maintained as the temperature decreases to absolute zero. The fourth law of
thermodynamics defines temperature equilibrium between systems.
The first law of thermodynamics defines that energy can be transformed but not destroyed. It's used
to define the internal energy contained in a system. It's formulated by pointing out the change in
internal energy in system minus work and heat that add and subtract energy in the system.
Moreover, the second law helps to clarify different ways in which motors change heat into
mechanical work, for example in steam turbines and car engines. The third law, also referred to as
Nernst law, provides a basis for calculating absolute entropy value of substances and an analysis of
phase and chemical equilibrium.
Fossil fuels are the most widely used energy source in

Thermodynamics And The Science Of Energy
Every science has an idiosyncratic vocabulary associated with it, and thermodynamics is no
exception. In everyday life, everything uses energy, but does that mean the energy is lost? Of that
energy that is being used, what is the quality of that energy and is it increasing or decreasing?
Through thermodynamics, these types of question can be solved using the different laws.
Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. The name thermodynamics is derived
from the Greek words therme, meaning heat and dynamis, meaning power. Thermodynamics is at
work in our everyday lives, yet most people have no idea it 's there. In order for a system to gain
energy the surroundings have to supply it, and when the system loses energy the surroundings must
gain it. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed
during a process, but energy can only be transformed from one form to another. Energy exists in two
forms: potential energy which is stored energy available to do work, and kinetic energy which is the
energy used to do work. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the total amount of energy in
the universe is constant. Several examples of the applications of the first law of thermodynamics
include: Energy from the sun, Metabolism of the human body, Burning wood, Steam Engines,
Refrigerators.
The sun is the main source of energy for living organisms. Some living organisms like plants require
direct sunlight while some other

Questions On The And The Environment
Caitlin Doepfner
IPE 1013 Consumption and the Environment
Dalton
October 27, 2014
Midterm
1. Explain what the two basic types of feedback loops are and how they work, please give an
example for each.
A feedback loop occurs when the product of one thing in a system affects what is eventually put into
that thing. More simply, a feedback loop is a cycle in that every part of the cycle will have an effect
on itself again. There are two types of these cycles – positive feedback loops and negative feedback
loops. "Negative" traditionally sounds like a bad influence on the cycle, but in this instance,
negative feedback loops maintain equilibrium or balance in an environment. This does not mean that
positive feedback loops have a bad ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With more babies being born, the population grows. It is a fairly simple cycle, but both feedback
loops can be used in our personal lives, and in a larger setting like a nation's economy.
2. Explain exponential growth and doubling time; why are these two concepts important? While
exponential decay and half–lives help us calculate different points in the past (i.e. carbon–dating
archaeological artifacts), exponential growth and doubling time are two mathematical practices that
can help us predict the future in numbers. As the name suggests, "doubling time" is the time it takes
for something to double in size. Exponential growth happens when something's current number
grows by that same number. For example, if my apple tree showed signs of exponential growth, it
might grow 16 apples the first year it blooms – 16 to the first power (16^1) – and the second year it
grows 256 apples – 16 to the second power (16^2), or 16 multiplied by 16. In my apple tree
example, the doubling time would be the time it takes my apple tree to go from growing 16 apples to
32 apples – 16 multiplied by 2. I will admit that this apple tree is a naturally implausible scenario,
but the concept can be effectively applied to larger numbers such as population growth, different
aspects of the market economy, or anything else that should increase over time. Exponential growth
and doubling time equations can help us determine how large a

Essay on Arcadia
Arcadia refers to a Utopian ideal: the idea of harmony with nature and the entire world. The term is
derived from a Greek province, which bears the same name. The Province's mountainous landscape
and history of containing a sparse population of farmers later caused the word "Arcadia" to develop
into a poetic byword for an idyllic vision of unspoiled natural beauty. The inhabitants are regarded
as living without pride and avarice that corrupted other regions of the world. The inhabitants of
Arcadia are regarded as living close to nature, uncorrupted by civilization, and being virtuous. In
other words they live in a place that many people would consider a paradise.
The title "Arcadia" from Tom Stoppard's play is actually an abbreviation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Out of all the characters in the play Thomasina is perhaps the most beautiful. She is innocent, driven
by academic zeal, and a genius of epic proportions. What is truly the most beautiful trait about her is
that unlike Mrs. Chater and Lady Croom, it is "an insult in a gazebo," (6) that she desires but true
love. The final waltz that Septimus and Thomasina share could not be any more romantic as
"Septimus holding Thomasina, kisses her on the mouth. The waltz lesson pauses. She looks at him.
He kisses her again, in earnest. She puts her arms around him." (95) The affection the two feel for
each other is a huge part of any person's definition of paradise: two people truly in love with each
other uncorrupted by the society around them. Yet even in this seemingly paradisiacal situation,
Thomasina still tragically dies.
The title also alludes to a very important theme which is apparent throughout the play. Mathematics
serves as a recurring reference to the

