The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Studies on Mortars and Concretes with Pozzolonic Admixtureinventionjournals
Due to the steep increase in the cost of cement which is the main building material commonly used, the constructional costs are going up. In the present contest of housing the millions, various programmes are getting upset because of the increased cost of constructions. In these contexts, various alternatives are being tried to be used as full or partial replacement of cement to reduce its cost. Pozzolime is one such material manufactured locally using lime and clay. Its cost nearby 1/3rd of that of cement. Though pozzolime has been put use by builders to certain extent, its strength properties are not well understood to relies its full potential and use, it is necessary to carryout detailed experimental studies on the strength properties of pozzolime in combination with cement. In the present experimental investigation, pozzolime is used as been partial replacement to cement in various proportions; specimens of mortars and concretes are cost and tested for compressive strength at different ages. The results are compared with those of the fly ash. The results indicate that desirable strength properties can be achieved in mortars and concretes by using pozzolime as partial replacement to cement. It may be concluded that cost affective mortars and concretes can be prepared using pozzolime admixture. This would help substantially in reducing the cost of construction.
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Development of unfired bricks using industrial waste Sandeep Jain
A research project aimed at production of an unfired, non-structural, binder brick with 100% waste material, using fly ash, pond ash, coal cinder, & paper sludge along with lime and gypsum system to alleviate resources like coal, diesel, preservation of top soil, prevention of harmful emissions simultaneously managing the industrial waste.
Project Guide: Dr Shashank Bishnoi, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
Effects of Mechanical Properties on Unconventional Concrete Where Coarse Aggr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This project is regarding the investigation on compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of unconventional concrete using waste material. The material used in this project is palm oil clinker and it has been used to replace conventional coarse aggregate in concrete. The main objective of this research is to support the usage of waste product which helps to reduce the usage of conventional construction materials that are decreasing in terms or quantity and increasing in terms of price. The rate at which extinction of natural resources and pollution is increasing day by day is becoming alarming. The pollution of the environment in causing irreparable damage to the earth and it can be avoided by the usage waste materials which can be easily obtained. Other than that, factors affecting the mechanical properties of concrete are studied throughout the literature review. This has been done in order to combine information gained into this research and provide a better solution for palm oil clinker concrete. The various tests were performed on five different types of concrete mix with different percentage of palm oil clinker as a coarse aggregate replacement. This is to study the characteristic of palm oil clinker in concrete and as well as the changes that it makes in the strength of concrete. From the result obtained, due to its water absorbing characteristic, size and shape, palm oil clinker increase the bonding between aggregate by filling in the voids. Furthermore palm oil clinker enables internal curing which allows concrete strength to be higher. It has reduced the porosity of concrete, which means it has increased the strength of concrete. Lastly, palm oil clinker as coarse aggregate replacement in concrete has a major impact in the future of construction industry by drastically increasing the strength of concrete as well as the eradication of waste.
An Experimental Investigation on Strengths Characteristics of Concrete with t...IJERA Editor
The present work is directed towards developing a better understanding on strengths
characteristics of concrete using marble dust powder as a partial replacement of cement. T h e
Dissertation work is carried out with M30 grade concrete for which the marble powder is replaced by 0%,
5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by weight of cement. For all the mixes compressive, flexural and split tensile
strengths are determined at different days of curing. In addition to this, sand is replaced with stone dust (SD) by
10%, 20% and 30% along with cement is replaced with MP by 0%, 10% and 20% by weight for M30 grades of
concrete. Only 3 cubes were casted for various percentage replacements of sand with SD and cement with MP
for 7days and 28 days. The results of the present investigation indicate that marble dusts incorporation results
insignificant improvements in the compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of concrete upto 10% of
replacement and also the results of the present investigation indicate that stone dusts and marble dust
incorporation results insignificant improvements in the compressive strengths of concrete upto 20% of SD
and 10% of MP of replacement.
