This study evaluated the use of Brahmaputra River sand mixed with bentonite as a liner material for municipal landfills. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the compaction characteristics, strength, permeability, and Atterberg limits of mixtures with varying bentonite content (5-30%). The results showed that maximum dry density increased and optimum moisture content decreased with higher bentonite content. Unconfined compressive strength also increased with bentonite content up to 25%. Permeability decreased significantly with bentonite content above 20%, achieving the regulatory standard of below 1x10^-7 cm/s. The study demonstrated that locally available Brahmaputra River sand mixed with an appropriate amount of bentonite can form an effective liner material
Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell AshKrunal Thanki
Black Cotton soil is fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and aquaculture. Though black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.The study is a potential stabilization of black cotton soils in Gujarat state using Groundnut Shell ash. Index properties of the natural soil showed that, the soil is a poor for engineering use. Liquid limit and Plasticity index values of 83.36 % and 89.32 % respectively for the natural soil suggest that the soil is highly plastic. There was gradual decrease in the free swell to a minimum value of 2.91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash) as compared to the natural value of 15.25%. The soaked CBR for the natural soil is 1.67% which increased to 2.17% at 10% GSA. This value fell short of specification requirement of the CBR value to be used as sub-base or base material. However, there was increase in strength for UCS of 21 days curing period from a value of 134kN/m2 as compared to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil. This research is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash (GSA) in the stabilization of black cotton soils.
Effect of bio enzyme stabilization on unconfined compressive strength of expa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and Geo-gridAM Publications
Bricks also have been regarded as one of the long lasting and strongest building material used throughout
history. Ordinary building blocks are made of a mixture of clay, which is subjected to various processes, different
according to the nature of the material, after being properly prepared the clay is formed in moulds to the desired
shape, then dried and burnt. The providing affordable housing is a challenge around the world, especially in
developing countries. The impediments to solving the housing problem are scarcity of land and high cost of building
materials. Furthermore, such materials must be abundantly available and renewable in nature. Local soil has always
been the most widely used material for earthen construction. The main objective of this investigation had been
focused on the improvement of the compressive strength of the black cotton soil blocks with different content of lime
by reinforcing the geo-grid. The rectangular (200mm × 100mm × 100mm) blocks are prepared with soil treated with
5%, 10% and 15% lime with the geo-grid reinforcement at the middle depth of the blocks, the compressive strength of
the bricks is obtained by laboratory compression test apparatus the results obtained are compared with unreinforced samples.
A review on stabilization of soil using bio enzymeeSAT Journals
Abstract In developing countries like India the most important requirement of any project after performance criteria is its economical feasibility and serviceability criteria. The conventional methods are time consuming and are not economically feasible. Hence there is a need to discover the other possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as economical criteria. In this paper, popularly available bio-enzymes and their effect on engineering properties of soil are discussed. The stabilization of soil with bio-enzyme is a revolutionary technique which becoming popular worldwide. Recently there are many bio-enzymes available for soil stabilization such as renolith, Perma-Zyme, Terra-Zyme, Fujibeton etc. These enzymes have been proven to be very effective and economical. Another advantage of the bio-enzyme is that these are environment friendly. When these bio-enzymes are mixed with soil they alter its engineering properties. Their efficiency depends upon the amount of dose, type of soil available and field conditions. The use of bioenzyme in soil stabilization is not very popular due to lack of awareness between engineers and non availability of standardized data. However, recently some bio-enzyme stabilized roads were constructed in various parts of India, which are performing very well. Keywords: Bio Enzyme, Nontraditional Soil Stabilizer.
The present study provides an effective technique of ground improvement using bio-enzyme. In this study a bio-enzyme named terrazyme is used for improving the California bearing ratio (CBR) value in road construction. Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic and liquid enzyme. It is made from fermentation of plants, vegetable extract and fruit extract. Terrazyme can be used as soil stabilizer and also it can improve the CBR value in road construction. The dosage of terrazyme are taken as 500ml/m3, 700ml/m3, 900ml/m3 and 1000ml/m3in the soil sample and result is analyzed. A significant increase is found in CBR value of the soil sample as the dosage of terrazyme has been increased.
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell AshKrunal Thanki
Black Cotton soil is fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and aquaculture. Though black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.The study is a potential stabilization of black cotton soils in Gujarat state using Groundnut Shell ash. Index properties of the natural soil showed that, the soil is a poor for engineering use. Liquid limit and Plasticity index values of 83.36 % and 89.32 % respectively for the natural soil suggest that the soil is highly plastic. There was gradual decrease in the free swell to a minimum value of 2.91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash) as compared to the natural value of 15.25%. The soaked CBR for the natural soil is 1.67% which increased to 2.17% at 10% GSA. This value fell short of specification requirement of the CBR value to be used as sub-base or base material. However, there was increase in strength for UCS of 21 days curing period from a value of 134kN/m2 as compared to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil. This research is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash (GSA) in the stabilization of black cotton soils.