Where Did We Come From?
Where did we come from? Even children become struck with the question about the origin of life.
As tough as it may be to tell a young child how babies are made, it does not compare to the
complexity of explaining how the entire universe began. Every human has a natural desire to
discover the truth, but it stands as one of the most controversial subjects. Some philosophical minds,
Evolutionists or Darwinists, believe everything started with a "Big Bang" and then began to evolve
into the world and life forms we know today. Others, Creationists, believe life and matter has been
intelligently designed by a higher power. As I study this topic, I stumble upon more archeological,
scientific, and logical evidence supporting the creation of the universe rather than an accidental
appearance. Evolutionists claim that all living beings evolved from a common ancestor, and they
believe fossil records prove this statement 's validity. However, archeological findings have in no
way proven evolution to be true, in fact, they reveal many flaws within this theory. Darwinists
attempted to convince people that birds evolved from dinosaurs many years ago. The Archaeopteryx
seemed to be the missing link between dinosaurs and birds as we would recognize them today since
its features resembled dinosaurs yet it flew like a bird. "However, as Dr. Duane Gish explains,
careful examination has demonstrated that in every case these characteristics are genuinely birdlike
rather than reptilian" (Hanegraaff

Energy Is The Material Basis For Human Survival
Energy is the material basis for human survival. The issue of energy is a common concern to all
countries in the world because energy is the driving force of economic development, and is also a
key factor in determining the quality of life. At the same time, the ownership of energy not only
affects the world 's political situation but also changes the world peace and tranquility. Energy is
closely bound up with humans' daily life. The presence of energy meets the demands of people basic
necessities of life so that human beings cannot live without energy. The availability of fossil fuels
enables people to get energy conveniently and cheaply. As a result, people have cars to drive, air
conditioners to use, and lights to brighten rooms when the night falls. When the winter and summer
coming, the energy to bring us warm or cool. Human need consumes a lot of energy to develop. At
the beginning of 19th century, due to the extensive use of heat engine, human want to improve the
heat engine efficiency; however, according to the first law of thermodynamics, it is impossible to
manufacture the circulatory heat engine which has 100% efficiency. Thus, it is envisaged that the
manufacture of the second type of perpetual motion machine, from a heat source heat and heat all
into work. However, numerous attempts to prove that the second type of perpetual motion machine
is not achieved. As a future engineer, we need to understand the order and disorder, the entropy and
the thermodynamics.

The Touchstone Of Life By Loewenstein
In "The Touchstone of Life", Loewenstein talked about the concept of entropy from the viewpoint of
"information theory." In the thermodynamic viewpoint, the concept of entropy is the "transformation
of heat to work." However, in general chemistry the viewpoint of entropy is the "measure of
disorder." There are some different and similar between 3 viewpoints. The common in 3 viewpoints
are that they were trying to explain the second the law of thermodynamics. Also, Boltzaman stated
that entropy is the measure of the disordered; it is just like information is a measure of order when
we compare that to information theory.
Besides the similarity, the differences between these 3 viewpoints are that the information theory is
defined entropy in the context of probability model to establish a measure for the amount of
information connect with the message. From Shannon's viewpoint, information becomes
mathematically defines quantity that represents the degree of choice applied in forming a particular
symbol or message sequence out of a number of possible ones, and entropy becomes a measure of
the rate of transfer of the information in the message.
The thermodynamic viewpoint is based on described the system with the macroscopically view, and
what we can measure by thermodynamic variables: temperature, pressure, volume, and number of
particles by observe how temperature and heat and its relation to the observed energy and work
measured for the system. When a closed system holds an