Modifications of construction materials have an important bearing on the building sector. Several attempts have been therefore made in the building material industry to put to use waste material products, e.g., worn out tyres, into useful and cost effective items. Success in this regard will contribute to the reduction of waste material dumping problems by utilizing the waste materials as raw material for other products. The present proposal involves a comprehensive laboratory study for the newer application of this waste material in the preparation of fibrous concrete. The primary objective of investigation is to study the strength behavior i.e. compressive strength, impact resistance of rubberized concrete with rubber chips. Volume variation of rubber chips with replacement to course aggregate. The proposed work is aimed to study the effect of volume of rubber chips on the compressive strength. Chetak A. Waghmare | Dr. P. P. Saklecha | Prof. M. M. Lohe "Experimental Study on Rubberized Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43718.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43718/experimental-study-on-rubberized-concrete/chetak-a-waghmare
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
Effect on Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement by Colloidal Nano Alumina...IJCMESJOURNAL
Nanotechnology is a optimistic field in terms of environmental improvements including energy savings and reduced reliability on non-renewable resources, as well as reduced waste, toxicity and carbon emissions. Alumina component reacts with calcium hydroxide produced from the hydration of calcium silicates. The rate of the pozzolanic reaction is proportional to the amount of surface area available for reaction. Therefore, it is possible to add nano- Alumina of a high purity and a high Blaine fineness value in order to improve the characteristics of cement mortars The Aim of this project is to devlope the nano concrete and to study the effects of nano alumina on the properties of concrete. In this investigation the cement is replaced by 10% Fly-ash and Alumina nanoparticles of different proportion i.e 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% & 3% in M40 grade of concrete. It is observed that workability decreased with replacement of cement. The compressive strength of nano concrete casted by partially replacement of 10% fly ash & 2% & 2.5% colloidal nano alumina , increased over conventional concrete about 18.03%, 14.28% for 3 days and 12.7%, 11.27% for 7 days and 4.17% , 2.07% for 28 days. The Split Tensile strength of this concrete increases with 5.73% and 9.16% respectively over conventional concrete for the replacement 1.5% and 2%. Flexural strength of this concrete increases with 13.05% and 26.65% over conventional concrete for the replacement 2% and 2.5%.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
Studies on Mortars and Concretes with Pozzolonic Admixtureinventionjournals
Due to the steep increase in the cost of cement which is the main building material commonly used, the constructional costs are going up. In the present contest of housing the millions, various programmes are getting upset because of the increased cost of constructions. In these contexts, various alternatives are being tried to be used as full or partial replacement of cement to reduce its cost. Pozzolime is one such material manufactured locally using lime and clay. Its cost nearby 1/3rd of that of cement. Though pozzolime has been put use by builders to certain extent, its strength properties are not well understood to relies its full potential and use, it is necessary to carryout detailed experimental studies on the strength properties of pozzolime in combination with cement. In the present experimental investigation, pozzolime is used as been partial replacement to cement in various proportions; specimens of mortars and concretes are cost and tested for compressive strength at different ages. The results are compared with those of the fly ash. The results indicate that desirable strength properties can be achieved in mortars and concretes by using pozzolime as partial replacement to cement. It may be concluded that cost affective mortars and concretes can be prepared using pozzolime admixture. This would help substantially in reducing the cost of construction.
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Development of unfired bricks using industrial waste Sandeep Jain
A research project aimed at production of an unfired, non-structural, binder brick with 100% waste material, using fly ash, pond ash, coal cinder, & paper sludge along with lime and gypsum system to alleviate resources like coal, diesel, preservation of top soil, prevention of harmful emissions simultaneously managing the industrial waste.
Project Guide: Dr Shashank Bishnoi, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
Effects of Mechanical Properties on Unconventional Concrete Where Coarse Aggr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This project is regarding the investigation on compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of unconventional concrete using waste material. The material used in this project is palm oil clinker and it has been used to replace conventional coarse aggregate in concrete. The main objective of this research is to support the usage of waste product which helps to reduce the usage of conventional construction materials that are decreasing in terms or quantity and increasing in terms of price. The rate at which extinction of natural resources and pollution is increasing day by day is becoming alarming. The pollution of the environment in causing irreparable damage to the earth and it can be avoided by the usage waste materials which can be easily obtained. Other than that, factors affecting the mechanical properties of concrete are studied throughout the literature review. This has been done in order to combine information gained into this research and provide a better solution for palm oil clinker concrete. The various tests were performed on five different types of concrete mix with different percentage of palm oil clinker as a coarse aggregate replacement. This is to study the characteristic of palm oil clinker in concrete and as well as the changes that it makes in the strength of concrete. From the result obtained, due to its water absorbing characteristic, size and shape, palm oil clinker increase the bonding between aggregate by filling in the voids. Furthermore palm oil clinker enables internal curing which allows concrete strength to be higher. It has reduced the porosity of concrete, which means it has increased the strength of concrete. Lastly, palm oil clinker as coarse aggregate replacement in concrete has a major impact in the future of construction industry by drastically increasing the strength of concrete as well as the eradication of waste.