Effect of bio enzyme stabilization on unconfined compressive strength of expa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and Geo-gridAM Publications
Bricks also have been regarded as one of the long lasting and strongest building material used throughout
history. Ordinary building blocks are made of a mixture of clay, which is subjected to various processes, different
according to the nature of the material, after being properly prepared the clay is formed in moulds to the desired
shape, then dried and burnt. The providing affordable housing is a challenge around the world, especially in
developing countries. The impediments to solving the housing problem are scarcity of land and high cost of building
materials. Furthermore, such materials must be abundantly available and renewable in nature. Local soil has always
been the most widely used material for earthen construction. The main objective of this investigation had been
focused on the improvement of the compressive strength of the black cotton soil blocks with different content of lime
by reinforcing the geo-grid. The rectangular (200mm × 100mm × 100mm) blocks are prepared with soil treated with
5%, 10% and 15% lime with the geo-grid reinforcement at the middle depth of the blocks, the compressive strength of
the bricks is obtained by laboratory compression test apparatus the results obtained are compared with unreinforced samples.
A review on stabilization of soil using bio enzymeeSAT Journals
Abstract In developing countries like India the most important requirement of any project after performance criteria is its economical feasibility and serviceability criteria. The conventional methods are time consuming and are not economically feasible. Hence there is a need to discover the other possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as economical criteria. In this paper, popularly available bio-enzymes and their effect on engineering properties of soil are discussed. The stabilization of soil with bio-enzyme is a revolutionary technique which becoming popular worldwide. Recently there are many bio-enzymes available for soil stabilization such as renolith, Perma-Zyme, Terra-Zyme, Fujibeton etc. These enzymes have been proven to be very effective and economical. Another advantage of the bio-enzyme is that these are environment friendly. When these bio-enzymes are mixed with soil they alter its engineering properties. Their efficiency depends upon the amount of dose, type of soil available and field conditions. The use of bioenzyme in soil stabilization is not very popular due to lack of awareness between engineers and non availability of standardized data. However, recently some bio-enzyme stabilized roads were constructed in various parts of India, which are performing very well. Keywords: Bio Enzyme, Nontraditional Soil Stabilizer.
The present study provides an effective technique of ground improvement using bio-enzyme. In this study a bio-enzyme named terrazyme is used for improving the California bearing ratio (CBR) value in road construction. Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic and liquid enzyme. It is made from fermentation of plants, vegetable extract and fruit extract. Terrazyme can be used as soil stabilizer and also it can improve the CBR value in road construction. The dosage of terrazyme are taken as 500ml/m3, 700ml/m3, 900ml/m3 and 1000ml/m3in the soil sample and result is analyzed. A significant increase is found in CBR value of the soil sample as the dosage of terrazyme has been increased.
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
Effect of Quartz sand Grains Diameter on the Mechanical Properties of Mortarsijtsrd
The aim of this study is to evaluate experimentally the influence of quartz dune sand incorporation in the cement matrix by mass substitution at different percentages and diameters, on the mechanical properties of the mortars. Properties of the mortars were determined by flexural traction and compressive strength the results obtained highlight the effect of the sand dune grain diameter on the mechanical properties of the mortars tested. The use of quartz dune sand with a diameter of less than 0.16mm improved the mechanical strength of mortars. Azhar Badaoui | Abdeslam Benamara | Mohamed Amine Benaimeche "Effect of Quartz sand Grains Diameter on the Mechanical Properties of Mortars" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18581.pdf
In this presentation you will find what is jute Geo-textile, how it is manufactured and application of jute Geo-textile. It contains some of the case studies from INDIA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Parametric Characterization and Model Prediction of CBR Values of Stabilized ...IJMER
Quarry dust and lime were deployed for this stabilization experiments. Quarry dust is a byproduct
or sediments derived from the crushing of limestone. This soil modifying agent has a high
percentage of fines. Its application increases the CBR values on a range varying from 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% residual soil against 56%, 71%, 104%, 140% CBR contents of Orukim residual soils respectively.
