The document summarizes research conducted on utilizing foundry waste sand as a masonry mortar. Three types of foundry waste sand were tested: burnt black sand, weathered sand, and currently used sand. Their physical properties were compared to local construction sand. Specimens were cast to test compressive strength of masonry mortar mixes with the different sands. Compressive strengths for local sand were 5.10, 3.70, and 3.80 N/mm2, while strengths for weathered sand were 4.60, 2.95, and 3.23 N/mm2, meeting the required minimum of 3-5 N/mm2. This indicates foundry waste sand can be
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Experimental Study On Rice Husk As Fine Aggregates In Concretetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A REPORT ON PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This research work is to examine the partial replacement of cement in concrete mistreatment rice husk ash. It involved the study of strength properties of the concrete with totally different proportions of rice husk ash as partial replacement in cement. Methods: The major problem sweet-faced by the globe nowadays is that the environmental pollution. In the industry, mainly the production of cement can cause the emission of pollutants that includes a nice impact on atmosphere. This can be reduced by the magnified usage of business by-products within the industry. Findings: In this present study, to produce the concrete, Portland cement is partially substituted with Rice husk ash. Different ratios of partial replacement is done like 1/3, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken to prepare completely different mixes. The concrete specimens are tested for their compressive strength, split tensile strength take a look at and flexural strength test at the age of seven and twenty eight days.
Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Concreteijsrd.com
Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the industry has been the focus of research for economic, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. This waste-product is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use in the industry. X-ray diffractometry determination of composition and presence of crystalline material, scanning electron microscopy/EDAX examination of morphology of particles, as well as physical properties and refractoriness of bagasse ash has been studied.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE...IAEME Publication
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development.Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.
Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of ConcreteIEI GSC
Presentation on Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of Concrete by Tirth Doshi guided by Dr Urmil Dave & Prof Tejas Joshi at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
A STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio thataffects the properties of alkali activated fly ash
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted atechnology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test themain aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of newmaterials later on to the concreteindustry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix isprepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at roresponse variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation ofGeopolymer concrete propertieswhich are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, theactivator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to otheractivator ratios. There is substantial gain incompressive strength of fly ash geopolymerconcrete with age.Improvements:Thisworkcan beenhancedforvariousmolaritiesundervarioustemperaturesandvariousactivator ratios.
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Experimental Study On Rice Husk As Fine Aggregates In Concretetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A REPORT ON PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This research work is to examine the partial replacement of cement in concrete mistreatment rice husk ash. It involved the study of strength properties of the concrete with totally different proportions of rice husk ash as partial replacement in cement. Methods: The major problem sweet-faced by the globe nowadays is that the environmental pollution. In the industry, mainly the production of cement can cause the emission of pollutants that includes a nice impact on atmosphere. This can be reduced by the magnified usage of business by-products within the industry. Findings: In this present study, to produce the concrete, Portland cement is partially substituted with Rice husk ash. Different ratios of partial replacement is done like 1/3, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken to prepare completely different mixes. The concrete specimens are tested for their compressive strength, split tensile strength take a look at and flexural strength test at the age of seven and twenty eight days.
Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Concreteijsrd.com
Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the industry has been the focus of research for economic, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. This waste-product is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use in the industry. X-ray diffractometry determination of composition and presence of crystalline material, scanning electron microscopy/EDAX examination of morphology of particles, as well as physical properties and refractoriness of bagasse ash has been studied.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE...IAEME Publication
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development.Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.
Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of ConcreteIEI GSC
Presentation on Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of Concrete by Tirth Doshi guided by Dr Urmil Dave & Prof Tejas Joshi at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
A STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio thataffects the properties of alkali activated fly ash
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted atechnology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test themain aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of newmaterials later on to the concreteindustry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix isprepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at roresponse variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation ofGeopolymer concrete propertieswhich are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, theactivator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to otheractivator ratios. There is substantial gain incompressive strength of fly ash geopolymerconcrete with age.Improvements:Thisworkcan beenhancedforvariousmolaritiesundervarioustemperaturesandvariousactivator ratios.
