Corruption in the education sector www.transparency.org TI Working Paper # 04/2009 accompanied by monitoring and adequate capacity building measures. With more people and administrative levels involved in education finance, opportunities for fraud and corruption have also risen. Reforms can create confusion about respective responsibilities and resource flows, leaving those within the education system unclear about the changes and their rights under the new system. Budget allocation. Countries with high levels of corruption invest less in public services, leaving the education sector under-funded.7 Resources may be channelled from schools in need, especially in rural areas, to those that are already privileged, such as in more urban regions. Funding also may be allocated based on where there are greater opportunities for private gain. Large contracts for building schools, buying textbooks or running meal programmes offer the potential for kickbacks, bribery, nepotism and favouritism. In addition, allocations to schools may be made using falsified data, such as inflated enrolment numbers. This uneven distribution of resources tends to benefit better-off students to the detriment of the poor and affects the equity of a nation’s education system. Off- budget allocations are particularly risky, especially when foreign donors provide direct financing to schools and bypass government departments or civil society organisations (CSOs) that could act as intermediaries.8 Budget execution. Earmarked resources may never reach schools and universities. In schools studied in Ghana and Uganda as part of TI’s Africa Education Watch, it was common to find payments each term delayed up to one year (see sidebar). Instead, finances may be embezzled by officials, misused in rigged tenders, or lost to administrative inefficiencies. Contract specifications may target a specific supplier and closed tendering processes may exclude potential bidders or lead to inflated prices. The extent of these 'resource leakages' can be sizable. According to countries surveyed by the World Bank, between 10 and 87 percent of non-wage spending on primary education is lost.9 As a result, textbooks may be of poor quality and insufficient quantity, the building infrastructure of teaching institutions may collapse, toilets may not be built and learning materials may go undelivered (see sidebar on pg. 4). Use of education resources. Funds that reach schools may not be used according to their intended purpose. Textbooks may be sold instead of being freely distributed, illegal payments may be made by school authorities using falsified receipts or the quantity of goods purchased may be inflated. Counteracting these abuses is further complicated when book keeping at the school-level is not audited or conducted at all. Findings from Morocco and Niger suggest 64 percent of primary schools lack any accounting system.10 What can be done? Transparency and access to information are essential to control
State Policies To Expand Education Options Oct 2008nmartin7136
Presentation for local and state leaders on expanding education options for struggling students and disconnected youth- NYEC Learning Exchange in Austin, TX, Oct. 2008
Corruption in the education sector www.transparency.org TI Working Paper # 04/2009 accompanied by monitoring and adequate capacity building measures. With more people and administrative levels involved in education finance, opportunities for fraud and corruption have also risen. Reforms can create confusion about respective responsibilities and resource flows, leaving those within the education system unclear about the changes and their rights under the new system. Budget allocation. Countries with high levels of corruption invest less in public services, leaving the education sector under-funded.7 Resources may be channelled from schools in need, especially in rural areas, to those that are already privileged, such as in more urban regions. Funding also may be allocated based on where there are greater opportunities for private gain. Large contracts for building schools, buying textbooks or running meal programmes offer the potential for kickbacks, bribery, nepotism and favouritism. In addition, allocations to schools may be made using falsified data, such as inflated enrolment numbers. This uneven distribution of resources tends to benefit better-off students to the detriment of the poor and affects the equity of a nation’s education system. Off- budget allocations are particularly risky, especially when foreign donors provide direct financing to schools and bypass government departments or civil society organisations (CSOs) that could act as intermediaries.8 Budget execution. Earmarked resources may never reach schools and universities. In schools studied in Ghana and Uganda as part of TI’s Africa Education Watch, it was common to find payments each term delayed up to one year (see sidebar). Instead, finances may be embezzled by officials, misused in rigged tenders, or lost to administrative inefficiencies. Contract specifications may target a specific supplier and closed tendering processes may exclude potential bidders or lead to inflated prices. The extent of these 'resource leakages' can be sizable. According to countries surveyed by the World Bank, between 10 and 87 percent of non-wage spending on primary education is lost.9 As a result, textbooks may be of poor quality and insufficient quantity, the building infrastructure of teaching institutions may collapse, toilets may not be built and learning materials may go undelivered (see sidebar on pg. 4). Use of education resources. Funds that reach schools may not be used according to their intended purpose. Textbooks may be sold instead of being freely distributed, illegal payments may be made by school authorities using falsified receipts or the quantity of goods purchased may be inflated. Counteracting these abuses is further complicated when book keeping at the school-level is not audited or conducted at all. Findings from Morocco and Niger suggest 64 percent of primary schools lack any accounting system.10 What can be done? Transparency and access to information are essential to control