An Experimental Investigation on Strengths Characteristics of Concrete with t...IJERA Editor
The present work is directed towards developing a better understanding on strengths
characteristics of concrete using marble dust powder as a partial replacement of cement. T h e
Dissertation work is carried out with M30 grade concrete for which the marble powder is replaced by 0%,
5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by weight of cement. For all the mixes compressive, flexural and split tensile
strengths are determined at different days of curing. In addition to this, sand is replaced with stone dust (SD) by
10%, 20% and 30% along with cement is replaced with MP by 0%, 10% and 20% by weight for M30 grades of
concrete. Only 3 cubes were casted for various percentage replacements of sand with SD and cement with MP
for 7days and 28 days. The results of the present investigation indicate that marble dusts incorporation results
insignificant improvements in the compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of concrete upto 10% of
replacement and also the results of the present investigation indicate that stone dusts and marble dust
incorporation results insignificant improvements in the compressive strengths of concrete upto 20% of SD
and 10% of MP of replacement.
Modifications of construction materials have an important bearing on the building sector. Several attempts have been therefore made in the building material industry to put to use waste material products, e.g., worn out tyres, into useful and cost effective items. Success in this regard will contribute to the reduction of waste material dumping problems by utilizing the waste materials as raw material for other products. The present proposal involves a comprehensive laboratory study for the newer application of this waste material in the preparation of fibrous concrete. The primary objective of investigation is to study the strength behavior i.e. compressive strength, impact resistance of rubberized concrete with rubber chips. Volume variation of rubber chips with replacement to course aggregate. The proposed work is aimed to study the effect of volume of rubber chips on the compressive strength. Chetak A. Waghmare | Dr. P. P. Saklecha | Prof. M. M. Lohe "Experimental Study on Rubberized Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43718.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43718/experimental-study-on-rubberized-concrete/chetak-a-waghmare
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
Effect on Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement by Colloidal Nano Alumina...IJCMESJOURNAL
Nanotechnology is a optimistic field in terms of environmental improvements including energy savings and reduced reliability on non-renewable resources, as well as reduced waste, toxicity and carbon emissions. Alumina component reacts with calcium hydroxide produced from the hydration of calcium silicates. The rate of the pozzolanic reaction is proportional to the amount of surface area available for reaction. Therefore, it is possible to add nano- Alumina of a high purity and a high Blaine fineness value in order to improve the characteristics of cement mortars The Aim of this project is to devlope the nano concrete and to study the effects of nano alumina on the properties of concrete. In this investigation the cement is replaced by 10% Fly-ash and Alumina nanoparticles of different proportion i.e 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% & 3% in M40 grade of concrete. It is observed that workability decreased with replacement of cement. The compressive strength of nano concrete casted by partially replacement of 10% fly ash & 2% & 2.5% colloidal nano alumina , increased over conventional concrete about 18.03%, 14.28% for 3 days and 12.7%, 11.27% for 7 days and 4.17% , 2.07% for 28 days. The Split Tensile strength of this concrete increases with 5.73% and 9.16% respectively over conventional concrete for the replacement 1.5% and 2%. Flexural strength of this concrete increases with 13.05% and 26.65% over conventional concrete for the replacement 2% and 2.5%.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Performance of lateritic concrete under environmental harsh conditioneSAT Journals
Abstract This is an investigation of weathering characteristics of Laterized concrete with laterite-fine aggregate ratio as a factor. It was done with a view of ascertaining the suitability of laterite as aggregate substitutes at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of fine aggregate used in the construction industry. The weathering characteristics were examined by conditioning laterized concrete cubes to varying temperatures, chemical and alternate wetting and drying, which all represent the operating weather conditions (wet and dry seasons) in tropics, including Nigeria. The mix proportion used was 1:2:4, the curing age of the laterized concrete was based on 28days curing age, while the compressive strength of the treated laterized concrete cubes was determined. The result of this research showed that the compressive strength of laterized concrete with laterite-fine aggregate ratio variation decreases when subjected to alternate wetting and drying and increases when subjected to magnesium sulphate (Mg2SO4). It was also discovered that a laterized concrete with a laterite-fine aggregate ratio of 20% conditioned to a temperature range of 100oC attained optimum compressive strength of 12.90Nmm-2 Keywords: Laterized Concrete, Comprehensive strength, Weathering Characteristics
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
