Behavior of RC Beams Retrofitted/Strengthened With External Post-Tension SystemINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper presents a study on the flexural behavior of strengthened RC beams using external post-tensioning technique under the effect of cyclic loads. Post tensioning techniques is a new method to improve the behavior of cracked and sound beams. This new technique was used in this research to improve the behavior of cracked and un-cracked beams. The study consists of two stages, the first stage is an experimental program which is carried out in lap to test casted beams, and the second stage is a theoretical program which was carried out to verify the results of experimental program. The behavior of RC beams in different levels of cracks was studied, crack pattern was observed and failure type was recorded. Comparisons between the behaviors of different RC beams were performed. The experimental study included using of prestressing steel bars, GFRP bars and the effect of different percentage of shear reinforcement was also taken into consideration. Specimens were tested under the effect of cyclic load. Finally the simulations of tested beams were modeled in finite element software (ANSYS) to verify the results of experimental work compared to theoretical analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Experimental Evaluation of Fatigue Performance of Steel Grid Composite Deck J...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The steel grid composite deck is a composite structure made of a concrete slab disposed over a steel grid. The joints of the deck segments precast with regular width can be designed by means of lap-spliced rebar or mechanical connection composed of concrete shear key and bolts. This study intends to evaluate comparatively the fatigue performance with respect to the type of joint based upon the results of fatigue tests conducted on deck specimens equipped with such joints. The evaluation reveals that there is practically no change in the stiffness regardless of the type of joint even after 2 million loading cycles and that the safety and serviceability are secured under cyclic loading since the maximum crack widths remained below the allowable values.
Structural Health Monitoring and Strengthening Of BridgesEditor IJCATR
This paper presents one bridge which were either rehabilitated or strengthened by using FRP composites. The resulting structure was then tested for the effect after using FRP composites for Rehabilitation and strengthening. In this paper, Structural Health Monitoring basics are covered and need for SHM in future in or India scenario. Use of FRP composites in Rehabilitation and Strengthening of structures is becoming increasingly popular and is opening new possibilities in construction and rehabilitation of structures.
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
Behavior of RC Beams Retrofitted/Strengthened With External Post-Tension SystemINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper presents a study on the flexural behavior of strengthened RC beams using external post-tensioning technique under the effect of cyclic loads. Post tensioning techniques is a new method to improve the behavior of cracked and sound beams. This new technique was used in this research to improve the behavior of cracked and un-cracked beams. The study consists of two stages, the first stage is an experimental program which is carried out in lap to test casted beams, and the second stage is a theoretical program which was carried out to verify the results of experimental program. The behavior of RC beams in different levels of cracks was studied, crack pattern was observed and failure type was recorded. Comparisons between the behaviors of different RC beams were performed. The experimental study included using of prestressing steel bars, GFRP bars and the effect of different percentage of shear reinforcement was also taken into consideration. Specimens were tested under the effect of cyclic load. Finally the simulations of tested beams were modeled in finite element software (ANSYS) to verify the results of experimental work compared to theoretical analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Experimental Evaluation of Fatigue Performance of Steel Grid Composite Deck J...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The steel grid composite deck is a composite structure made of a concrete slab disposed over a steel grid. The joints of the deck segments precast with regular width can be designed by means of lap-spliced rebar or mechanical connection composed of concrete shear key and bolts. This study intends to evaluate comparatively the fatigue performance with respect to the type of joint based upon the results of fatigue tests conducted on deck specimens equipped with such joints. The evaluation reveals that there is practically no change in the stiffness regardless of the type of joint even after 2 million loading cycles and that the safety and serviceability are secured under cyclic loading since the maximum crack widths remained below the allowable values.
Structural Health Monitoring and Strengthening Of BridgesEditor IJCATR
This paper presents one bridge which were either rehabilitated or strengthened by using FRP composites. The resulting structure was then tested for the effect after using FRP composites for Rehabilitation and strengthening. In this paper, Structural Health Monitoring basics are covered and need for SHM in future in or India scenario. Use of FRP composites in Rehabilitation and Strengthening of structures is becoming increasingly popular and is opening new possibilities in construction and rehabilitation of structures.