Further increase in quarry dust content from 50% to 70% resulted in decreased values of CBR. The
samples were equally devoid of plasticity hence less useful in engineering applications. Lime stabilized
soil can be used for both base and sub-base materials. The oxides and hydroxides of calcium and
magnesium are considered as lime, but the materials most commonly used for lime stabilization are
calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and dolomite Ca(OH)2 + MgO. The dolomite however, should not have
more than thirty six percent by weight of magnesium oxide (MgO) to be acceptable as a stabilizing
agent. The lime stabilized samples were soaked for ninety six hours to ascertain the contribution of
curing duration on the CBR parameters. Results indicate variations along the range of 2%, 4%, 6%,
8%, 10% against 80%, 92%, 99%, 110%, 169% of lime and CBR contents respectively.These values
are statistically significant. Finally multiple nonlinear regressed models were developed to aid
prediction and optimization of CBR values of Orukim residual soils at various levels of stabilization
Abstract Geotextiles have proven to be the most versatile and cost effective ground modification materials. Their use has extended rapidly into nearly all areas of civil, geotechnical, environmental, coastal and hydraulic engineering. They form the major component of the field of Geosynthetics, the others being geogrids, geomembranes and geocomposites. One of the growing alternatives in today’s context, with respect to growing environmental concern and carbon foot print generation, is the emergence of technical textiles made out of natural fibres which includes geotextile products for geotechnical applications, agrotextile products as well as other such relevant areas. Jute geotextile (JGT) can certainly be considered as a potential aspirant replacing majority of today’s popular synthetic products which are posing severe threats to our environment thereby adversely affecting the eco-congruity. For sustainable socio-economic development, applications and usable area of jute geotextile are in increasing trend. There is a wide scope for innovative and prospective use of jute geotextile followed by the design and engineering of the products, oriented as per the end-user requirements for different geotechnical applications. This will open up newer avenues for Jute, not only as a technical textile, but for the entire Jute Sector as it is environment friendly and its application is effective for protecting environmental degradation. Therefore, keeping in mind about the potential candidature of jute geotextile this paper has substantiated a detailed review on jute geotextile-its designing and manufacturing along with its characteristic features, end-use specific applications, advantages and eventually its techno-economic viability. Keywords: Geotextiles; Jute Geotextile; Geotechnical Engineering; Underlay; Overlay; Paving Fabric
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
Experimental Study on ‘Manufacture of Black Cotton Soil Bricks’
Black cotton soil bricks, High compressive Strength Bricks, Low cost Bricks,
Black cotton soil
Rise husk
Coal powder
Salt
Black cotton soil bricks with addition of Rise husk Coal powder Salt
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO FOR MECHANICALLY STABI...IAEME Publication
Soil stabilization is any process which improves the physical properties of soil, such as increasing shear strength, bearing capacity etc. which can be done by use of controlled compaction or addition of suitable admixtures like cement, lime and waste materials like phosphogypsum,etc. The cost of introducing these additives has also increased in recent yearswhich opened the door widely for the development of other kinds of soil additives such as plastics, bamboo, fly ash etc. This new technique of soil stabilization can be effectively used to meet the challenges of society, to reduce the quantities of waste, producing useful material from non-useful waste materials.
Effect of Quartz sand Grains Diameter on the Mechanical Properties of Mortarsijtsrd
The aim of this study is to evaluate experimentally the influence of quartz dune sand incorporation in the cement matrix by mass substitution at different percentages and diameters, on the mechanical properties of the mortars. Properties of the mortars were determined by flexural traction and compressive strength the results obtained highlight the effect of the sand dune grain diameter on the mechanical properties of the mortars tested. The use of quartz dune sand with a diameter of less than 0.16mm improved the mechanical strength of mortars. Azhar Badaoui | Abdeslam Benamara | Mohamed Amine Benaimeche "Effect of Quartz sand Grains Diameter on the Mechanical Properties of Mortars" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18581.pdf
In this presentation you will find what is jute Geo-textile, how it is manufactured and application of jute Geo-textile. It contains some of the case studies from INDIA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Parametric Characterization and Model Prediction of CBR Values of Stabilized ...IJMER
Quarry dust and lime were deployed for this stabilization experiments. Quarry dust is a byproduct
or sediments derived from the crushing of limestone. This soil modifying agent has a high
percentage of fines. Its application increases the CBR values on a range varying from 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% residual soil against 56%, 71%, 104%, 140% CBR contents of Orukim residual soils respectively.