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL...IAEME Publication
In developing countries, accumulation of unmanaged agricultural waste has resulted in an increased environmental concern. Recycling of such agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. In view of utilization of agricultural waste in concrete and mortar, the present paper reviews, utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop
sustainable concrete and mortar. Various physico-mechanical properties of the concrete and mortar incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash are reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand in the Preparation of Concreteiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Durability Study of Concrete using Foundry Waste Sandijtsrd
Due to ever increasing quantities of waste substances and industrial by products, strong waste management is the high concern in the world. This experimental investigation was performed to consider the energy and sturdiness homes of M20 grades of concrete mixes, in which natural sand was once partial changed with waste foundry sand WFS . Natural sand used to be changed with five percentage 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 of WFS with the aid of weight. A complete of ten concrete mix proportions M 1, M 2, M three and M 4 for M20 grade of concrete with and except WFS have been developed. Compression test, splitting tensile power test and modulus of elasticity have been carried out to evaluate the energy homes of concrete at the age of 7 and 28 days. S. Gopinath | M. Arun "Durability Study of Concrete using Foundry Waste Sand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30958.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30958/durability-study-of-concrete-using-foundry-waste-sand/s-gopinath
EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE INCORPORATING GRANIT...IAEME Publication
An enormous amount of stone dust is produced as a sluggish waste material from the marble and granite stone industry and various operations of stones. It has become a serious problem to the society and environment. Presently, use of river sand confirming to IS 383-1970 has become difficult because of unavailability and costly due to environmental rules and regulations. To overcome this difficulty, an economical alternative can be developed by partial replacement of sand with granite quarry dust (GD) and cement with marble powder (MP) in concrete. In this paper, a study is conducted to investigate the viable use of marble granite residue (MGR) in concrete mixes. Sand is replaced with GD along with cement (OPC grade 43) is replaced with MP as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40% by weight for M25 grade of concrete. To study strength and durability properties of concrete, test on fresh and hardened concrete are conducted for all the mixes. The results show that MGR assimilation results enhancements in the compressive strengths of concrete by replacement up to 20% of GD and 10% of MP without affecting significant characteristics of the mix.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The influence of sintering temperature on the thermal conductivity of rice husk ash refractory is examined in this research. Cylindrical disk made from RHA whose chemical composition measured by XRF were sintered in the temperature range of 1000℃-1400℃. the crystalline phase transformation studied by XRD. The thermal conductivity of these Rice Husk Ash refractory was determined using the hot flux method and values calculated using Fourier’s equation for steady state heat conduction. Porosity and density test were also carried out Result showed that there was an increase in apparent density and conductivity with increasing sintering temperature though the values are still low and satisfactory for most insulation applications. Porosity of rice husk ash refractory decreases with increasing sintering temperature therefore the gains of higher strength from higher sintering temperature are not negated.
Effectiveness of Use of Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Con...IJMER
India is a major rice producing country, and the husk generated during milling is mostly
used as a fuel in the boilers for processing paddy and producing energy through direct combustion.
About 21 million tones of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is produced annually. This RHA is regarded as a waste
and has disposal problem because of the fact that it consumes a vast area for dumping. Lots of ways are
being thought of for disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA. RHA can be used as a
replacement for concrete (5 to 15%).This paper evaluates how different contents of Rice Husk Ash
added to concrete may influence its properties. In this study, cement was replaced by waste RHA as
5%,10% and 15% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive
strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were
compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using waste RHA
as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight of cement
Bagasse ash as a partial replacement to cement. This replacement can improve the properties of cement as well as, it reduces the effects over the environment.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS...IAEME Publication
Objective: The primary objectives of this study are Partial replacement of bagasse ash with cement. Calculation for 7 & 28 days strength. Methods: Concrete with the cement emits CO2 which impacts on environment. Bagasse is the by-product of sugar industries and it is introducing into concrete to find the parameters of strength and waste utilisation. Findings: Environmental impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash introduced into the concrete and the experimental is carried out with replacement of Bagasse ash of (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) is carried out for high strength concrete. Applications: Accordingly the codal provisions followed are IS: 10262, IS 456-2000 respectively this is the new work for the innovation for future which has to be carried out by upcoming generations.
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Per...IJERA Editor
Over 15 million tons of fly ash (FA) and 3 million tons of phospho-gypsum (PG) are produced every year. The utilization of these industrial by-product materials is important in terms of environmental and economical issues are concerned. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating FA and PG in production of concrete .In this study Combination of FA and PG is use as a mineral admixture with, phosphogypsum 0%., 5%,10%, 15% and fly ash is constant as 20% , Last proportion was taken PG- 5% and FA- 25%. . The compressive, tensile and flexural strength are studied by casting and testing specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days. It is shown that a part of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced with PG and FA to develop a good and hardened concrete to achieve economy; above 10% replacement of phosphogypsum and 20% replacement of F in concrete lead to drastic reduction not only in the compressive strength but also in Flexural and split tensile strength of concrete.