State Policies To Expand Education Options Oct 2008nmartin7136
Presentation for local and state leaders on expanding education options for struggling students and disconnected youth- NYEC Learning Exchange in Austin, TX, Oct. 2008
Two sides of indian higher education: government and private educationAnup Singh
This presentation points out that Indian private education in the higher education sector is growing fast. However, it suffers from lack of government support. Rather control becomes a pretext for harassment. it also describes the dynamics of malaise in higher education: both government and private. It provides some suggestions for effective regulation of higher education
Philippines Education Industry Trends, Share, Size, Developments and Future O...Ken Research Pvt ltd.
Philippines Education Industry Outlook to 2018 – Next Wave of Growth Driven by Test Preparation, Teacher Training and Vocational Training Segment presents a comprehensive analysis of the industry covering aspects including market size in terms of revenues, enrollments, establishments and faculty-student ratio. The report also entails a detailed analysis of the market segmentation on the basis of K-12, higher education, technical and vocational training, test preparation, private tutoring, e-learning and teacher training and education by different categories on the basis of revenues, enrollments and establishments. The report provides the company profiles of the major players operating in the test preparation, technical-vocational training, teacher training and education, K-12, higher education and e-learning market in Philippines. The report also highlights the major trends and developments of all the segments in Philippines education industry over the years. Future analysis of the industry along with its various market segments is provided on the basis of revenues over the next five years.
Philippines education industry has showcased a significant growth in the past decade owing to the adoption of the enhanced basic education model. The financial support and aid from the foreign countries such as Australia, Canada, US and others have been aiding the Philippines government in restructuring the education system in the country. The several programs and initiatives have been taken by the Philippines government to improve the quality of education in the country. The increasing investments by the government and other local and foreign agencies for the provision of universal access to quality education at all levels to the Filipinos are likely to boost the total number of enrollments and establishments in the education industry in Philippines.
California Charter school overview March 2019 Gulen Cemaat
https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Detail/3975
New State Superintendent of Education Tony Thurmond has selected a Charter School Task force that will work under the Legislative Analyst Office on the financial impact that charter schools may have on California Public School Districts.
There is too much fraud and it must stop. 1 out of 5 charter schools in California will close by it's 5th year. Most operate under Non-Profit status yet make huge profits and pay hefty administrative salaries.
Most Charter Schools in California claim they perform at a superior level but the fact is they perform no better and in many ways they fail students academic future.
Two sides of indian higher education: government and private educationAnup Singh
This presentation points out that Indian private education in the higher education sector is growing fast. However, it suffers from lack of government support. Rather control becomes a pretext for harassment. it also describes the dynamics of malaise in higher education: both government and private. It provides some suggestions for effective regulation of higher education
Philippines Education Industry Trends, Share, Size, Developments and Future O...Ken Research Pvt ltd.
Philippines Education Industry Outlook to 2018 – Next Wave of Growth Driven by Test Preparation, Teacher Training and Vocational Training Segment presents a comprehensive analysis of the industry covering aspects including market size in terms of revenues, enrollments, establishments and faculty-student ratio. The report also entails a detailed analysis of the market segmentation on the basis of K-12, higher education, technical and vocational training, test preparation, private tutoring, e-learning and teacher training and education by different categories on the basis of revenues, enrollments and establishments. The report provides the company profiles of the major players operating in the test preparation, technical-vocational training, teacher training and education, K-12, higher education and e-learning market in Philippines. The report also highlights the major trends and developments of all the segments in Philippines education industry over the years. Future analysis of the industry along with its various market segments is provided on the basis of revenues over the next five years.