Replacement of cement with pozzolanic materialsTHOTA AKHIL
This study reports the result of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effects of fly ash on strength development of mortar and the optimum use of fly ash in mortar.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Comparative Study of Phosphogypsum and Phosphogypsum plus Flyash Mix Concretecedmmantc5411
The growing use of phosphoric acid production by product phosphogypsum increased. Around 6 million
tons of phosphogypsum are produced every year in India. Flyash is a byproduct from thermal power station around
165 million tons production in India. To avoid land pollution these byproducts are incorporated in to concrete. The
current investigation is based on replacement of cement with phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum plus fly ash. Nine
mixes were considered by replacing cement with 4,8,12 and 16% of phosphogypsum with cement and phosphogypsum
plus fly ash for M25 grade of standard concrete. Nine cubes were casted to study 7, 28 and 56 days strength of
concrete. By incorporating fly ash with phosphogypsum the results of workability and compressive strength were
improved. Also the rate of strength gain is higher in phosphogypsum plus fly ash mix concrete.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
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B04470814
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 04, Issue 04 (April. 2014), ||V7|| PP 08-14
International organization of Scientific Research 8 | P a g e
The Quality of Natural Pozzolanic Materials at Bayoda desert in
Northern Sudan
Eltayeb A/Ellatif Ahmed Habib1
, Salih Elhadi. M. Ahmed2
1. Doctoral Candidate (Sudan Academy of Sciences), Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering and architect,
University of Bahari, Sudan,
2. Professor of structural engineering –Sudan University for Science and Technology, Sudan,
Abstract: The importance of Cement as a binding material is increased with the onset of the development and
the physical renaissance. Due to the highly demand of OPC (for concrete and other purpose of construction) it
becames expensive and scarce commodity and this has severely limited the construction of affordable housing in
Sudan. This large demand needs another alternative material from two points of view, economically and
availability. The objective of this study is to find other alternative binding materials that can be blended with
OPC to enhance the properties of fresh and hardened concrete as well as to reduce the economical phase of
cement. Three Pozzolanic samples ,represent natural Pozzolana, were brought from different location at Bayoda
desert.
The samples were grounded firstly and tested for the chemical contents and after that mixed with partial
replaced in the ratio of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of OPC to form concrete to detect the fresh and
hardened properties of the mix.
The results recorded were showed that all the three samples are reactive material with amorphous silica and
alumina that fulfilled the requirement of the Pozzolanic properties.
The better strength tests were reached with sample S2 with OPC, which gave range of developing of
compressive strength between 0.83 up to 0.96% in comparison with pure OPC. And gave some enhancement in
workability of the mixes comparing to pure OPC mix.
The recommendation is that The Quality of Natural Pozzolanic material at Bayoda desert is good and confirm
with the standard properties of natural Pozzolana. And can be mixed with OPC in the above proportions to be
used as Pozzolanic Cement to enhance some properties of concrete and mortars.
Keywords: Pozzolanic materials, Blended Cement, Chemical Composition, Workability, Compressive Strength.
INTRODUCTION
From 1880 – 1996, the world’s annual consumption of Portland cement rose from 2 million tons to 1.3
billion ton. This was associated with major environmental cost include: a) cement manufacturing is the third
largest CO2 producer and for over 50% of all industrial CO2emissions (for every 1 ton of cement produced, 1.25
tons of CO2 is released in the air); b) 1.6 tons natural recourse is consumed to produce 1 ton of cement. This
calls for the use of other alternative sustainable binders. One of the most promising materials is Pozzolanic
materials (10)
.
The importance of Cement as a binding material is increased with the onset of the development and the
physical renaissance. Now concrete is an important material for building construction, the present annual world
production of concrete is above billion cubic meters. Due to this highly demand of OPC (for concrete and other
purpose of construction) it became expensive and scarce commodity and this has severely limited the
construction of affordable housing in much of the third world. This large demand needs another alternative
material from two points of view, economically and availability (1)
.
Alternative cements provide an excellent technical option to OPC at much lower cost.
Pozzolanas are an important ingredient in the production of alternative cementing materials to Portland cement.
Pozzolanic materials are materials that containing reactive silica andor alumina, which in their own have little
or no binding properties but when mixed with lime in the presence of water it will set and harden like cement (2)
.
Pozzolanic materials are not a new materials, it is known to have been used by the Egyptians some 2,000 years
BC. The use of lime – based mortar for the floors of huts has also been found in excavations dated long ago as
5600BC.