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
The Effect of Rise Husk Ash on Strength and Permeability of ConcreteAkshay D Nicator
HA, produced after burning of Rice husks (RH) has high reactivity and pozzolanic property. Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, IS 456- 2000, recommends use of RHA in concrete but does not specify quantities.
Study On Concrete Using Marble Powder Waste As Partial Replacement Of SandIJERA Editor
Marble Waste (Marble sawing powder, and marble sludge or slurry) is a widespread byproduct of marble processing industries. All these wastes are thrown away in the areas near the factories and cause severe environmental problems. The main objective of this study is to explore the possibility of using marble powder waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Since this concrete is prepared with marble powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate (Sand) in four different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and tested for the period of 7days, 28days, 90days curing. This compressive strength compared with the conventional concrete i.e. concrete prepared without marble powder.
Experimental Study on Use of Waste Marble Dust in ConcreteIJERA Editor
Concrete is the most important component used in the construction industry throughout the world, where the
fine aggregate is generally natural sand. The use of sand in construction activities results in the excessive
mining. Due to excessive mining, natural resources are getting exhausted, results in increase in scour depth and
sometimes flood possibility. Thus, it is becoming inevitable to use alternative material in concrete.Marble is one
of the important materials used in the construction industry. Marble powder is produced from processing plants
during the sawing and polishing of marble blocks and about 20 - 25% of the processed marble is turn into
powder form. Disposal of the marble powder material from the marble industry is one of the environmental
problems worldwide today.The present study is aimed at utilizing Waste marble powder construction industry
itself as fine aggregate in concrete, replacing natural sand. The replacement is done partially and fully in the
proportion 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% and its effect on properties of concrete were investigated.
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL...IAEME Publication
In developing countries, accumulation of unmanaged agricultural waste has resulted in an increased environmental concern. Recycling of such agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. In view of utilization of agricultural waste in concrete and mortar, the present paper reviews, utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop
sustainable concrete and mortar. Various physico-mechanical properties of the concrete and mortar incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash are reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand in the Preparation of Concreteiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Durability Study of Concrete using Foundry Waste Sandijtsrd
Due to ever increasing quantities of waste substances and industrial by products, strong waste management is the high concern in the world. This experimental investigation was performed to consider the energy and sturdiness homes of M20 grades of concrete mixes, in which natural sand was once partial changed with waste foundry sand WFS . Natural sand used to be changed with five percentage 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 of WFS with the aid of weight. A complete of ten concrete mix proportions M 1, M 2, M three and M 4 for M20 grade of concrete with and except WFS have been developed. Compression test, splitting tensile power test and modulus of elasticity have been carried out to evaluate the energy homes of concrete at the age of 7 and 28 days. S. Gopinath | M. Arun "Durability Study of Concrete using Foundry Waste Sand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30958.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30958/durability-study-of-concrete-using-foundry-waste-sand/s-gopinath
EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE INCORPORATING GRANIT...IAEME Publication
An enormous amount of stone dust is produced as a sluggish waste material from the marble and granite stone industry and various operations of stones. It has become a serious problem to the society and environment. Presently, use of river sand confirming to IS 383-1970 has become difficult because of unavailability and costly due to environmental rules and regulations. To overcome this difficulty, an economical alternative can be developed by partial replacement of sand with granite quarry dust (GD) and cement with marble powder (MP) in concrete. In this paper, a study is conducted to investigate the viable use of marble granite residue (MGR) in concrete mixes. Sand is replaced with GD along with cement (OPC grade 43) is replaced with MP as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40% by weight for M25 grade of concrete. To study strength and durability properties of concrete, test on fresh and hardened concrete are conducted for all the mixes. The results show that MGR assimilation results enhancements in the compressive strengths of concrete by replacement up to 20% of GD and 10% of MP without affecting significant characteristics of the mix.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The influence of sintering temperature on the thermal conductivity of rice husk ash refractory is examined in this research. Cylindrical disk made from RHA whose chemical composition measured by XRF were sintered in the temperature range of 1000℃-1400℃. the crystalline phase transformation studied by XRD. The thermal conductivity of these Rice Husk Ash refractory was determined using the hot flux method and values calculated using Fourier’s equation for steady state heat conduction. Porosity and density test were also carried out Result showed that there was an increase in apparent density and conductivity with increasing sintering temperature though the values are still low and satisfactory for most insulation applications. Porosity of rice husk ash refractory decreases with increasing sintering temperature therefore the gains of higher strength from higher sintering temperature are not negated.