Philippines education industry has showcased a significant growth in the past decade owing to the adoption of the enhanced basic education model. The financial support and aid from the foreign countries such as Australia, Canada, US and others have been aiding the Philippines government in restructuring the education system in the country. The several programs and initiatives have been taken by the Philippines government to improve the quality of education in the country. The increasing investments by the government and other local and foreign agencies for the provision of universal access to quality education at all levels to the Filipinos are likely to boost the total number of enrollments and establishments in the education industry in Philippines.
California Charter school overview March 2019 Gulen Cemaat
https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Detail/3975
New State Superintendent of Education Tony Thurmond has selected a Charter School Task force that will work under the Legislative Analyst Office on the financial impact that charter schools may have on California Public School Districts.
There is too much fraud and it must stop. 1 out of 5 charter schools in California will close by it's 5th year. Most operate under Non-Profit status yet make huge profits and pay hefty administrative salaries.
Most Charter Schools in California claim they perform at a superior level but the fact is they perform no better and in many ways they fail students academic future.
Shift Happens! The Move to Multi-Channel Retail (Owjo preso)WorldNet
Presentation given by Karl James of Owjo on supporting commerce within Facebook. This presentation was given as part of the Shift Happens! seminar on the move to multi-channel retail. The event was organised by WorldNet in the Guinness Stirehouse on 5th May 2011.
The shift to multi-channel online retailing - from pure eCommerce to also embrace mobile & social payments. Given by John Clarke of WorldNet at the Shift Happens! event, held in the Guinness Storehouse, Dublin, on 5th May 2011.
Americans believe a college education is worth the money, but they don’t believe college is affordable and don’t know where to go to get reliable information about financial aid, according to the findings of an extensive research study conducted on behalf of a broad coalition of higher education associations and institutions. The study identifies a wide gap between what the public knows about financing higher education and what it believes it knows. The study overwhelmingly showed that the public is not aware of how much financial aid is available to help meet college bills or where to find it. They also greatly overestimate the price of attending college. Overall, the study revealed six key findings:
- The public worries a great deal about the price of college. Seventy-one percent of those surveyed believe that college is too expensive. Additionally, 79 percent of African Americans and 82 percent of Hispanics are more likely to think that college is not affordable.
- Despite the public’s worries about the affordability of higher education in general and a positive self-assessment of their personal ability to afford it, the public has a distorted view of what it costs to attend college — thinking it costs considerably more than it does.
- Fifty-five percent of those surveyed do not think colleges try to keep the amount they charge at affordable levels for families, and 80 percent think colleges and universities make a profit.
Myths and Realities about Paying for College
Myth: You really don’t need college to be a success — look at Bill Gates.
Reality: Bill Gates’ story is exceptional. Today, the average annual income of male fulltime workers with a bachelor’s degree is over 50 percent higher than for those with a high school diploma. Those with an associate degree earn 20 percent more than high school graduates. The earnings differentials are larger for women. Today, some postsecondary education or training is necessary for almost every good job.
Myth: Only minorities get extra help.
Reality: Very little aid is awarded solely on the basis of students’ race or ethnicity. Generally, students from racial or ethnic minority groups are more likely to receive scholarships because they are more likely to have financial need.
Myth: Community colleges offer only vocational education.
Reality: Community colleges provide a wide range of educational options, all at a low cost to students. Open admissions, nearby locations, a wide array of courses, flexible class schedules, and low tuition prices make community colleges readily accessible for everyone.
Myth: There is no basis for the soaring increase in college prices.
Reality: Colleges are trying to do even better, searching for new and innovative ways to cut costs and minimize tuition increases.