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
Behavior Of Castellated Composite Beam Subjected To Cyclic Loadsirjes
The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of beam-column sub-assemblages castella
due to cyclic loading. Knowing these behaviors can if be analyzed the effectiveness of the concrete filler to
reduce the damage and improve capacity of beam castella. Test beam consists of beam castella fabricated from
normal beam (CB), castella beams with concrete filler between the flange (CCB) and normal beam (NB) as a
comparison. Results showed castella beam (CB) has the advantage to increase the flexural capacity and energy
absorption respectively 100.5% and 74.3%. Besides advantages, castella beam has the disadvantage that
lowering partial ductility and full ductility respectively 12.6 % and 18.1%, decrease resistance ratio 29.5 %
and accelerate the degradation rate of stiffness ratio 31.4%. By the concrete filler between the beam flange to
improve the ability of castella beam, then the beam castella have the ability to increase the flexural capacity of
184.78 %, 217.1% increase energy absorption, increase ductility partial and full ductility respectively 27.9 %
and 26 %, increases resistance ratio 52.5 % and slow the rate of degradation of the stiffness ratio 55.1 %..
Study of Structural Behaviour of Gravity Dam with Various Features of Gallery...IDES Editor
The size and shape of opening in dam causes the
stress concentration, it also causes the stress variation in the
rest of the dam cross section. The gravity method of the analysis
does not consider the size of opening and the elastic property
of dam material. Thus the objective of study is comprises of
the Finite Element Method which considers the size of
opening, elastic property of material, and stress distribution
because of geometric discontinuity in cross section of dam.
Stress concentration inside the dam increases with the opening
in dam which results in the failure of dam. Hence it is
necessary to analyses large opening inside the dam. By making
the percentage area of opening constant and varying size and
shape of opening the analysis is carried out. For this purpose
a section of Koyna Dam is considered. Dam is defined as a
plane strain element in FEM, based on geometry and loading
condition. Thus this available information specified our path
of approach to carry out 2D plane strain analysis. The results
obtained are then compared mutually to get most efficient
way of providing large opening in the gravity dam.
Analysis of Behaviour of U-Girder Bridge DecksIDES Editor
The concept of U-shaped bridge girder is now being
increasingly adopted in urban metro rail projects and for
replacing old bridges where there is a constraint on vertical
clearance. These bridge decks are commonly designed in
practice using simplified methods that assume beam action of
the webs in the longitudinal direction and similar flexural
action of the deck slab in the transverse direction. However,
such assumptions can lead to errors. This paper attempts to
assess the extent of error in the simplified analysis, by
comparing the results with a more rigorous three-dimensional
finite element analysis (3DFEA). A typical prototype railway
bridge girder has been taken as a case study. The results of
the 3DFEA, in terms of load-deflection plots, have been
validated by field testing.
15 experimental study for strengthening of rc rectangular columns with anchor...Ahmed Ebid
Debonding between CFRP sheets and concrete surface is one of the most important modes of failure. The common solution to
prevent this mode of failure is to extend the CFRP sheets by enough length to avoid debonding. A more advanced technique is to anchor the CFRP sheets to the concrete element using either steel or CFRP anchors. The aim of this research is to study the effect of using CFRP anchors on the capacity of concentric and eccentric RC columns. In order to achieve that goal, ten specimens of RC columns divided into two sets were tested. The first set was tested under concentric load, while the other set was tested under eccentric load. Each set had one control sample, while the other four samples were wrapped with CFRP bands. Two of the wrapped samples were anchored and the others were not. The spacing between CFRP wraps was varied between 80 and 200 mm. The results showed that the concentric and eccentric capacity of the sample increased with decreasing the spacing between CFRP bands as long as the eccentricity is small enough to cause
compression failure mode. But for samples with tension failure caused by large eccentricity, the CFRP bands have no effect on the capacity. It was also noted that anchors have no significant effect on the axial capacity of the samples
Structural Analysis and Design of Castellated Beam in Fixed ActionAM Publications
The depth is the most important parameter which governs the sectional property of the section. For the serviceability moment of inertia plays very important role and moment of inertia of I-section is directly proportional to the third power of the depth. Research on cellular beams with circular web openings is very limited and is less developed than Cellular beams which may be attributed to the fact that cellular beams are more complicated to analyze due to their continuously changing section properties around the cell.