Effectiveness of Use of Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Con...IJMER
India is a major rice producing country, and the husk generated during milling is mostly
used as a fuel in the boilers for processing paddy and producing energy through direct combustion.
About 21 million tones of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is produced annually. This RHA is regarded as a waste
and has disposal problem because of the fact that it consumes a vast area for dumping. Lots of ways are
being thought of for disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA. RHA can be used as a
replacement for concrete (5 to 15%).This paper evaluates how different contents of Rice Husk Ash
added to concrete may influence its properties. In this study, cement was replaced by waste RHA as
5%,10% and 15% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive
strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were
compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using waste RHA
as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight of cement
Bagasse ash as a partial replacement to cement. This replacement can improve the properties of cement as well as, it reduces the effects over the environment.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS...IAEME Publication
Objective: The primary objectives of this study are Partial replacement of bagasse ash with cement. Calculation for 7 & 28 days strength. Methods: Concrete with the cement emits CO2 which impacts on environment. Bagasse is the by-product of sugar industries and it is introducing into concrete to find the parameters of strength and waste utilisation. Findings: Environmental impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash introduced into the concrete and the experimental is carried out with replacement of Bagasse ash of (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) is carried out for high strength concrete. Applications: Accordingly the codal provisions followed are IS: 10262, IS 456-2000 respectively this is the new work for the innovation for future which has to be carried out by upcoming generations.
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Per...IJERA Editor
Over 15 million tons of fly ash (FA) and 3 million tons of phospho-gypsum (PG) are produced every year. The utilization of these industrial by-product materials is important in terms of environmental and economical issues are concerned. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating FA and PG in production of concrete .In this study Combination of FA and PG is use as a mineral admixture with, phosphogypsum 0%., 5%,10%, 15% and fly ash is constant as 20% , Last proportion was taken PG- 5% and FA- 25%. . The compressive, tensile and flexural strength are studied by casting and testing specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days. It is shown that a part of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced with PG and FA to develop a good and hardened concrete to achieve economy; above 10% replacement of phosphogypsum and 20% replacement of F in concrete lead to drastic reduction not only in the compressive strength but also in Flexural and split tensile strength of concrete.
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
The Effect of Rise Husk Ash on Strength and Permeability of ConcreteAkshay D Nicator
HA, produced after burning of Rice husks (RH) has high reactivity and pozzolanic property. Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, IS 456- 2000, recommends use of RHA in concrete but does not specify quantities.
Study On Concrete Using Marble Powder Waste As Partial Replacement Of SandIJERA Editor
Marble Waste (Marble sawing powder, and marble sludge or slurry) is a widespread byproduct of marble processing industries. All these wastes are thrown away in the areas near the factories and cause severe environmental problems. The main objective of this study is to explore the possibility of using marble powder waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Since this concrete is prepared with marble powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate (Sand) in four different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and tested for the period of 7days, 28days, 90days curing. This compressive strength compared with the conventional concrete i.e. concrete prepared without marble powder.
Experimental Study on Use of Waste Marble Dust in ConcreteIJERA Editor
Concrete is the most important component used in the construction industry throughout the world, where the
fine aggregate is generally natural sand. The use of sand in construction activities results in the excessive
mining. Due to excessive mining, natural resources are getting exhausted, results in increase in scour depth and
sometimes flood possibility. Thus, it is becoming inevitable to use alternative material in concrete.Marble is one
of the important materials used in the construction industry. Marble powder is produced from processing plants
during the sawing and polishing of marble blocks and about 20 - 25% of the processed marble is turn into
powder form. Disposal of the marble powder material from the marble industry is one of the environmental
problems worldwide today.The present study is aimed at utilizing Waste marble powder construction industry
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IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
I012664954
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. VI (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 49-54
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664954 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar
Swapna1
, Suresh G.Patil2
1
(PG student, Department of structural Engineering, poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering,
Kalburagi, affiliated to VTU Belgaum, India)
2
(Professor, Department of structural Engineering, poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering, Kalburagi,
affiliated to VTU Belgaum, India)
Abstract: The objective of this work is to develop foundry waste sand as a masonry mortar and plastering
mortar. Since there is acute shortage of sand the efforts are made on finding the alternate material to the sand.