Further increase in quarry dust content from 50% to 70% resulted in decreased values of CBR. The
samples were equally devoid of plasticity hence less useful in engineering applications. Lime stabilized
soil can be used for both base and sub-base materials. The oxides and hydroxides of calcium and
magnesium are considered as lime, but the materials most commonly used for lime stabilization are
calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and dolomite Ca(OH)2 + MgO. The dolomite however, should not have
more than thirty six percent by weight of magnesium oxide (MgO) to be acceptable as a stabilizing
agent. The lime stabilized samples were soaked for ninety six hours to ascertain the contribution of
curing duration on the CBR parameters. Results indicate variations along the range of 2%, 4%, 6%,
8%, 10% against 80%, 92%, 99%, 110%, 169% of lime and CBR contents respectively.These values
are statistically significant. Finally multiple nonlinear regressed models were developed to aid
prediction and optimization of CBR values of Orukim residual soils at various levels of stabilization
Abstract Geotextiles have proven to be the most versatile and cost effective ground modification materials. Their use has extended rapidly into nearly all areas of civil, geotechnical, environmental, coastal and hydraulic engineering. They form the major component of the field of Geosynthetics, the others being geogrids, geomembranes and geocomposites. One of the growing alternatives in today’s context, with respect to growing environmental concern and carbon foot print generation, is the emergence of technical textiles made out of natural fibres which includes geotextile products for geotechnical applications, agrotextile products as well as other such relevant areas. Jute geotextile (JGT) can certainly be considered as a potential aspirant replacing majority of today’s popular synthetic products which are posing severe threats to our environment thereby adversely affecting the eco-congruity. For sustainable socio-economic development, applications and usable area of jute geotextile are in increasing trend. There is a wide scope for innovative and prospective use of jute geotextile followed by the design and engineering of the products, oriented as per the end-user requirements for different geotechnical applications. This will open up newer avenues for Jute, not only as a technical textile, but for the entire Jute Sector as it is environment friendly and its application is effective for protecting environmental degradation. Therefore, keeping in mind about the potential candidature of jute geotextile this paper has substantiated a detailed review on jute geotextile-its designing and manufacturing along with its characteristic features, end-use specific applications, advantages and eventually its techno-economic viability. Keywords: Geotextiles; Jute Geotextile; Geotechnical Engineering; Underlay; Overlay; Paving Fabric
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
Experimental Study on ‘Manufacture of Black Cotton Soil Bricks’
Black cotton soil bricks, High compressive Strength Bricks, Low cost Bricks,
Black cotton soil
Rise husk
Coal powder
Salt
Black cotton soil bricks with addition of Rise husk Coal powder Salt
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO FOR MECHANICALLY STABI...IAEME Publication
Soil stabilization is any process which improves the physical properties of soil, such as increasing shear strength, bearing capacity etc. which can be done by use of controlled compaction or addition of suitable admixtures like cement, lime and waste materials like phosphogypsum,etc. The cost of introducing these additives has also increased in recent yearswhich opened the door widely for the development of other kinds of soil additives such as plastics, bamboo, fly ash etc. This new technique of soil stabilization can be effectively used to meet the challenges of society, to reduce the quantities of waste, producing useful material from non-useful waste materials.
Summer training project on drilling fluid at ongc pptKeshar Saini
This project “Study of drill cutting and Formulation of drilling fluid.” was performed in R&D LAB ONGC Dehradun. Study of drill cutting is done in terms of CST(capillary suction time), MBC(Methylene Blue Capacity) and XRD(X-ray diffraction).
• Later than several drilling fluid with different formulation are prepared and several tests (like Rheology Test, Lubricity Test, API Filter press, Linear swell Test and pH test) are performed on drilling fluid to check the suitability of it on drill cutting. Thus the suitable formulation of drilling fluid is found.
This contains methods of exploration in rock. How the rock samplers are taken. Quality of rock samples and its reporting. Along with the laboratory tests conducting on these rock samples.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Partial Replacement of Natural Sand by Microfines for Cement Concreteijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to investigate the PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL SAND BY MICROFINES FOR CEMENT CONCRETE. The suitability of crushed stone dust waste as a fine aggregate for concrete has been assessed by comparing its basic properties with that of conventional concrete. Two basic mixes were chosen for natural sand to achieve M25 and M30 grade concrete. The equivalent mixes were obtained by replacing natural sand by stone dust partially and fully. The test results indicate the crushed stone dust waste can be used effectively to replace natural sand in concrete. In the experimental study of strength characteristics of concrete using crushed stone dust as fine aggregate it is found that there is increase in compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of concrete. Bharath V B | Kuldeep Singh Solanki | Muhammad Nasir Ibrahim "Partial Replacement of Natural Sand by Microfines for Cement Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31240.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31240/partial-replacement-of-natural-sand-by-microfines-for-cement-concrete/bharath-v-b
Utilisation of Waste Materials in the Construction Of RoadsIJERD Editor
Expansive soils are so widely spread that it becomes impossible to avoid them for highway construction to keep the network structure for mobility and accessibility. These soils are prevalent as large tracts in many parts of the world. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the feasibility and environmental suitability. It is necessary to utilize the waste affectively with technical development in each field. Cyclic plate load tests were carried out on the tracks with optimum percentage of reinforcement materials like waste plastics and waste tyre rubber in gravel/flyash subbase laid on expansive subgrade. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity associated with less value of rebound deflection is obtained for gravel/flyash reinforced subbase compared to unreinforced subbase.