In this study, Non-linear response of concrete with differential value of Young’s Modulus is determined by the stress strain expression. The modulus of elasticity is varied throughout to evaluate the non-linear response of concrete structure at a constant load. The modeling of structure is done in STAAD PRO Vi8 software. In this study, single storey-single bay frame is modeled which is subjected to dead load and uniform loads, has been considered for the non-linear response of concrete structures. A structural element such as Column is used for evaluation of the non-linear response of concrete material. From this, deflection of the column element is carried out by using STAAD PRO software with different initial tangent modulus of elasticity at a constant loading.
This is my M.Tech Project presentation. The project was carried out at R.V College of Engineering and B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore. In this project, the axial load carrying capacity of CFST Columns was studied and the experimental results were compared with Eurocode-4 and AISC-LRFD-2005. The flexural capacity of CFST frames was also carried out.
Behavior Of Castellated Composite Beam Subjected To Cyclic Loadsirjes
The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of beam-column sub-assemblages castella
due to cyclic loading. Knowing these behaviors can if be analyzed the effectiveness of the concrete filler to
reduce the damage and improve capacity of beam castella. Test beam consists of beam castella fabricated from
normal beam (CB), castella beams with concrete filler between the flange (CCB) and normal beam (NB) as a
comparison. Results showed castella beam (CB) has the advantage to increase the flexural capacity and energy
absorption respectively 100.5% and 74.3%. Besides advantages, castella beam has the disadvantage that
lowering partial ductility and full ductility respectively 12.6 % and 18.1%, decrease resistance ratio 29.5 %
and accelerate the degradation rate of stiffness ratio 31.4%. By the concrete filler between the beam flange to
improve the ability of castella beam, then the beam castella have the ability to increase the flexural capacity of
184.78 %, 217.1% increase energy absorption, increase ductility partial and full ductility respectively 27.9 %
and 26 %, increases resistance ratio 52.5 % and slow the rate of degradation of the stiffness ratio 55.1 %..
Study of Structural Behaviour of Gravity Dam with Various Features of Gallery...IDES Editor
The size and shape of opening in dam causes the
stress concentration, it also causes the stress variation in the
rest of the dam cross section. The gravity method of the analysis
does not consider the size of opening and the elastic property
of dam material. Thus the objective of study is comprises of
the Finite Element Method which considers the size of
opening, elastic property of material, and stress distribution
because of geometric discontinuity in cross section of dam.
Stress concentration inside the dam increases with the opening
in dam which results in the failure of dam. Hence it is
necessary to analyses large opening inside the dam. By making
the percentage area of opening constant and varying size and
shape of opening the analysis is carried out. For this purpose
a section of Koyna Dam is considered. Dam is defined as a
plane strain element in FEM, based on geometry and loading
condition. Thus this available information specified our path
of approach to carry out 2D plane strain analysis. The results
obtained are then compared mutually to get most efficient
way of providing large opening in the gravity dam.
Analysis of Behaviour of U-Girder Bridge DecksIDES Editor
The concept of U-shaped bridge girder is now being
increasingly adopted in urban metro rail projects and for
replacing old bridges where there is a constraint on vertical
clearance. These bridge decks are commonly designed in
practice using simplified methods that assume beam action of
the webs in the longitudinal direction and similar flexural
action of the deck slab in the transverse direction. However,
such assumptions can lead to errors. This paper attempts to
assess the extent of error in the simplified analysis, by
comparing the results with a more rigorous three-dimensional
finite element analysis (3DFEA). A typical prototype railway
bridge girder has been taken as a case study. The results of
the 3DFEA, in terms of load-deflection plots, have been
validated by field testing.