This has lead to study the properties of mortar using foundry waste sand obtained from ALSTOM industry
Shahabad. Tests for physical properties of various material used in preparation of mortar such as cement, local
sand and foundry waste sand were conducted. Based on trail flow table test mix proportion and w/c ratio were
fixed. Specimens caste for different tests were 21 for masonry mortar, 27 for plastering mortar, 9 for water
retentivity and 18 for sulphate attack test respectively. Thus in all 81 specimens were caste for the experimental
studies. The compressive strength values for masonry mortar were 5.10, 3.70 ,3.80 N/mm2
and plastering
mortar were 4.60, 2.95, 3.23 N/mm2
for local sand, weathered sand and burnt black sand respectively. The
compressive strength results of clay brick masonry wall are 0.486, 0.411, 0.471 N/mm2
and for fly ash brick
wall 0.613, 0.587, 0.612 N/mm2
for local sand , weathered sand and burnt black sand respectively.
Keywords: foundry waste sand, used foundry sand
I. Introduction
Foundry sand is high quality silica sand with uniform physical characteristics. It is a by-product of
ferrous and non-ferrous metal casting industries, where sand has been used for centuries as a molding material
because of its thermal conductivity. When the sand can no longer can be used it is refused in the foundry, it is
removed from the foundry and it is termed as “Foundry Waste Sand”. T.R.Naik et.al. [1] reported that
excavatable flow table slurry with desirable physical properties can be manufactured using foundry sand as a
replacement for fly ash up to 85%. Based on the test results they concluded that, the addition of foundry sand
caused a decrease in concrete workability. Compressive strength of concrete decreased slightly due to the
replacement of regular coarse aggregate with foundry slag. However, compressive strength observed for both 50
and 100 percent slag mixes were appropriate for structural uses. Khatib et al. [2] investigated some mechanical
and fresh properties of concrete containing waste foundry sand (FWS) and they reported that there is systematic
loss in workability as the foundry sand content increases which was found by observing the percentage decrease
in slump with increase in FWS. The mixes (with and without FWS) show an increase in strength with curing
time. The compressive strength of concrete also decreases with increasing amounts of FWS. Saveria Monosi,
Daniela Sani and Francesca Tittarelli,[3] investigated the properties of mortars and concretes containing
different dosages of used foundry sand (UFS) as partial replacement of sand in both fresh and hardened
conditions. According to the obtained test results, they concluded that, UFS reduces the workability when added
as natural sand replacement (at same w/c); higher amount of superplasticizer is required in order to maintain the
same workability. The control mortar sample with w/c equal to 0.50 requires an addition of 0.5% by cement
weight, while mortars containing UFS need an addition up to 1.8%. Similarly, concrete mixture containing UFS
needs a superplasticizer dosage. Despite the absolute value of compressive strength, the negative influence
ascribed to the presence of UFS in reducing the compressive strength seems greater when lower w/c is adopted.
Although the absolute value of the compressive strength is high at low w/c ratio. It is observed that in FWS
literature no one discussed about masonry mortar using instead of that discussed only about FWS on concrete.
In this I have researched on masonry mortar. The objective of present work is to utilize foundry waste sand in
the preparation of mortar and study the compressive strength.
II. Materials Used
Pazzolonic Portland cement conforming to IS 1489 -1991[4]. Ultratech cement PPC procured from
single source was used. The cement used in the project has specific gravity of 3.15, normal consistency of 33%
and has a initial and final setting time of 50 minutes and 260 minutes respectively. The sieve analysis test was
carried to determine the grading of the aggregate and it was found that the aggregates were nearly graded. Good
quality zone-II locally available sand was used. The different tests for physical properties of fine aggregate were
carried out in the laboratory and the same is presented in Table 1. The fine aggregate conforming to IS:383-
2. Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664954 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
1970[5] was used. FWS is of three types Burnt Black sand, weathered sand and local sand. Physical properties
and sieve analysis results for foundry waste sand are presented in Table 2.