Investigating the Properties of Cement Concrete Containing M Sand as Fine Agg...ijtsrd
M sand also called artificial sand or crushed sand, the prepared by crushing rocks, stones, or larger aggregates into small size particles in the quarry. The study is aimed at the complete replacement of conventional material like river sand used as fine aggregate. By using M sand manufactured sand crushed sand . M sand here acts as a fine aggregate in the cement concrete. The experiment is carried out by finding the value of slump, compressive strength, and split tensile strength. Natural fine aggregate is replaced by M sand to complete mix proportion in the concrete. M sand shares similar properties as conventional Fine Aggregates and gives good split tensile and compressive strength to the concrete. The results are compared with the control mix of design mix M30. The specimens are tested after 7 days and 28 days of curing. Complete replacement of fine aggregate with manufactured sand concrete makes the cost of construction can be controlled. Strength, workability, and durability test also studied. Compressive strength is the most important property of concrete it is also increasing. Complete replacement of fine aggregate with crushed sand production of concrete increasing. It is dust free in M sand which is a good sign to do the replacement. Environment preservation and natural resources conservation is the soul of country development.The application of crushed sand mix for residential building structural members such as column, beam, slab, and foundation and plastering are also elicited. The study brings out the fact that it is also more economical than the typical cement concrete.The findings of this research call for the safe use of manufactured sand. Economical concrete mix is a very useful material for construction, which offers a range of economic, technical, and environmental enhancing and preserving advantages and is destined to become a dominant material for construction in the new era. With increasing structure construction work, its availability and less transportation cost also an important factor as an alternative for river sand. Ankit Pandey | Afzal Khan "Investigating the Properties of Cement Concrete Containing M-Sand as Fine Aggregate for M30 Grade Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53978.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/53978/investigating-the-properties-of-cement-concrete-containing-msand-as-fine-aggregate-for-m30-grade-concrete/ankit-pandey
Physical and mechanical properties of composite brick from cement mortar, fly...eSAT Journals
Abstract Responding to the need of minimizing the extraction of natural resources like sand and lime, this study attempted to use industrial wastes such as fly ash and rubber crumbs as substitute materials in making composite brick. A composite brick was produced by varying the rubber crumbs composition, as sand substitute in the mixture, from 1030 wt.% relative to total aggregate weight. Fly ash, 20 wt.% relative to cement and fly ash weight, was used as binder substitute. After 28 days of curing, composite brick was tested in terms of compressive strength, density and water absorption capacity. Compressive test showed that the brick can only be used in less impacted area considering that it does not meet the minimum standard to be considered as substitute to the commercially available brick. A decreasing trend of its compressive strength is observed as the amount of rubber crumbs increases from 10 to 30% of the total aggregate weight. The addition of light rubber crumbs and fly ash desirably decrease the density of the composite brick when compared to those commercially sold in the market. Water absorption test revealed that the produced composite brick is more efficient in minimizing water absorption. This study demonstrated that composite brick can be made using industrial wastes as substitute for aggregate and binder, with huge implication in brick concrete making. Keywords: Composite brick, rubber crumbs, fly ash, and concrete brick
BEARING CAPACITY OF STRIP FOOTING RESTING ON DUNE SANDS STABILIZED BY GROUTIN...IAEME Publication
Extensive dune sand deposits cover specific areas of Iraq. Dune sands are often an environment hazard during strong winds and sand storms particularly in the summer months. A little research has taken place to study the characteristics and the behavior of dune sands. An extensive laboratory testing program was carried out to study the geo technical properties and the behavior of dune sands. The tests include moisture content, classification, compaction, relative density, direct shear, chemical tests. Also, loading tests were carried out on footing model of strip shape (3.2 × 33) cm rested on natural dune sand.
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O1304039196
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 4 Ver. III (Jul. - Aug. 2016), PP 91-96
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1304039196 www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
A Study on use of Brahmaputra River Sand as a Liner Material
for Municipal Landfills
C. Doley1
, U.K. Das2
, P.K. Phukan3
, D. Dutta4
, P.M. Bora5
1
(Technical Officer, Civil Engineering Department, Tezpur University, India)
2
(Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Tezpur University, India)
3,4,5
(Student, Civil Engineering Department, Tezpur University, India)
Abstract: Silty Sand is a pervious material in nature. Mixing silty sand with appropriate bentonite contents
yields sand-bentonite mixtures having low hydraulic conductivity. A compacted mixture of bentonite with silty
sand has been used to form a barrier for fluids in absence of impervious natural soil layer. This study focuses
on the hydraulic conductivity behaviour of locally available silty sand and bentonite mixtures. Hydraulic
conductivity tests were conducted to evaluate hydraulic conductivity of compacted sand-bentonite mixtures.