15 experimental study for strengthening of rc rectangular columns with anchor...Ahmed Ebid
Debonding between CFRP sheets and concrete surface is one of the most important modes of failure. The common solution to
prevent this mode of failure is to extend the CFRP sheets by enough length to avoid debonding. A more advanced technique is to anchor the CFRP sheets to the concrete element using either steel or CFRP anchors. The aim of this research is to study the effect of using CFRP anchors on the capacity of concentric and eccentric RC columns. In order to achieve that goal, ten specimens of RC columns divided into two sets were tested. The first set was tested under concentric load, while the other set was tested under eccentric load. Each set had one control sample, while the other four samples were wrapped with CFRP bands. Two of the wrapped samples were anchored and the others were not. The spacing between CFRP wraps was varied between 80 and 200 mm. The results showed that the concentric and eccentric capacity of the sample increased with decreasing the spacing between CFRP bands as long as the eccentricity is small enough to cause
compression failure mode. But for samples with tension failure caused by large eccentricity, the CFRP bands have no effect on the capacity. It was also noted that anchors have no significant effect on the axial capacity of the samples
Structural Analysis and Design of Castellated Beam in Fixed ActionAM Publications
The depth is the most important parameter which governs the sectional property of the section. For the serviceability moment of inertia plays very important role and moment of inertia of I-section is directly proportional to the third power of the depth. Research on cellular beams with circular web openings is very limited and is less developed than Cellular beams which may be attributed to the fact that cellular beams are more complicated to analyze due to their continuously changing section properties around the cell.
In this study, Non-linear response of concrete with differential value of Young’s Modulus is determined by the stress strain expression. The modulus of elasticity is varied throughout to evaluate the non-linear response of concrete structure at a constant load. The modeling of structure is done in STAAD PRO Vi8 software. In this study, single storey-single bay frame is modeled which is subjected to dead load and uniform loads, has been considered for the non-linear response of concrete structures. A structural element such as Column is used for evaluation of the non-linear response of concrete material. From this, deflection of the column element is carried out by using STAAD PRO software with different initial tangent modulus of elasticity at a constant loading.
This is my M.Tech Project presentation. The project was carried out at R.V College of Engineering and B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore. In this project, the axial load carrying capacity of CFST Columns was studied and the experimental results were compared with Eurocode-4 and AISC-LRFD-2005. The flexural capacity of CFST frames was also carried out.
Assessing Uncertainty of Pushover Analysis to Geometric ModelingIDES Editor
Pushover Analysis a popular tool for seismic
performance evaluation of existing and new structures and is
nonlinear Static procedure where in monotonically increasing
loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable
to resist the further load .During the analysis, whatever the
strength of concrete and steel is adopted for analysis of
structure may not be the same when real structure is
constructed and the pushover analysis results are very sensitive
to material model adopted, geometric model adopted, location
of plastic hinges and in general to procedure followed by the
analyzer. In this paper attempt has been made to assess
uncertainty in pushover analysis results by considering user
defined hinges and frame modeled as bare frame and frame
with slab modeled as rigid diaphragm and results compared
with experimental observations. Uncertain parameters
considered includes the strength of concrete, strength of steel
and cover to the reinforcement which are randomly generated
and incorporated into the analysis. The results are then
compared with experimental observations.
Seismic Retrofitting of a RC Building by Adding Steel Plate Shear WallsIOSR Journals
This paper deals with the step-by-step retrofitting of buildings by using steel plate shear walls
(SPSWs) with the aid of SAP2000 programme. One type of reinforced concrete building is selected for
evaluation. This building represents the most used forms of residential buildings in the Sudan, in terms of
geometric form, and dimensions. This paper uses the equivalent static method provided in the regulations
proposed by the Egyptian Society for Earthquake Engineering. One typical model was selected from the existing
residual buildings in Khartoum city, as a case study. The proposed methodology that has been used to evaluate
the seismic resistance of chosen building is done through the design of the structural elements of the buildings
before and after adding the seismic forces. The retrofitting of building was done by using steel plate shear walls
with thicknesses of 5mm, 7mm and 10mm. From the results obtained, it was found that the use of two additional
SPSWs with 7 mm thickness placed at the internal frame of the existing system, resulted in a reduction of
bending moments in the columns and beams. The increase of thickness has a clear effect on the bending moment
of the columns, but has little effects on the bending moments of the beams.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and analysis of stress ribbon bridgeseSAT Journals
Abstract
A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually.
Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation.
Design and analysis of stress ribbon bridgeseSAT Journals
Abstract
A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually.
Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation.