Table1: comparison of Fine Aggregate and foundry waste sand
Sl. No Properties Local Fine
Aggregate
Burnt Black
Sand
weathered sand Currently used sand
1. Specific gravity 2.74 2.42 2.52 2.50
2. Fineness modulus 3.60 4.09 4.25 4.24
3. Water absorption 0.61% 8.1% 11.02% 11.08%
4. Silt Content Nil Nil Nil Nil
5. Bulk density
a)Loose
b)Compacted
1.51g/cc
1.69g/cc
1.47g/cc
1.64g/cc
1.38g/cc
1.56g/cc
1.4g/cc
1.5g/cc
Table2: sieve analysis results of foundry waste sand
Sieve size Cumulative % finer
for Burnt Black sand
Cumulative % finer for
Used and weathered sand
Cumulative % finer for
Currently used sand
Values as per
IS standards for zone
III
All The
sands
belongs to
ZONE III
Finer
4.75mm 100 100 100 90-100
2.36mm 100 100 100 85-100
1.18mm 99.294 99.295 99.398 75-100
600µ 68.72 63.345 66.065 60-79
300µ 20.29 10.377 8.636 12-40
150µ 2.03 1.12 1.307 0-10
75µ 0.31 0.21 0.203
Pan 0.01 0.01 0.002
Table 1 represents physical properties of local sand and 3 types of waste foundry sand (Burnt Black
sand, Currently used sand and Used and weathered sand). It is observed from the table that fineness modulus for
all the three types of sand is nearly same but local sand has resulted marginally higher value. Water absorption
for foundry waste sand are quit high compared to local sand 0.61% because polymer resin chemical is used in
foundry sand for moulding process. Therefore water absorption of foundry waste sand is to be taken into
account in the water requirement for the mix preparation using these three types of foundry waste sand
otherwise there will be a drastically reduction in the workability of the mix. It is observed from Table 2 that all
the three foundry waste sand are belonging to zone-III and locally available sand belongs to zone-II finer side.
The sand particle sizes of all the four types of sand are nearly same.
III. Chemical Tests
Since there is polymer resin chemical present in the foundry waste sand (weathered sand and burnt
black sand) the chemical test was conducted and results are compared with local sand.
3.2.1Chloride Test
To determine the percentage of chloride present in the local sand and foundry waste sand the chloride
test was carried out as per ASTM D-512.
Table 3: chloride content in sand
Sl.no Type of sand % of chloride content in
total aggregate
1. Local sand 0.0127
2. Weathered sand 0.0126
3. Burnt black sand 0.0128
Calculation:
Determination of chloride ion concentration (weight percent) as follows
% chloride = 3.545 VN/S
Where,
V= ml of silver nitrate solution
N= normality of silver nitrate solution
S= sample weight, grams
From the Table 3 it is noted that the percentage of chloride content in total aggregate for local sand ,
weathered sand ,burnt black sand is nearly same with marginal variation and the obtained results are
satisfactory limits indicated by BS 882:1992 ( 0.05% for local sand , weathered sand ,burnt black sand
respectively).
3. Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664954 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
3.2.2 sulphate test
To determine sodium sulphate content in the local sand and foundry waste sand the sulphate test was
carried out as per IS 2720-1977.
Table 4: sodium sulphate content in sand
Sl.no Type of sand % of sodium sulphate by
weight of cement as per
IS456-2000
1. Local sand 0.1062
2. Weathered sand 0.1602
3. Burnt black sand 0.2928
Calculation:
sodium sulphate in sand, % by mass = 0.0177×100(x-y)
Where,
x= volume of N/4 barium chloride added, ml.
y= volume of N/4 potassium chromate solution used in back titration.
From the Table 4 it is clear that the percentage of sodium sulphate content by weight of for local sand,
weathered sand ,burnt black sand were 0.1062, 0.1602, 0.2928 respectively and the obtained results satisfactory
as per IS 456-2000.
IV. Experimental Results And Discussion
3.1 Fresh state properties
41.1 In order to use the mortar in the preparation of masonry mortar minimum workability is required.
Published literature [8] indicated minimum flow of 75% is required for masonry mortar. Therefore in order to
access the workability in terms of flow the workability of fresh mortar mixes were determined by flow table test
as per IS: 2250-1981.
Table 5: Flow table test results for masonry mortar.