Source: https://ebookscheaper.com/2022/05/03/a-college-education-is-a-sound-investment/
Digital Finance and Innovations in Education: Workshop ReportCGAP
CGAP’s Digital Finance Plus initiative convened a workshop in Nairobi on 7 April 2016 aimed at bringing together stakeholders interested in the opportunities for digital finance to improve the affordability of education for low-income households. This document captures themes from the workshop presentations and design thinking session.
A College Education Has Become An Essential Part Of The American Dreamnoblex1
A college education has become an essential part of the American Dream for millions of families. Indeed, extensive polling and focus group research conducted by our coalition of higher education associations in the last year clearly demonstrates that the public overwhelmingly believes higher education is vitally important for personal success. Furthermore, they believe that all children should have the chance to attend postsecondary education and, despite the high price, that college is a "good value" for the money.
On the other hand, the public also is greatly concerned about the affordability of higher education, believes it is too expensive, and thinks that the price can be brought down without affecting academic quality. The public vastly overestimates the price of higher education at all types of colleges and dramatically underestimates the amount of financial aid that is available to help meet college bills. They don't know where student aid comes from or how to apply for it. Nor does the public understand why college prices increase. Most worrisome, perhaps, they think college leaders are indifferent to their concerns about the price of attending college. Our research also demonstrates that Americans worry about financing a college education. The lack of knowledge about paying for college is most acute among at-risk populations — first-generation college students, low-income families, and members of minority groups.
The great divergence between the value that the public places on having access to higher education and the lack of information they have about what it costs and how to afford it — what we call "the knowledge gap" — is deeply troubling. No one with a commitment to higher education can be satisfied with the news that the public is so poorly informed about issues of choice and access. It is surely a danger signal that the public believes college officials are indifferent to their fears about being able to afford a postsecondary education for their children.
THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL COALITION
What can be done? We believe that two related steps are absolutely essential. First, colleges and universities must redouble their efforts to explain college costs, the prices that students are charged, the amount and sources of financial aid that are available, and the options for financing a college education. We must reach out to a broad range of business, community, and religious organizations and solicit their support in improving public understanding.
Second, and no less important, colleges and universities must take strong steps to manage and contain costs, share innovative and successful cost management strategies, expand efforts to explain why costs increase on campuses, and talk candidly about the steps that have been taken to reduce costs and improve efficiency.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/a-college-education-has-become-an-essential-part-of-the-american-dream/
The Effect of Financial Management on the Learning Ability of Students in.pdfssuser793b4e
This review explores the crucial nexus between financial
management and the learning environment within government-aided primary
schools in Ibanda Municipality, Uganda. Education in developing nations
heavily depends on the efficient allocation and utilization of funds, directly
impacting the quality of education and overall learning experience for
students. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of selected schools in
Ibanda Municipality, this review investigates the diverse financial
management strategies employed and their subsequent influence on essential
educational components, including infrastructure, teaching resources, and
student welfare. This review research revealed that there is a direct correlation
between effective financial management and the overall enhancement of the
learning environment. Schools with robust financial planning mechanisms
demonstrate improved infrastructure, better teacher-student ratios, and
enhanced availability of educational resources whereas those schools facing
financial constraints struggle to survive financially which affects the quality
of education. Moreover, this review sheds light on the challenges faced by
schools in resource allocation and highlights potential solutions to enhance
financial sustainability. It emphasizes the need for strategic financial
planning, transparent budgeting, and community involvement to ensure the
effective utilization of limited resources.