Compaction tests are conducted to determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density of
compacted sand-bentonite mixtures. Unconfined compressive strength of the sand-bentonite mixture is also
measured to know the strength. The change in Atterberg limits of the soil-bentonite mixtures are also calculated
and compared through the laboratory tests. Results of laboratory investigations are presented to show the
influence of bentonite on compaction, Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and
permeability of silty sand by increasing the bentonite content 5% by weight each time. The findings show
significant improvement in the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of sand-bentonite mixture
with the increase in bentinite content. The study discusses the effect of bentonite content on strength and
permeability, two important requirements of landfill liner material, of the sand-bentonite mixture.
Keywords: Bentonite, Landfill liner, Hydraulic conductivity, Silty sand, Unconfined compressive strength
I. Introduction
Urbanization and industrialization are helping to grow several towns and cities in North Easternregion
of the country. These towns and cities produce high quantities of municipal solid waste, often resulting in open
dumping or municipal land filling. Leachate from open dumping yards and unscientific landfills cause
environmental pollution especially ground water. Therefore barriers have to play a big role in arresting seepage
of leachates from landfills. Different types of isolated liners have been widely used around the world, such as
geosynthetic clay liners (GCL), high density polyethythene (HDPE), compacted clay liners (CCL), and soil-
bentonite liners. However, under local conditions the construction cost of using these synthetic liner materials is
exorbitant due to non-existence of local industry producing such materials. Further, these materials are subject
to degradation affecting proper functionality as a liner material.
CCL are economical compared to others liners, only if the clay is locally available. Bentonite forms an
integral part of landfill and waste depository liner due to its high swelling and lower hydraulic conductivity and
contaminant adsorption capacity. However, high compressibility, high desiccation shrinkage, low shear strength
and low compaction density are reasons of concern.
Soil-bentonite liner seems to be most economical solution for the geoenvironmental application in
places which are covered mostly by sandy soils. Soil-bentonite liner is a way to prevent the ground water from
being contaminated due to migration of the leachates by mixing soil such as sand with a low amount of
bentonite and water as an insullation barrier. This kind of barrier has been presented in many research studies
[Abeele (1986), Akgün et. al. (2006), Chapuis (1990), Mollins (1996)]. Typical cross section area of this
landfill liner should be consisted of layers namely; a sand-bentonite layer, two filter layers, and protective layer
[Chapuis (1990)], as shown in Fig.1 . The thickness of these layers is usually between 150 mm to 200 mm. The
river silt of mighty river Brahmaputra, which runs through Assam in India and Bangladesh, is most abundantly
available in its flood plains. In this study this locally available silty sand has been mixed with different
proportions of bentonite to find out the optimum proportions of sand-bentonite mixture for landfill liners. To
achieve this a low hydraulic conductivity is considered the key objective amongst other important parameters
like compaction characteristics, Atterberg limit and shear strength of sand-bentonite mixture of this study.
2. A Study on use of Brahmaputra River Sand as a Liner Material for Municipal Landfills
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1304039196 www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page
Fig.1. A typical cross section area of soil-bentonite landfill liner (Chapius 1990)
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
The silty sand used in this study were obtained from the bank of the Brahmaputra River near Tezpur,
Assam. The river silty sand was sieved through 2.36 mm I.S sieve. The sand falls in the category of SP as per
IS classification. The grain size distribution of the silty sand sample is shown in Fig.2. Physical properties of
sand used are determined in laboratory and given in Table 1.
Fig. 2: Grain size distribution of the Brahmaputra silty sand sample
The bentonite used in this study was a powdered sodium bentonite. The main constituent, which is the
determinant factor in the clay's properties, is the clay mineral montmorillonite. Bentonite is a clay generated
frequently from the alteration of volcanic ash, consisting predominantly of smectite minerals, usually
montmorillonite. Other smectite group minerals include hectorite, saponite, beidelite and nontronite. Smectites
are clay minerals, i.e. they consist of individual crystallites the majority of which are < 2µm in largest
dimension.Physical properties of bentonite used are determined in the laboratory and presented in Table 1.
2.2 Sample Preparation
Bentonite used was dried in air and then kept in temperature and moisture controlled environment.