Sl.No Type Of Sand Mix
proportion
W/C Super plasticizer in % Flow in %
1 Local Sand 1:6 0.7 0.00 74.50
0.9 0.00 77.00
1.1 0.00 80.00
2 Weathered Sand 1:6 0.7 3.00 75.00
0.9 2.80 76.00
1.1 2.20 77.50
3 Burnt Black Sand 1:6 0.7 3.00 75.00
0.9 2.20 75.5
1.1 1.80 76.65
It is clear from the Table 4 that local sand, weathered sand and burnt black sand have resulted in
required flow percentage of 74.5%, 77.8%, 80% and 75%,76%,77.5% and 75%,75.5%,76.65% for w/c 0.7,0.9
and 1.1 respectively. Therefore keeping in view strength requirement and percentage of flow (75%) w/c ratio of
0.7 fixed for all the 3 types of sand. These finalized w/c ratio (0.7) and mix proportion (1:6) were used for
construction of wallets for load carrying capacity [8].
Fig1: Flow of local sand , weathered sand Black burnt sand masonry mortar
4. Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664954 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
3.2 Harden state properties
3.2.1 compression strength of cubes
To determine compressive strength of masonry mortar two mortar proportions were used i.e one proportion is
the proportion and w/c ratio taken by the mason and second proportion is decided (1:5) based on trail results in
the lab. Minimum compressive strength required for masonry mortar as published in literature [8] is 3-5Nmm2
.
Therefore in order to ascertain the compressive strength of the mortar for w/c ratio 0.7 and mix proportion 1:6 as
finalized earlier is used for compressive strength test. The compressive strength test was conducted as per IS
2250-1981.
Table 5: compressive strength results for masonry mortar (mason proportion)
Sl.no Type of
sand
Mix
proportion
w/c
ratio
Size
(mm2)
Failure load
(N)
Average
failure load
(N)
Compressive
strength
(N/mm2)
Compressive
strength values as
per IS2250-1981
standard (N/mm2
)
1. Local sand 1:5 1.00 5184 18632.63
3-5 N/mm2
15690.64 17161.63 3.55
17651.97
2. Weathered
sand
1:5 1.00 5184 16060.00
15997.00 16222.33 3.2
16610.00
3. Burnt
black sand
1:5 1.00 5184 14709.97
14709.97 15363.74 3.3
16671.30
From the Table 15 it is noted that compressive strength test was conducted for the w/c ratio 1 and mix
proportion 1:5 and the obtained compressive strength results of all the 3 types of sand are 3.55, 3.20, 3.30 for
local sand , weathered sand and burnt black sand respectively. The obtained compressive strength results of all 3
types of sand (local sand, weathered sand and bunt black sand) are satisfactory as per IS 2250-1981(3-5 N/mm2
) [9]
Table 6: Compressive Strength results for masonry mortar (standard proportion).
Sl.no Type Of
Sand
Mix
proporti
on
Size
Of Cube
(mm2
)
W/C Super
plasticiz
er
in %
Failure Load
(N)
Avg. Failure
Load (N)
Compressi
ve
strength
(N/mm2
)
Compressive
strength values as
per IS2250-1981
standard (N/mm2
)
1 Local Sand 1:6 5184 0.7 0.0 25497.29
3-5N/mm2
30298.68 25549.60 5.21
20552.81
0.9 0.0 21593.96
20593.96 23215.51 4.74
27458.62
1.1 0.0 27458.62
20593.96 22555.29 4.60
19613.30
2 Weathered
sand
1:6 5184 0.7 3.0 18150.00
18135.00 18130.00 3.70
18105.00
0.9 2.8 13263.17
16690.64 14870.81 3.03
14658.64
3-5N/mm2
1.1 2.2 12062.17
15690.64 14221.60 2.90
12648.64
3 Burnt Black
Sand
1:6 5184 0.7 3.0 18625.00
18600.00 18620.00 3.80
18635.00
0.9 2.2 18632.63
15690.64 17161.63 3.55
17651.97
1.1 1.8 14709.97
14709.97 15363.74 3.30
16671.30
5. Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664954 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
From the table 6 it is noted that for local sand using w/c ratio 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 measured compressive
strength were 5.21, 4.74, 4.60 N/mm2
respectively. Remaining two sand i.e weathered sand and burnt black sand
without super plasticizer mortar can not be prepared for the same w/c ratio 0.7,0.9 and 1.1 as mix is lacking in
water content. Therefore for weathered sand dosage of super plasticizer used was 3%, 2.8% and 2.2% and
corresponding compressive strength were 3.70,3.03 and 2.90 N/mm2
. similarly for burnt black sand dosage of
super plasticizer added was 3%, 2.2% and 1.8% and corresponding compressive strength were 3.80,3.55
and3.30 N/mm2
respectively. The obtained compressive strength results of all 3 types of sand (local sand,
weathered sand and bunt black sand) are satisfactory except w/c ratio1.1 for weathered sand as per IS 2250-
1981(3-5 N/mm2
) [9]
3.2.2 compressive strength of masonry wall
To determine the compressive strength of masonry wall, walls of size 1.5m×0.6m×0.1m were
constructed using clay bricks and flyash blocks. A mix proportion of 1:6 and w/c ratio 0.7 is used for
constructing masonry wall and curried for 28 days. The rate of loading applied for the masonry wall is
Table 7: Compressive Strength results for masonry mortar.