BEHAVIOR OF SLENDER COLUMN SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOADINGijiert bestjournal
This paper focuses on Behavior of slender column su bjected to eccentric loading. Six slender,reinforced concrete columns with slenderness ratio equals to 15;the compressive strength of the concrete were ranged from 60 to 100 MPa. Slender co lumn were subjected to eccentric axial load with load-eccentricity:depth ratio of 0.15. Three columns were reinforced with six bars having a nominal strength of 415 MPa and other three were re inforced with same number of bars having strength equals to 500 MPa with longitudinal steel ratio equals to 4%. The test results were compared with the values predicted using IS 456-200 0. These test,enabled the provision for slender columns in the code to be checked against e xperimental values,have indicated that IS 456-2000 are very safe and uneconomical design docu ment for HPC slender column.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
Structural Health Monitoring and Strengthening Of BridgesStructural Health Mo...Editor IJCATR
This paper presents one bridge which were either rehabilitated or strengthened by using FRP composites. The resulting
structure was then tested for the effect after using FRP composites for Rehabilitation and strengthening. In this paper, Structural
Health Monitoring basics are covered and need for SHM in future in or India scenario. Use of FRP composites in Rehabilitation
and Strengthening of structures is becoming increasingly popular and is opening new possibilities in construction and rehabilitation
of structures.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR PARAMETERS OF NSC AND SC...IAEME Publication
A total of six intermediate columns with same cross sectional area of 125mm X 125mm were cast and tested. Experimental study was conducted to know the behavior of intermediate columns under axial load made out of Normal strength concrete (NSC) and Self-compacting concrete (SCC). Main objective of this study was to compare the behavior of NSC intermediate columns and SCC intermediate columns for various percentage of steel. Axial load ratio, stiffness ratio were the main parameters which increased as the axial load increased. However in this study, special attention was given on stiffness degradation, energy absorption, ultimate load carrying capacity, shortening index of each intermediate column. The results showed that shortening index, axial load ratio, stiffness ratio and stiffness degradation increased with increase in axial load.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. VII (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 48-53
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12274853 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
Performance of RC Beam Column Connections Subjected to
Cyclic Loading
Minakshi Vaghani 1
, Dr. S.A. Vasanwala 2
, Dr. A.K. Desai 3
1
(Civil Engineering Department, Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat – 1, India)
2,3.
(Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT, Surat- 1, India)
Abstract : Structures and lifelines designed for typical loading are often badly damaged or can collapse during
earthquakes. The observations from recent earthquakes show that many RC structures have failed in the brittle
behaviour of beam-column connections due to the deficiency of seismic details in the joint regions. Joint shear
failures have been observed recently in many existing RC structures subjected to severe earthquake loadings. In
this study, RC beam column specimen was casted and tested for excitation of cyclic loading. Attempts are made
to study the performance of the test specimen by studying loop hysteresis, maximum push and pull load and load
at the propagation of first crack.
Keywords: Non-linear analysis; Crack propagation, cyclic loading
I. Introduction
Designing beam–column joints is considered to be a complex and challenging task for structural
engineers, and careful design of joints in RC frame structures is crucial to the safety of the structure. Although
the size of the joint is controlled by the size of the frame members, joints are subjected to a different set of loads
from those used in designing beams and columns. It has been identified that the deficiencies of joints are mainly
caused due to inadequate design to resist shear forces (horizontal and vertical) and consequently by inadequate
transverse and vertical shear reinforcement and of course due to insufficient anchorage capacity in the joint [1].
In this study, a conventional four-storey RC school building (Fig.1) is considered for analysis, design
and detailing of exterior joint. Different failure modes are expected in beam-column joints depending on the
type of joint (exterior or interior) and the adopted structural details. Hence, in the present study, exterior beam-
column joint has been chosen for investigating the performance under seismic type loading.
II. Design Of Test Specimen
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete and tensile strength of steel used in the specimen have
been taken as 30 MPa and 415 MPa, respectively. The specimen has the following general and cross-sectional
dimensions: height of column is 3200 mm having cross-sections of (425 x 425) mm and length of beam is 2500
mm with beam size (300 x 525) mm. For casting the specimen, weight ratio of cement: sand: coarse aggregate
was adopted as 1 (cement): 2.25 (fine aggregate): 2.35 (coarse aggregate-60% 10 mm size, 40% 20 mm size):
0.5 (w/c). Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with 28 days minimum compressive strength of 53 MPa is used.