Parents’ perspective on top priorities of EFA given at the IAU Workshop on higher education for EFA held in Nairobi, Kenya, on 24-25 January 2013. Presented by Juliah Wanjiku Nduati, Communications Officer, Kenya National Association of Parent.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
IAU_KU_2011_Gichuhi
1. Financing access and equity in Kenya
Alternative Methods for the Poor
Loise Gichuhi (PhD)
University of Nairobi
lopawer2@gmail.com, loise.wambui@uonbi.ac.ke
IAU
Strategies for securing Equity in Access and success in
Higher Education
16-18 November 2011
Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya
2. Background to the presentation
Rising demand for higher education has been
documented allover the world (Global Education Digest,
2011)
The number of students pursuing tertiary education has
tremendously increased over the past 40 years
In Sub – Saharan Africa ,the growth has been equally
noted, yet the region lags behind other regions in terms
of total HE student numbers.
The growth of HE system that is noted in Sub- Saharan
Africa has considerable strain and would be difficult to
be maintained unless the economies get new strategies,
significant amount of funding, to maintain the numbers
and enroll new numbers.
3. Background cont…
Broadening access to higher education has massive cost
implications for governments especially in developing
countries and post- conflict countries.
Higher education budget has been very high in
comparison to other sectors.
The per capita expenditure at higher education is very
high.
Options to reduce expenditure are limited and
It raises the question of sustainability of the expansion
trend in Higher education
Higher education is very expensive and there is a
threshold level of expansion that will reduce the
per capita expenditure *
4. Background cont… benefits of education
Education has both economic and non –economic
benefits
Investing substantially and efficiently in human
capital brings sustainable development
But…
The distribution of education matters
The financing strategies skewed harms the education
achievement
Policy environment matters greatly, on education financing ,
on who should benefit from funds,
5. Background cont… Kenyan context
To achieve the education benefits the stakeholders in the human
development sector must be identified and play a proactive role in
access and equity.
The government is a major stakeholder allover the world
It is always expected that the government has the responsibility to
finance education. This expectation among other factors has
translated into high budgetary allocations .
In Kenya the GER at University level is estimated to be 9.8 % , with
a budget allocation of Kshs 193 billion in 2010/2011 up from Kshs
11 billion in 2007/2008
The allocation to higher education available spaces is based on
student performance at secondary level
6. Background cont..
Basing allocation on ability is assumed to be the most
efficient method but …
The secondary school sector in Kenya is not homogenous, a lot of
differences are noted in terms of quality.. Infrastructure, number of
staff, teacher/pupil ratio, day schools , entry qualifications, boarding
schools, national schools, some regions are perennially doing well
than others . Hence access and equity issues are well noticed at
secondary levels
Ability to perform also depends on the household income due to both
direct and hidden costs among other factors like parental education ,
aspirations etc.
What are the implications to this trend in developing
country context, poor households ?
Who should finance Higher education?
7. Who pays for higher education
Recent education financing policy in Kenya often favor to
divert resources from higher education to primary level
of education
The policy favors full recovery from students in higher
education.
Cost recovery methods have diverstating inequality in
maintaining access and participation especially for the
marginalized; poor, minority, rural , undeserved
populations etc
The government mode of financing has been through
HELB ( inception since 1995), Bursary, and Scholarships
8. HELB
Over 300,000 students have been financed by 2011
Targets both government and privately sponsored
students within the East African community
The repayment rate depends on the year of graduation,
those who graduated between 1974/75 and 1994/95
academic years repay at a rate of 2%, those who took loan
from 1995/96 academic year to date repay at 4% per
annum.
The loan amounts to 52,000 plus 8,000 bursary.
Due to large numbers , majority of students receive
35,000 per year divided into two semesters with 8,000
paid directly to the university.
9. HELB cont..
Implications
Money is very little to maintain a student “comfortably”
Student Living conditions are very poor
access , participation and quality is affected… students hardly
buys essential materials not available in the libraries.
Default cases are many largely due to unemployment hence the
government keeps on pumping more money………
overstretching the government efforts
10. Bursaries
Targeted bursaries
CDF
LATIF
These have played a significant role but challenges
have been noted especially politics, MPs are the
patrons.