Types
of
wall
Types of
sand
Super
plasticizer
Avg
Proving
ring
reading@1st
crack (KN)
Avg proving
ring reading
@failure(KN)
Compressive
strength for 1st
crack(N/mm2)
Compressive
strength for
failure
(N/mm2)
Basic
Compressi
ve strength
for 1st
crack(N/m
m2)
Basic
Compressiv
e strength
for failure
(N/mm2)
(%)
Brick
Local
sand
0% 67.002 73.002 0.446 0.486 0.446 0.486
Weathered
sand
3% 61.752 66.252 0.411 0.441 0.411 0.441
Burnt
black sand
3% 62.252 70.752 0.415 0.471 0.415 0.471
Fly
ash
blocks
0% 75.313 92.563 0.502 0.613 0.502 0.613
3% 71.563 88.063 0.477 0.587 0.477 0.587
3% 86.313 91.811 0.575 0.612 0.575 0.612
From the table 7 it is observed that the resulted basic compressive strength for brick wall using local
sand is marginally higher than weathered sand and burnt black band sand resulted higher strength than
weathered sand. For fly ash brick wall the resulted strength of local sand is also higher than weathered sand and
burnt black sand[10]
Fig4: Failure pattern of Brick wall
6. Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12664954 www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
Fig5: Failure pattern of flyash block wall
V. Conclusion
1) Foundry waste sand is finer than local sand, fineness modulus of all the three waste foundry sands are
nearly same.
2) Chloride content of local sand and FWS is nearly same. chloride content of all the sands are within the
limits of BS: PART 1: 1985
3) Sulphate content in aggregate content for local sand is within the moderate limit but for FWS crossing the
limit of moderate and marginally entering into the sever limit.
4) High dosage of super plasticizer is required for FWS to attain same flow as for local sand for the same w/c
ratio.
5) The compressive strength of local sand is high compared to weathered sand and burnt black sand. However,
results obtained by FWS are satisfactory as per IS 2250-1981.
6) Basic compressive strength of masonry wall (using clay brick and flyash brick) is marginally higher for
local sand compared to weathered sand and burnt black sand.
Acknowledgment
We are thankful to ALSTOM Industry Shahabad for sponsoring my Project.
References
[1] Naik, T.R., Patel V.M., Parikh D.M., Tharaniyil M.P., Application of Foundry By-Product Materials in Manufacture of concrete
and masonry products. ACI Materials Journal, January-February 1996.
[2] J. M. Khatib, S. Baig, A Bougara, and C Booth, Foundry Sand Utilisation in Concrete Production, Second International Conference
on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, June 28-June 30, 2010
[3] Saveria Monosi, Daniela Sani and Francesca Tittarelli, Used Foundry Sand in Cement Mortars and Concrete Production, The Open
Waste Management Journal, 2010, 3, 18-25.
[4] IS: 1489-1991, Specifications for 53-Greade Portland Pozzolana cement, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi, India. ASTM D-
512,Texas Department of Transportation Materials and Tests Division, Test method Tex-619-J
[5] IS: 383-1970, Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete, Bureau of Indian standards, New
Delhi, India.
[6] Anitha G pillai, Benny Mathews Abraham, A. Sridharan/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp.1012-1016
[7] Texas Department of Transportation Materials and Tests Division, Test method Tex-619-J
[8] Satish Chandra.C , Gyanen Takhelmayum, Deepa.T, International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology
(IJESIT) volume 2, Issue 6, November 2013
[9] IS: 2250-1981, Indian Standard code of practice for preparation and use of masonry mortar.
[10] Alternative Building material and Technologies Text Book, New Age International(P) Limited, Publishers 2007, New Delhi