Report on Motion Essay
Table Of Contents
PHS 100–552 Lab
Part I: Scenario H Graph...................................................... 2
Scenario H Regions and Force Diagrams..................................3
Region and Force Diagram Information....................................4
Part II: Graph 6 ...................................................................5
Step–By–Step Instruction........................................................6
Regions and Force Diagrams...................................................7
Region Information................................................................8
Newton's Laws..................................................................... 9
Self–Assessment...................................................................10
Scenario H
You are stopped at a stop sign. Your friend pushes your car forward at an increasing velocity for two
seconds. She then pushes your car for three more seconds at a constant velocity. Your friend stops
pushing and you immediately apply the brakes for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Velocity and Acceleration graphs become negative due to the slowing of the cart.
The cart is stopped at 2.0 meters. Net force equals zero. All three graphs show the cart is stopped
with a flat line across 2.0 meters.
Newton's Laws
Region A
Region B
Region C
Region D
Region E

Newton's 1st Law: The cart is at rest and will remain at rest until a force is applied.
Newton's 2nd Law: The two forces acting upon the cart (hand and fan) are equal so there is no
acceleration. At 2.5 seconds the acceleration is changed because of the force of hand.
Newton's 3rd Law: The force of hand is applied at 2.5 seconds so the cart moves towards the sensor
as a reaction to the force.
Newton's 1st Law: The force of hand is applied which puts the cart in motion towards the sensor.
Newton's 2nd Law: The force of hand is applied to the cart which changes the Acceleration and
moves the cart towards the sensor.
Newton's 3rd Law: Force of hand was applied at 2.5 seconds in Region A, the force of hand built
momentum until the cart moves at the start of Region B. This motion continued until the force of fan
overcame the force of hand, forcing the cart way from the sensor.
Newton's 1st Law: Force of fan is applied to the cart which overcomes the force of hand putting the
cart in motion away from the sensor.
Newton's 2nd Law: Force of fan is applied changing the direction of the cart away from the sensor.

Duck Or The Drinking Bird
Dippy duck or the drinking bird this classical toy is known by all ages. The simplicity of the toy is
what has intrigued people and lured people into buying this seeming simple toy. Though how simple
is it really? The dippy duck is anything, but child 's play as it uses the four basic laws of
Thermodynamics. To the naked eye the toy may seem simple but as we delve into the matter things
became a lot less simple.
When I first saw the bird I assumed it was an extremely simple machine with not much to it. The
duck dips its head into the water and back out how hard could that be to explain. Upon further
investigation the plain toy started to become more complicated. Nothing would occur until the duck
's head had been completely submerged in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This evaporation created a lower temperature in the top which the methylene chloride vapors then
flowed into to re–balance the system. You see this as the bird starts to rock back and forth as the
vapor pushes its way into the head of the duck. As the liquid makes it to the head of the duck it
becomes top heavy and in turn falls over, re–dunking its beak into the water. The beak sits in the
water and the felt absorbs more water. At the same time the bottom of the duck is raised creating a
gap in the tube that warm methylene chloride vapor ascends up and into the duck 's head displacing
the liquid methylene chloride as it goes. Eventually all the liquid in the head is displaced with vapor
and the pressures between the two compartments is equalized. The bottom compartment is then once
again heavier and the bird swings back to its vertical position. The cycle then starts again as the
birds head is once again cooling because of the evaporating water and the methylene chloride is
heating up from the change of temperature from outside the system. Though many originally
believed that the dippy duck was a perpetual motion machine, meaning it would continue in motion
forever without slowing down, we have since learned through the laws of Thermodynamics that a
perpetual motion machine can not exist because all examples to date have been found to violate the
first or second law of thermodynamics. Instead it was considered a heat engine that uses