Sand used was oven dried. Different proportions of Bentonite i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% were
added with the silty sand. Mixing was done by properly mixing in the dry sample before sprinkling the desired
amount of water and mixing simultaneously. This method was adopted for uniformity of the mix. Tests
conducted on samples without mixing in dry state showed irrelevant results because of the inhomogeneity of the
mix. Bentonite used, swelled immediately after coming in contact with water and prevented uniform mixing.
Compaction test samples were prepared at different water content (i.e. 6%, 10%, 14%, 20%, and 24%) for all
bentonite proportions. Samples were kept in polythene bags to swell properly for a period of 7 days. Polythene
bags avoided any change in moisture content but allowed mixture to swell. Compaction tests were performed on
the samples after period of 7 days. Samples for Permeability test and UCS test were prepared at Maximum Dry
Density and Optimum Moisture Content. Moreover, test Samples for permeability test, and UCS test were left
for swelling in polythene bags for a period of 7 days.
3. A Study on use of Brahmaputra River Sand as a Liner Material for Municipal Landfills
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1304039196 www.iosrjournals.org 93 | Page
Table 1: Physical properties of silty sand and bentonite used in the study
Properties Silty sand Bentonite
Liquid limit (%) WL 18.27 147
Plastic limit (%) WP NP 40.78
Plasticity index IP NP 106
I .S classification SM CH
Specific gravity 2.67 2.33
UCS in kPa 0 -
Shrinkage limit (%) - 11
Optimum moisture content (OMC ) % 12.6 36
Maximum dry density (MDD) in g/cc 1.82 1.33
2.3 Experimental program
Tests on the silty sand and bentonite samples with different proportion of bentonite were performed in
two stages.
In the first stage, geotechnical characteristics of the silty sand samples and bentonite samples were determined
by conducting grain size analysis, specific gravity test, and consistency limits test.
In the second stage, geotechnical properties of silty sand and bentonite samples with different proportions of
bentonite were determined. The silty sand was mixed with different percentages of bentonite (5, 10, 15, 20, 25
and 30%) by dry weight of total sample. Series of standard compaction test, specific gravity test, UCS test and
the permeability test were conducted to determine geotechnical properties of sand and bentonite mixes.
III. Results and Discussion
3.1 Effect of bentonite on compaction characteristics of sand-bentonite mixtures
The compaction test were performed on the sand and bentonite mix with different proportions of bentonite
Table 2: OMC and MDD of sand and bentonite mixture
Material Optimum Moisture Content (%) Maximum Dry Density (g/cc)
95%S +5%B 16.4 1.745
90%S +10%B 15.8 1.753
85%S +15%B 15.1 1.765
80%S +20%B 14.3 1.779
75%S +25%B 13.0 1.789
in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part-7)-1980. The results for Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum
Dry Density (MDD) of sand and bentonite samples presented in Table 2. Compaction curves for various sand
and bentonite mix is shown in Fig 3.
Fig. 3: Compaction curves for sand-bentonite mixture at different bentonite content
The variation of M.D.D with different percentage of bentonite is shown in Fig. 4 and variation of
O.M.C with different percentage of bentonite is shown in Fig.5.
Fig. 4: Variation of OMC with bentonite content Fig. 5: Variation of OMC with bentonite content
4. A Study on use of Brahmaputra River Sand as a Liner Material for Municipal Landfills
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1304039196 www.iosrjournals.org 94 | Page
The curves from Fig.4 and Fig. 5 shows that with variation of Bentonite in sand samples, values of
M.D.D increases from 1.745 g/cc at 5% bentonite mix to 1.789 g/cc at 25% bentonite mix and values of O.M.C
decreases from 16.4% at 5% bentonite mix to 13% at 25% bentonite mix. Dry density increases with increased
percentage of bentonite, because the voids with in the sand are occupied by the fine bentonite particles, which in
result, increases the mass of soil solids for same volume. Due to this densification the chance for water to
occupy the voids becomes less and water decrease with increase percentage of bentonite.
3.2 Effect of bentonite on Atterberg limits of sand-bentonite mixtures
Atterberg limit tests were conducted to study the effect of bentonite content on liquid limit, plastic
limit, and plasticity index of the soil as per IS: 2720 (Part-5)-1985. Summary of liquid limit and plastic limit
test results with different bentonite contents is given in Table 3.
An increasing trend of the consistency limits of the sand-bentonite mixture with increasing bentonite
content is evident from Fig.6. As the percentage of bentonite increases from 5 to 30%, the liquid limit calculated
by the casagrandes method increases from 21.21 to 33.51%. Plastic limit (PL) and plasticity index (PI) also
increase with respect to bentonite content. The plastic limits for the mixture could not be calculated as the
mixture was non-plastic but it could be calculated from 20% bentonite since plasticity increased with bentonite
quantity. Plastic limit (PL) increases from 24.63 to 28.3% for bentonite 20 to 30% respectively. Similarly
plasticity index (PI) also increases from 2.92 to 5.21 for 20 to 30% bentonite respectively.