Analysis of a conventional four storey RC building frame is carried out using STAAD.Pro. Based on
analysis data, critical region such as exterior joint is selected for the study. Gravity load design (GLD) specimen
was designed and the reinforcement is provided as per details given in IS: 456 – 2000. The geometry of the
specimen is finalised in order to match the bending moment distribution at the joint for which it is designed.
Seismic analysis (Response Spectrum Analysis) of the framed structure (Fig. 1) has been performed using
STAAD.Pro to obtain the design forces. The results obtained from the analysis of a 3 - bay four-storey RC
building under the load combinations are used to design the specimen. Finally, as shown in Fig. 2, the geometry
of the components (top and bottom portion of column and beam length from joint face) is chosen to match the
bending moment distribution at the joint for which it was designed.
III. Preparation Of Test Specimen
For the construction of beam column specimen, foldable wooden moulds are prepared so set specimen
can be easily removed from the mould. These moulds can be reused. As per details given in Fig. 2
reinforcement bars are provided. Fig. 3 shows the wooden mould with reinforcement bars placed inside it. Strain
gauges were fixed with reinforcement bars in order to study the strain developed in the bars when the specimen
is loaded. After the assemblage of the beam and column reinforcement, the assembly was put into the formwork
and was made ready for casting as shown in Fig. 3 (a). The plain concrete used in all groups was prepared by
proportion 1: 1.57: 3.20. The concrete was poured in the formwork horizontally. The compaction of the concrete
was performed using a vibrator to produce uniformity throughout the specimen. A needle vibrator with a head of
2. Performance of RC Beam Column Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12274853 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
25 mm diameter was used for compaction. The trowels were used to finish the concrete allowing a smooth
surface for crack mapping as shown in Fig.3 (b).
After 24 hours of casting, formwork was removed and specimen was kept for the curing under the wet
gunny bags. Specimen was given curing continuously for 28 days. Before testing, the specimen was white
washed for proper marking of crack.
Fig. 1 General Arrangement of the Building Frame Considered for the Study
3. Performance of RC Beam Column Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12274853 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
(a) Reinforcement cage in mould (b) Concreting in mould
Fig. 3 Preparation of Test Specimen
IV. Testing Of Specimen
To investigate the seismic performance and shear strength of designed reinforced beam-column joints,
tests were carried out on 1/3 scale specimen under reversed cyclic loading. A steel reaction frame was used to
support and load the test specimen. A schematic diagram of the test set up is shown in Fig. 4. For convenience
in applying loading and testing, the T-shape specimen was arranged in loading frame such that the column
member was in vertical position and the beam member was in horizontal position. Proper boundary conditions
were provided in the set up to simulate the actual working situation of the beam-column joint as if it was a part
of the frame structure. To satisfy the boundary conditions, rocker bearings assemblies were provided at the top
and bottom ends of the column. This type of end connection simulated the hinges which are assumed to form at
mid-heights of column and the mid-span of the beam in a building frame.
In the test, column of the specimen was subjected to axial loading corresponding to ratio of 40% of the
column capacity. The axial load of 75 kN was applied to the specimen before horizontal displacement loading
started, and it was maintained at the same level during the testing. The axial load was applied to the column by a
1000 kN hydraulic jack located at the bottom of the steel bearing, as shown in Fig. 4 (a). A two set of hydraulic
jack were employed to apply reversible cyclic loading at the bean end. The moment arm for all the specimen
was 0.85m from the face of column. The same load history was used for all the tests on the exterior beam-
column joints. Gradually increasing reversed cyclic loading was applied at the top of the beam, with the
displacement increment in each step being 5 mm. The 5 mm displacement indicates 5 mm +ve as well as –ve
displacement. The pre-set load history shown in Fig. 4(b) demonstrates the displacement for each cycle. The
increment of 5 mm displacement was given in consecutive cycle up to the failure.