Describe The Relationship Between Chemical Rxns And The...
Chemistry in Action
I. Chemical Reactions (Section 8.1)
A. Molecules and Chemicals Reactions
1. Chemical Reactions– a chemical change resulting from a collision between atoms or molecules.
Parts of a chemical rxn are reactants and products.
a. Reactants– substances that cause a chemical reaction, the original product.
b. Products– the new that comes from rxn; substances that are produced
c. Equations: An expression that uses chemical symbols to represent a chemical rxn.
i. Example: 2H₂ + 0₂ yields 2H₂O
d. Coefficients– the number the proceeds the formula and it tells you how molecules or formula
units are present.
e. Law of Conservation of Mass– states that the total number of reactants is equal to the total mass
of products; how many reactants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because some chemical rxns are reversible the forward and reverse rxns occur simultaneously
(meaning at the same time).
3. Le Chatelier's principle: when equilibrium is disturbed the rxn will be partly affected, or partially
offset the disturbance.
E. Types of Chemical Rxns
1. Combination Rxn– Chemical rxn that has two or more substance that makes a new third
substance.
i. Example: A + B yields AB
2. Decomposition rxn– a chemical rxn compound breakdown or decomposes to form a different
substances.
i. Example: AB yields A + B
3. Single Displacement– Chemical rxn in which an element is replaced by another.
i. Example: A + BC yields B + AC ( the element B in the compound BD is displaced.)
4. Double Displacement– a chemical rxn where two compounds exchange atoms or ions.
i. Example: AB +CD yields AD +CB (the B and the D are exchanged)
F. Salts, Acids, and Bases
1. Salts: an ionic compound that doesn't contain a Hydrogen ion (H⁺) or a hydroxide ion (OH⁻).
i. When salt or another ionic compound dissolves in water or another polar solvent is dissociation.
2. Acids and bases:
i. Acids– a substance that produces hydrogen cations (H⁺) when dissolved in water (aqueous
solution). ii. One popular property acid is its sour

The Laws Of Thermodynamics Will Be Explained
In this paper the three laws of thermodynamics will be explained and how these laws apply to
energy use, energy conversions, and the need for energy efficiency. In addition, the advantages and
disadvantages of energy types including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind power, water
(hydro) power, and biofuel will be described. In order to combat our growing energy problems the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 was signed into law to help create tax incentives and loans for
conservation and use of alternative fuels. Two provisions of the Act, promotion of US nuclear
construction and the addition of ocean energy sources will be described and how these provisions
can help the United States meet energy use goals.
Thermodynamics is a large scale study of energy and how heat and temperature behavior together.
Heat is quantity of thermal energy stored or transferred from a hot and cool system that come into
contact, whereas temperature is the measurement of kinetic energy of all the molecules within a
system (Khan Academy, n.d.). Energy exists in various forms such as electrical energy, light, heat
and chemical energy and cannot be created or destroyed; but can be changed from one form to
another and its energy remains a constant. This is the first law of thermodynamics (conservation). It
means that all energy has to go somewhere and this amount can determine the efficiency of a system
or what is lost as waste heat. The second law of thermodynamics states disorder in the

Order Disorder Research Paper
Order Disorder
A commonly heard statement from development deniers is "order can't emerge from disorder",
unhesitatingly offered as though it were a standard or law of nature. Despite the fact that this
thought has a significance to those with a small comprehension of science, the backing does not
seem to be there scientifically. The confirmation that energy is discernible today, unmistakably
demonstrates that the order–disorder theory is not valid as a general law of nature. The universe is
composed of a lot of matter and energy. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. This is
really direct and simple to conceptualize. However, energy is more unique. In physics, energy is the
capacity to do work, or the capacity to move ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fundamental point of preference of these option energy sources is that they are biologically
adequate energy sources, that not at all like fossil fuels don't discharge huge amounts of CO2 and
other unsafe nursery gasses into the air, bringing on a worldwide temperature alteration and
environmental change. This is truly the favorable position that ought to mean speedier improvement
of diverse option energy advancements in light of the fact that the world will generally lose the fight
against environmental change. Indeed, even legislative issues has gotten to be mindful of this, and
the world looks prepared to grasp new decides that ought to decrease current emanation levels. With
a specific end goal to succeed in this world should quit depending on fossil fuels to fulfill its energy
request, and will need to concentrate on alternative energy sources, particularly renewable energy
sources, and make them more