Table 3: Variation of Atterberg limit with different percentage of bentonite
Material WL WP IP
95%S +5%B 21.21 NP -
90%S +10%B 23.82 NP -
85%S +15%B 25.63 NP -
80%S +20%B 27.55 24.63 2.92
75%S +25%B 30.17 26.13 4.04
70%S +30%B 33.51 28.3 5.21
Fig. 6: Variation of Atterberg Limit with different % of bentonite
It is well known that the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil are primarily controlled by its clay
content [Seed et al.(1959)]. Therefore, the increases in liquid limit and plastic limit were expected as clay
content was increased due to the addition of bentonite.
3.3 Effect of bentonite on Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of sand-bentonite mixtures
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test were performed on cylindrical specimens 38mm in
diameter and length of 76mm in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part-10)-1991. The bentonite quantity in the samples
were increased by 5% by weight each time and the samples were tested for strength. The test results are shown
in Fig.6. From The unconfined compressive strength for sand-bentonite mixtures ontained from Fig.7 are shown
in Table 4.
The curve in Fig. 7 shows that with varriation of bentonite in sand samples, the UCS values increases
from 7.6 kPa at 5% bentonite mix to 76.73 kPa at 25% bentonite Mix. The increase in strength can be best
explained by the change of soil structure due to the presence of bentonite. This explanation is supported by
theory on factors influencing shear strength of compacted clays developed by Lambe (1960). When bentonite is
added, the soil structure becomes flocculated due to reduction in interparticler repulsion. Lambe (1960) reported
that greater repulsion results in lower shear strength. Therefore, the soil has higher shear strength when
bentonite is added because the repulsion is reduced. Another factor that could cause increase in shear strength is
particle orientation. Lambe (1960) summarized that for any given void ratio and given average particle spacing,
the more nearly parallel are, the particles the weaker is the soil. Because increased flocculation means a more
5. A Study on use of Brahmaputra River Sand as a Liner Material for Municipal Landfills
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1304039196 www.iosrjournals.org 95 | Page
random particle orientation, soil shear strength will become greater when bentonite is added as soil became
more flocculated.
3.3 Effect of bentonite on hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures
The permeability test were performed on the sand and bentonite mix with different proportions of
bentonite in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part-17)-1986. The test results are shown in Table 4. A plot of
Coefficient of permeability vs. Bentonit content in Fig.8 reveals that the hydraulic conductivity of sand-
bentonite mixtures decreases with increasing bentonite content. Hydraulic conductivity decreased from 1.10
×10-4
cm/s for the soil without bentonite to 4.0 ×10-8cm/s for the soil with 30% bentonite. The common
regulatory requirement for compacted soil liners states that the hydraulic conductivity should be less than 1×10-7
cm/s. For bentonite additions of more than 30%, the hydraulic conductivity is around 1×10-8
cm/s. From the plot
it is seen that the coefficient of hydraulic conductivity decreases abruptly upto addition of 20% bentonite.
Coefficient of permeability, k increases with increase in void ratio. At very low bentonite contents void ratio is
high. The very low bentonite content leads to an uneven distribution of bentonite within the sand matrix and this
resulted in preferential flow-paths.
IV. Conclusion
From the study on the effect of bentonite on locally available soil for different proportion of sand-
bentonite it can be conclude that when the bentonite content varies from 5 to 25%, the maximum dry unit weight
increases from 1.745 to 1.789 g/cc and the corresponding optimum water content decreases from 16.4 to 13.0 %.
Liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index also increases with the increasing bentonite content. Similarly
with the increase in the bentonite content, unconfined compressive strength also increases from 7.6 to 76.78 kPa
for 5% to 25% bentonite respectively.Result indicate that hydraulic conductivity decreased from 1.10 ×10-4
cm/s
for the soil without bentonite to 4.0×10-8
cm/s for the soil with 30% bentonite. When bentonite is added to silty
sand, due to its very small particle size it occupies the pore space present between the individual sand grains.
Once the bentonite comes in contact with water, it starts to swell and fill these void spaces resulting in a
decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of the mixture.
The study, in conclusion, shows high potential of Brahmaputra river sand mixed with 20-30%
bentonite (by weight of dry soil) for use as a liner material in municipal landfills.
6. A Study on use of Brahmaputra River Sand as a Liner Material for Municipal Landfills
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1304039196 www.iosrjournals.org 96 | Page
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