Too little which is not consistent throughout the
college life
11. Focus of the study
Alternative methods to
finance education
(Private expenditure on education)
12. Localization of data
My discussion is based on a rural set up , primarily
on two rural districts
The districts are unique due to the heterogeneous
nature of the population in terms of the income
levels. One, Kieni West district is categorized as
ASAL- arid and semi arid regions, the other one,
Nyeri south h is proximity to the municipality and
the water per capita is sufficiently high in
comparison to the Kieni West.
13. Sampling
Systematic sampling was used to get representative
household with at least one university student
Radom sampling was used to get 50 and 100
students from the two districts
Data was collected using interviews for the parents
and questionnaires for the students
Kikuyu language was used predominantly for the
parents interview
15. Parents findings
All parents expressed the desire for their children to access
university education
They appreciate the role of the government in the provision of
education.
They expressed optimism on the role of the government to finance
education especially because of the twin government project of
FPE and SSE which to them is a sign of well intentioned vision.
The parents hopes that the government can expand its role as it has
the capability of finding alternatives to finance education.
Parents were aware on the role of demographic on the financing of
education , especially where the household size is high and
distributed in all the education sectors; primary , secondary and
tertiary and university.
16. Parents findings cont…
Cited alternative methods:
Savings
Sell possessions
Piece of land
Goats/cows
Cars/bicycles
Firm products
- Family members
- Older siblings
- Others
- Friends
17. Parents findings cont…
Loan from big banks
Loan from Sacco's
Loan from friends
Work part time
Harambee
CDF,LATIF
18. Observations
A very high willingness to pay but low ability to pay
Parents value education of their children depicted by
various ways they try to bridge the government
financing fund.
The opportunity cost of many of the methods cited is
enormous noted that the household are poor and
some of the property they have might be the only
available for the household,
With an average household size of 5 children it is
difficult to comprehend what they would
continuously sell for all the children
19. Observations cont…
The willingness to pay should be differentiated from
ability to pay.
Employment creation can motivate parents to seek
for strategies of financing HE
Households should be treated differently even
among the poor.
Some households have other external sources and if
the receive CDF or LATF it would be double payment
Sustainable development is important in all regions
to boost the income levels of the household
20. Students -Findings
The students sampled were critical of the government
ways of financing HE
However, they appreciate HELB funds and they expect it
to increase in future to reflect the cost of living.
They are sympathetic with the funding situations parents
find themselves in especially when they are many in a
household.
They wished the HELB is given as per course cost. Unit
cost analysis ,
Some courses are more expensive than others.
Needy students should identified well and more money
allocated.
21. Alternative financing methods
Cited methods
Important to note that the methods cited are only short
term and they vary from the ones cited by their parents.
Residing with parents ( if the college is within reach)
Renting residents as a group
Minimize on leisure
Cooking own food in the halls of residence ( time implications…
quality
Part time jobs ( even when full time)
Full time job , differ studies
Petition HELB for more money
Short term debts from friends
Parents finance
Undisclosed sources***********
22. Methods cont…
Small business operations
Selling food to students through a proxy
Selling, stationary and air time, Mpesa
Selling old cloths and shoes
Washing clothes, rooms for colleagues
Plaiting hair and washing
Ironing clothes for collegues
Rent out the university rooms and live with parents
23. Observations
Students understands the benefits of education to
them and their parents
They understand the role played by the government
in HE
They are critical on the distribution of governments
funds and the suggested that transparent and
accountable distribution procedures
Better methods of identifying the needy cases
especially in underprivileged situations should be
identified
24. Conclusion
A well-designed system of private fees and targeted financial
assistance for less advantaged students can contribute to
overcoming inequalities in access and distribution of students
who benefit from Higher education
A discussion on private expenditure/ household expenditure
on education would not be balanced without considering
equity issues in both access and success.
Shifting the education financial burden to parents might have
long term implications and make education for chosen
privileged few.
Both parents and the students have short term alternative
methods that are not sustainable
Long term innovative methods are required to supplement the
government efforts in financing HE
25. Thank you for your time
QUESTIONS , COMMENTS, SUGGESTIONS