Essay on Explaination of Thermodynamics
A Layman's Explanation of Two Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy is encountered in many forms, such as mechanical, chemical (food and fuel), electrical,
nuclear, heat, and radiant (light). Energy has the ability to bring about change or to do work.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy. The field of thermodynamics studies the behavior of energy
flow in natural systems. These studies have rendered two laws of thermodynamics.
The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of energy. This law
suggests that energy can be transferred from one system to another in many forms. Also, it cannot be
created or destroyed, (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012).
Ultimately, the total amount of energy available is a constant. Einstein's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The laws of thermodynamics and how they are regarded in terms of energy are as such: the first law
pretty much indicates that you can't get something for nothing and the second law pretty much
indicates that you cannot break–even; energy will be lesser than it was before the transfer. The first
law governs the quality of energy available from an energy conversion process, whereas the second
law governs the quality of the energy available. According to the first law, we will never run out of
energy, but according to the second law, we can run out of high–quality (useful) energy. The second
law also tells us that high–quality energy can never be used again. In terms easily understood, not
only can we not get something for nothing (the first law), but we cannot ever break even in terms of
energy quality (the second law). In this we can realize that we can recycle matter, but we can never
recycle high–quality energy.
References
Boulle, P. (2012). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/75554/Pierre–Boulle
Conservation of energy. (2012). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187240/conservation–of–energy
Second law of thermodynamics. (2012). In Encyclopedia Britannica.

Disorder and Misunderstanding in Thos Pynchon's The...
Disorder and Misunderstanding The Crying of Lot 49
When reading Pynchon's "The Crying of Lot 49" one is flooded with a deluge of historical
references (dates, places, events) and, unless a historical genius, probably feels confused as to the
historical accuracy of such references. As critics have shown, Pynchon blends factual history with
fiction and manages, as David Seed writes in "The Fictional Labyrinths of Thomas Pynchon," to
"juxtapose(s) historical references with reminders of the novel's status as artefact so that the reader's
sense of history and of fiction are brought into maximum confrontation" (128). Pynchon, for
example, in "Lot 49" speaks at length about Maxwell's Demon, a machine proposed in 1871 by
physicist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the beginning of the novel we learn that she has been given the job of "sorting it (Pierce's estate)
all out" (1) which she attempts to accomplish by "shuffling back through a fat deckful of days" (2).
The Demon sorts molecules and thus gains information about them, which in turns allows it to
create order among chaos. Oedipa, similarly, seeks to act as a "dark machine in the center of the
planetarium, to bring the estate into pulsing stelliferous Meaning" (64) (Mangel 90: 1971). The
comparison couldn't be more obvious; Oedipa as "machine," "sorting" clues, gaining information,
discovering patterns and order and, ultimately, a "Meaning."
This metaphoric parallel becomes weak, however, when we realize that as Oedipa probes deeper
into the issues, "other revelations...seemed to come crowding in exponentially, as if the more she
collected the more would come to her,"(64). Oedipa becomes unable to accurately mimic Maxwell's
Demon; she simply cannot sort through all of the clues, nor can she place the "truthful" ones on one
side and the "false" ones on the other. This inability stems not only from the copious amount of
information she receives but the ultimately unknowable (and, as we shall see, distorted) nature of
such "clues;" Oedipa can never truly know if a clue is "true" or "false." Nonetheless, the other side
of Maxwell's Demon, the side Pynchon chooses not to explicitly elaborate,

First And Second Laws Of Thermodynamics For Living Systems
1. Explain the consequences of the first and second laws of thermodynamics for living systems. The
first law of thermodynamics states that all energy is constant, which as a consequence, or result,
means that energy can never be produced or destroyed but rather it is transformed. During the
process of energy being transformed some energy is typically lost as heat. Another result of energy
being transformed is the increase of entropy, or disorder. The increase of entropy and loss of energy
is referred to as the second law of thermodynamics.
2. Explain how life is able to adhere to the laws of thermodynamics and accomplish the following
life processes:
a. Growth Living organisms are able to grow as long as cells grow which survive by several inputs,
such as nutrients and oxygen. When cells grow it is typically referring to amount, not size. Cells
multiply by mitosis or meiosis, which require energy to occur. The first law of thermodynamic is
applied in which energy from macromolecules, such as enzymes, are transferred for the cellular
processes can take place, and thus the organism increases in growth.
b. Increase in Order An increase in order would occur when coupling a process that increases
entropy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain how environmental conditions can affect enzyme function. Provide examples.
Environmental factors that can affect enzyme function include enzyme and substrate concentration,
temperature, pH, salinity, activators, and inhibitors. For example, the ideal temperature for enzymes
to work properly is the normal body temperature of 37°C (98.6°F) and if the body temperature
increases or decreases at a high rate, the enzymes will change and they will no longer be of any use
to the body. Another example would be the salinity, which is the concentration of salt. Change in
salinity disrupts bonds and enzymes are intolerant of extreme