The response during testing was monitored by Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDTs). A
configuration of five LVDTs was mounted unobtrusively on the column at the front face of the joint, along the
top and bottom of the beam near the joint and at tip of beam. The column was mounted vertically with pinned
supports at both ends. The axial load was applied using a hydraulic cylinder of capacity 1000 kN and transferred
to column from the reaction against the loading frame. The lateral load was applied at the end of the beam
through a pair of hydraulic jack. A load cell of capacity 100 kN situated between the hydraulic jack and the
loading plate measured the static cyclic load Applied to the beam.
Different indicators were used to measure displacement, load and strain. LVDT was connected to
single display unit of LVDT indicator to measure displacement of beam tip. Two display units were connected
to respective LVDTs to measure displacement of beam top and bottom surface and joint shear distortion. All
displacement indicators had least count of 0.001 mm. The load applied through hydraulic jack at beam end was
displayed by load cell indicator of capacity 150 kN and least count of 0.01 kN. Indirectly this indicator measures
the strain induced in the load cell during application of load. The strains produced in the reinforcement were
displayed through strain gauge indicator as shown in Fig. 4 (c).
4. Performance of RC Beam Column Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12274853 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
(a) Experimental set-up
(c) Measuring devices
(d) Cyclic load history
Fig. 4 Testing of Test Specimen
V. Results And Discussions
The cyclic performance characteristics of the beam–column joints can be evaluated through hysteretic
behaviors such as ductility, energy dissipation capacity, strength deterioration, and stiffness degradation.
5.1 Crack and Damage Pattern
Ten full displacement cycles were applied to the test specimen. In the first loading cycle, the specimen
was loaded up to 9.63 kN up and 9.38 kN down to test the instrumentations. First flexural crack was observed
during second cycle at displacement of 10 mm (drift ratio of 1.18%).
Fig. 5 Crack and Damage Pattern of Beam-Column Specimen
The corresponding restoring force was measured as 15.72 kN down. In the fourth cycle, a load of 24.95
kN was applied down and 22.58 kN up to the specimen and new flexural and flexural–shear cracks formed
along the beam length. In the sixth cycle, vertical crack formed in the joint region at beam-tip load of 29.68 kN
due to bond-slip of the beam bottom bars. During the eighth cycle, diagonal shear cracks developed in the joint
region, and the specimen reached a load of 31.06 kN at a beam-tip displacement of 35.9 mm. Repeating the
same cycle, the beam reached the same displacement but at lower load level and the beam bars started to slip out
of the joint with an associated reduction in the developed strain in the bars. The final failure pattern is shown in
Fig. 5.
5.2 Hysteretic Behaviour
The most important parameter for seismic performance of structural D-regions can be described by
load–displacement hysteresis during the cyclic loading which can indicate the ductility capacity and energy
dissipation efficiency of the component [2,3]. It is well proven that the beam-column joint of reinforced
5. Performance of RC Beam Column Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12274853 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
concrete structure is the single crucial component in dissipating seismic energy during earthquake. In view of
this, load–hysteresis diagrams for each specimen are presented in Fig. 6. The hysteresis loops for the GLD
specimen is thinner.
When the specimen was pushed up, the bond-slip cracks opened and the lateral load-carrying capacity
deteriorated significantly; however, when it was pulled down, the diagonal shear cracks opened. This caused
disintegration of the concrete, deterioration of the bond condition of the beam top bars and degradation of the
lateral load-carrying capacity. The specimen GLD reached a maximum load of 35.17 kN up and 31.06 kN down.
In effect, when pushing up on the beam, bondslip failure of the beam bottom reinforcement occurred and when
pulling down, shear failure occurred. The lateral forces versus displacement hysteretic response measured are
shown in Fig. 6. The strength and deformation capacity of the test specimen was quite poor and hence energy
dissipation also.
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Load(kN)
Displacement (mm)
GLD
Fig. 6 Hysteretic Loop of Beam-Column Specimen
5.3 Ultimate Strength
The strength parameters are reported in Table 3. Load carrying capacity is considered as strength of the
specimen. The load-displacement hysteresis loop for test specimen is poor and verifies weak performance of
joint. The joint exhibited very low strength due to lack of critical reinforcement details in the beam-column
joint. The maximum load in push direction occurred at a drift ratio of 5.56 % and had a value of 39.84 kN; in
pull direction, the maximum load occurred at a drift ratio of 5.56 % and had a value of 31.06 kN. The maximum
load for push and pull cycles are presented in Table 3. The load in the push displacement cycle is generally
higher. The displacement loading on the unit is such that new increased displacement cycles are always applied
in the push direction. Hence, lower value observed for pull cycle as it is followed by new, damaged state.