Time's Arrow by Martin Amis
Time's Arrow by Martin Amis
The human being is an analytical creature. From scientists to philosophers to star–crossed teenaged
lovers, the human is internally motivated to understand the world around him. That world provides
countless puzzles for the human to solve, whether these puzzles lie in the forests of the heart, the
laws of mathematics or the annals of history. However, some of the most unfathomable aspects of
this world have been entirely created by humans. The Holocaust is one of the most unfathomable
events in human history. Countless documentaries, pieces of literature, psychological analyses and
films have explored the topic in an attempt to understand exactly how humans could commit such
terrible atrocities against ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S. Eddington awarded the second law of thermodynamics "the supreme position among the laws of
Nature" since it alone was responsible for what he was the first to call "time's arrow"... The
directionality of time that results from entropy's increase, Eddington points out, is intimately
installed in our awareness of ourselves in the world, confirmed by human reason, and dependent
upon the fact that there are multiple parts to be organized or disordered (Menke, 970).
Therefore, Eddington claims that the directionality of time is inherently within the human
awareness. Human beings are essentially rational creatures who have an inborn need to make sense
of the ever–increasing disorder in the world around them. We use the constant forward linear march
of time to establish order in a disordered universe in which entropy continually increases.
The Holocaust threatens our attempts to maintain this illusion of order. The extermination at Nazi
camps like Auschwitz was at the same time the most entropic and ordered event in all of human
history. Never before had death, destruction, and the process of dehumanization (all

Lord Kelvin Contributions
William Thomson also known as Lord Kelvin, is a chemist that is famous for Devising the absolute
temperature scale, now called the Kelvin scale. He also formulated the second law of
thermodynamics. Thomson was given a good education at home by his own father. Thomson was
the second child out of four children. Also, his mother passed away when he was at the age of six.
Thomson suffered from heart problems at the age of 9 and even came close to death. Thomson's
biggest contribution to his area of expertise was the kelvin scale and the second law of
thermodynamics. Thomson knew that it would be easier to define extremely low temperatures
precisely. Therefore, Thomson made the Kelvin scale where he noted that molecules stop moving at
absolute zero and made and absolute temperature scale which is the kelvin scale where absolute zero
is 0 Kelvin. Thomson had a major role in making the second law of thermodynamics. The law states
that heat will not flow from a colder body to a hotter body. It was actually first formulated to explain
how a steam engine works. In conclusion, William Thomson, also, known as Lord Kelvin was a
famous chemist who had an extraordinary career that had a great impact on chemistry.
Anytime you use your five senses such as seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and tasteing involves
chemicals and chemistry. They all involve chemical reactions and interactions in a person's body.
Although, with a larger range of topics, it's important to know about chemistry

The First Law Of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and energy transfer, more specifically how heat transfer relates
to energy changes within a system. The laws of thermodynamics were developed to predict and
outline behaviors of thermodynamic processes (5). The First Law of Thermodynamics states that
"the change in a system 's internal energy is equal to the difference between heat added to the system
from its surroundings and work done by the system on its surroundings" (5). The idea behind this is
conservation of energy, meaning all energy in and out of a system must be accounted for. If energy
is added to a system in the form of heat, it must be used. If heat is added to a system, the system
either performs work (an exothermic process) or changes internal energy (an endothermic process)
(4). Enthalpy, a thermodynamic potential, is the measure of the energy within this system. The
change in enthalpy, H, must be measured in order to find out how energy is transferred throughout a
system. If H has a positive value, the system is endothermic and it will keep the added heat,
increasing its internal energy. If H has a negative value, it means the system lost heat or "did work"
when energy was put into the system, so the system is exothermic (3). Gibbs Free Energy, G, is the
maximum amount of energy or enthalpy available to do work. The decrease in Gibbs Free Energy is
equivalent to the work done by a system to its surroundings, excluding pressure work (5). A negative
G is required for a

What The Two Basic Types Of Feedback Loops Are Positive...
1. Explain what the two basic types of feedback loops are and how they work, please give an
example for each.
The two basic types of feedback loops are positive feedback and negative feedback. Positive
feedback is a loop that perpetuates itself; that is, the product of the loop drives the process on. An
example of this is the relationship between rising global temperatures and arctic methane release.
Large pockets of methane gas are embedded in the permafrost of the Arctic region and global
warming has caused accelerated melting of the ice there, resulting in the release of the stored
methane. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas and, upon entering the atmosphere, contributes to
global warming itself and further contributes to the melting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The classic example of this model is the story of the Indian rice story. A king challenged a traveler to
a game of chess and, if the traveler won, he could ask for any reward he would like. The traveler
asked to be paid in rice, starting with one grain on the first day and doubling in amount each
subsequent day for the rest of his life. Thinking this was a small request, the king agreed and lost.
However, what he did not realize is by the twentieth day, the king would be paying the traveler one
million grains of rice. This demonstrates the powerful effect of exponential growth on a population
size. Doubling time is the length of time it takes for a population to double in size. Earth's human
population has seen decreasing double times over the last millennium as a result of human
exponential growth. Starting from the year 1171, it took 544 years to double our population from
375 million to 750 million. Afterward, it took 166 years to double our population to 1.5 billion
people. Next, it took 79 years to double to 3 billion and then only 39 years to double once more to 6
billion people on Earth by 1999.¹ The onset of the Industrial Revolution and advances in agriculture
and medicine have all made profound contributions to the human exponential population growth by
reducing the environmental and resource limitations that previously kept our population growth in
check.

Compare Catcher In The Rye And Arcadia
It is said that your experiences during childhood shape whether you belief there is hope for the
human race. Both Salinger and Stoppard having faced difficulties in life what with Stoppard's family
having to flee from the Nazi's when he was only 2 and his father dying a prisoner of war when he
was only 4 whilst Salinger had difficulties fitting in in schools,taking measures to conform, such as
calling himself Jerry, and having dropped out of multiple schools after being called a 'mediocre'
student just like his protagonist Holden. These experiences shaped these authors outlook on life and
how they wrote. Both Arcadia and The Catcher In The Rye seem to investigate how 'hellish' of a
place the world really is. They don't give the world a chance to defend itself, a chance to show the
good possibilities it can offer. Instead they focus on death,decay and chaos. The lack of hope in
humanity can explain the insanity and the mental breakdown portrayed by the characters. Stoppard
in his play engages with the chaos theory.A central tenet of the chaos theory is that predicting the
behaviour of a physical object is complicated by the fact that even small events can have very large
effects. Tiny differences in input could quickly become overwhelming differences in output. A
phenomenon given the name 'sensitive dependence on initial conditions'. Arcadia's more intelligent
characters seem to understand this concept as Septimus's declamation of disorder into disorder and
the

The Three Laws Of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics...
Thermodynamics is a branch in physics that deal with heat and temperature and how they are related
with energy and work. There are 3 laws of thermodynamics which are used almost every day and
some of them are present in our body.
Thermoregulation:
Thermoregulation is process by which our body keeps our internal body temperature constant. Our
optimum body temperature is 37°C to 40°C. Whenever our body temperature increases or decreases
our internal system brings our temperature back to normal.
As the second law of thermodynamics states, "the energy will spread from a high concentration to
low concentration or heat moves from high temperature to low temperature", similarly when our
body temperature increases our internal system tries to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Higher the entropy the more disordered is the system. As the second law of thermodynamics states,
"the entropy of a system will either increase or remain the same."
Entropy can be used in monitoring a patient's EEG. EEG is Electroencephalography which is a
method used to record a patient's electric activity of the brain. It measure the voltage fluctuation of
ionic current within the neurons of the brain.
Mainly there are two entropy parameters, the fast–reacting Response Entropy (RE) and the more
steady and robust State Entropy (ST). State entropy consists of the entropy of the EEG signals 32
Hz. Response Entropy includes high frequencies up to 47 Hz.
Advantages:
1. Depth of anesthesia used
2. Possibility for the reduction of anesthetic related side effects.
Disadvantages:
1. It is necessary to understand the theoretical foundations that are associated with the design–
which includes basic understanding the relation between GA and consciousness.
Heat:
Heat is the energy that is transferred to and from its surroundings. In medicine heat is used in
treating cancer in two ways hyperthermia and gold nanoparticles.