Table 3 Load Carrying Capacity of Test Specimen
Specimen Details
First Crack at Load
(kN)
Maximum Load (kN)
Mode of Failure
Push Pull
GLD 1 15.28 39.84 31.06 Beam flexure
VI. Findings And Concluding Remarks
One GLD exterior RC beam–column joint specimen was tested to study the behavior of the beam–column joints
subjected to cyclic loadings. Based on experimental results, following observations are made:
1. The control specimen with no shear reinforcement in the joint and with inadequate anchorage for the beam
bottom steel bars showed a brittle joint shear failure accompanied by slippage of the beam bottom bars.
2. The bond conditions of the beam top bars were affected by the disintegration of the concrete in the control
joint, leading to a significant reduction in the load carrying capacity and the ductility of the joint.
3. First flexural crack was observed during second cycle at drift ratio of 1.18% with cyclic load of 15.28 kN
down for specimen GLD.
6. Performance of RC Beam Column Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12274853 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
4. The maximum load in push direction occurred at a drift ratio of 5.56 % and had a value of 39.84 kN; in pull
direction, the maximum load occurred at a drift ratio of 5.56 % and had a value of 31.06 kN for GLD
specimen.
References
Journal Papers:
[1]. Akanshu Sharma, R. Eligehausen, G.R. Reddy (2011), "A new model to simulate joint shear behavior of poorly detailed beam–
column connections in RC structures under seismic loads, Part I: Exterior joints", Engineering Structures, 33, 1034–1051.
[2]. Constanze Röhma, Balthasar Novák, Saptarshi Sasmal, Ramanjaneyulu Karusala, Voggu Srinivas(2012), " Behaviour of fibre
reinforced beam-column sub-assemblages under reversed cyclic loading ”, Construction and Building Materials, 36 ,319–329
[3]. Saptarshi Sasmal, Balthasar Novák, K. Ramanjaneyulu (2011), "Numerical analysis of fiber composite-steel plate upgraded beam–
column sub-assemblage under cyclic loading", Composite Structures 93, pp. 599–610.
[4]. G. A. Lakshmi, Anjan Dutta, S.K. Deb (2008), "Numerical Studies of Strengthening of Beam-column Joint under Cyclic Excitation
using FRP Composites", Journal of Structural Engineering, 35, 59-65.
[5]. Ghobarah A. and T. El-Amoury (2002). "Seismic rehabilitation of beam–column joint using GFRP sheets", Engineering Structures
5, 1397–1407.
[6]. Ghobarah A., M. El-Attar, N.M. Aly (2000), "Evaluation of retrofit strategies for reinforced concrete columns: a case study",
Engineering Structures, 22, 490–501.
[7]. Kien Le-Trung, Kihak Lee, Jaehong Lee, Do Hyung Lee, Sungwoo Woo (2010), "Experimental study of RC beam–column joints
strengthened using CFRP composites", Composites: Part B, 41, 76–85.
[8]. Kien Le-Trung, Kihak Lee, Myoungsu Shin, Jaehong Lee (2011), "Analytical assessment and modeling of RC beam-column
connections strengthened with CFRP composites", Composites: Part B, 42, 1786–1798.
[9]. Jaehong Kim and James M. LaFave,"Joint Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Connections subjected to Seismic
Lateral Loading", NSEL Report Series Report No. NSEL-020 November 2009
Book:
[1]. Dr. Durgesh C Rai (2007), Review of Documents on Seismic Strengthening of Existing Buildings, IITK,-GSDMA - EQ07 - V1.0,
India
Standards:
[1]. Indian Standard (IS 13920-1993). Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces – code of practice
Bureau of Indian Standards , New Delhi.
[2]. Indian Standard (IS-456-2000). Plain and reinforced concrete – code of practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.