The, The Irate Lord Is Thermodynamic Standard
In Rifkin 's cosmology, the irate Lord is thermodynamic standard. The principal law of
thermodynamics holds that all vitality is limited, always showing signs of change structure. The
second law holds that vitality dependably moves toward harmony.
As Rifkin focuses out, water streams toward a typical level, and soon thereafter it can no more fall
through a turbine. On the widespread scale, there apparently are no tides to keep the level oceans in
conceivably helpful movement, nor any vanishing to keep hot air rising and poo spouting
descending in interminability.
The universe is not keep running by the handyman 's proverb by any means. Each time vitality is
utilized, a specific sum is lost as warmth. Heat cools and is gone always, a ... Show more content on
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Entropy is somewhat clearly the primal reason for our vitality emergency: we are blazing fossil
powers we can 't supplant, while the supposed atomic arrangement will require more vitality to
develop and keep up than it can ever be relied upon to come back to us.
Entropy, Rifkin additionally contends, is for the most part in charge of not just social and monetary
issues clearly coming about because of the vitality emergency, additionally for issues felt much
sooner than fossil fills ran rare. Issues of scale, for occurrence: a wrongdoing rate duplicating
geometrically as urban areas increment in size. An educational system weakening subjectively, even
as it quantitatively develops.
Here entropy gets to be not a conspicuous, quickly obvious physical rule, but rather an illustration
for what happens when establishments develop so extensive that, as with some parts of the interstate
thruway framework, a bigger number of assets most be spent on upkeep than upon really doing
whatever they should do in any case. The weapons contest, the populace blast, and our present
malignancy scourge, Rifkin cases, are all entropy exemplified.
Maybe, to a degree, since some entropy is inescapable. Yet, the connection between the amount of
data our schools confer and the amount of vitality their physical upkeep exhausts is dubious, no
doubt. We may take the same assets and contract an individual coach for each tyke on low
maintenance

The Sun is a Star in the Universe
A star in the universe, the sun is a giant nuclear fusion reactor. Combining hydrogen to form helium,
the sun generates a great amount of energy. Radiation from the sun catalyzes or directly supplies
most of the natural energy systems on earth. The sun causes the air in the atmosphere to warm up,
setting temperature differentials that generate wind. Major patterns of winds are due to the earth's
rotation about its axis and the day–night cycles of solar heating and subsequent cooling.
Earth is very different from the other planets in the universe in the way that the planet possess
complex systems that dissipate and maximize the use of the abundant energy available from the sun
that are missing on other planets. Life on earth is in general an open system that is supported by
these complex systems and the continuous flow of energy from the sun. We as a part of the earth and
these smaller complex systems share a task of maximizing the use of this energy available to us in
abundance. Nations around the world are battling over the apparent scarcity of energy and resources
which could be termed as inability to use the abundant free energy that is available to us.
The natural ecosystems on the earth are complex adaptive systems that use sunlight to manufacture
outputs that are used by other systems to survive. The plants process the sunlight through
photosynthesis (known as Photosyntherically Active Radiation (PAR)) to produce oxygen that is
used by the living organisms to

Self Reflection: I Am Me And I Am Me
If you walk continuously along a straight path, you will never be found again. But on a cyclic path,
you come back repeatedly at the starting point and eventually cover endless distance, provided the
energy and system remain intact. Interestingly, most phenomena occurring in nature favour a cyclic
rather than straight path.
Apart from gigantic celestial bodies, it is surprising that microscopic subatomic particles inside
matter like electrons are also moving in orbits around the nucleus of the atom. These are all energy
particles and are responsible for matter formation and destruction.
Who am I?
That is a simple question, yet it is one without a simple answer. I am many things–I am a man and I
am a former baby and a future skeleton, and I am a distant future pile of dust.
I am– is a concept and thought and feeling and outfit. I am me and I am myself.. I am this and I am
that. I am everything and I am nothing. I am my own worst critic. I am going to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The true purpose of self–reflection is to correct our mistaken thoughts and actions, and learn from
them, thereby creating a more constructive life. Self–reflection is not just the simple act of
discovering past mistakes and making up for these mistakes, like resetting a negative to zero. The
ultimate objective of self–reflection is the development of a more positive self and the realization of
a utopia on earth as the fulfilment of God's will."
Disappointment's cousin is Frustration. It takes billions of years to create a human being. And it
takes only a few seconds to die. The only thing standing between you and your dreams is ...
reluctance. Every man has forgotten who he is. One may understand the cosmos, but never the ego;
the self is more distant than any star. I have never, in all my life, not for one moment, been tempted
toward religion of any kind. The fact is that I feel no spiritual void. I have my philosophy of

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