BACKGROUND
The raw materials of the natural Pozzolanic materials are available and distributed over a wide area of the Sudan
regions. There are many locations for natural pozzolanas in Sudan.
2. The Quality of Natural Pozzolanic material at Bayoda desert in Northern Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 9 | P a g e
Bayoda Desert is one of these locations. Bayoda Desert lies west Atbara town in northern state and it is
characterized by the presence of Pozzolanic materials in the form of ash in northern volcanic field, and as burnt
clay underlying the basaltic lava flow in the southern part (J.Um Arafaiba).
The main volcanic field extends over a length of 50km and width of 20km occupies an area of almost 1000km2
.
(3)
Three samples were brought from different lacation at Bayoda desert represent the following types:
1. Natural burnt clay from southern part of the Bayoda desert in Mindraba area.(at coordinates N 17º 30.3´, E
33º 13.3´ which was formed by basaltic flow overlying the clay bed which resulted in the heating and
burning the underlying clay layer completely.(Sample S1).
2. Volcanic Ash extending in a northwesterly direction from N 18ْ 17' - E 32ْ 55’ to N 18ْ 20' - E 32ْ 29'.
(Sample S2).
3. Pumice in northern volcanic field of Bayoda associated with basaltic lava and contaminated in some
occurrences with the basalt of Bayoda Volcanic field. (Sample S3).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Cement and aggregate: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) produced from Atbara Cement Company was
used. And standard fine and coarse aggregate conforming to British Standards BS 882 grading zone M for
coarse & fine Aggregates were used for the preparation of concrete specimens.
Locally available free of debris sand is used as fine aggregate. The sand particles should also pack to give
minimum void ratio, higher voids content leads to requirement of more mixing water. Those fractions from
4.75mm to 150micron are termed as fine aggregate or sand.
The size of coarse aggregate used was ranged between 14mm as maximum and 2.36 mm as minimum, and are
tested as BS 882 grading zone M for coarse Aggregates and the results are within the permissible limit.
3.2 Bayoda Pozzolanic samples: For this study three samples were brought from Bayoda desert. (Natural burnt
clay, Volcanic ash and Pumice). The samples were grounded and sieved to grain size of less than 63µm.
Preparation of the Specimens: Concrete cubes of size 150x150x150mm, were prepared and cured using the
three Pozzolanic samples from Bayoda desert blended OPC cement. The OPC was replaced with 10, 20, and
30% Pozzolanic materials under study Table (1).
MIX DESIGN METHOD
The mix design adopted in this investigation followed a method suggested by Cabrera based on a mix of
maximum packing of Cement and sand particles strength and minimum porosity which has a cement : sand:
coarse aggregates ratio of 1:2.33:3.5 Table (1)
This is the mix used as a control in the laboratories of concrete materials. The compositions of the different
mixes used in the Investigation are given in Table (1).
The samples were incorporated in the mixes at 30%, 20%, and 10% replacement levels, the mixes (OPC/Si)
were made with the same W/C ratio of 0.55 as the OPC mix to observe the effect of the Si materials on the
workability and strength.
Where: Si represent the three samples that were brought from Bayoda desert. (Natural burnt clay, Volcanic Ash
and Pumice).
Changes in Concrete properties investigated were then related to:
1. Varying the percentage of replacement of the OPC with others samples proportions of Pozzolana under
study (10%, 20%, and 30%).
2. Different types of Pozzolanic samples under study.
Table (1) concrete mix proportions (by weight)
Mix OPC Bayoda Pozzolanic samples (Si) Sand Gravel water
OPC 1 0 2.33 3.5 0.55
OPC/Si 0.9 0.1 2.33 3.5 0.55
OPC/Si 0.8 0.2 2.33 3.5 0.55
OPC/Si 0.7 0.3 2.33 3.5 0.55
Where Si represent S2, S3 & S4
MIXING AND CASTING
The fresh concrete was mixed using flow pan mixer of 150Kg capacity till uniform through consistency
was achieved, prior to the mixing; the materials were spread in layers in the bottom of the pan, coarse aggregate
first, followed by cement and finally the fine aggregate. The constituents of the mixes were mixed dry for one
minute in order to homogenize the batched mix; subsequently water was added and mixed for a further three
minutes. The concrete was cast into the moulds in three layers, and 36 blows were given to each layer, using
3. The Quality of Natural Pozzolanic material at Bayoda desert in Northern Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 10 | P a g e
16mm diameter bar, to remove any entrapped air. For each mix the required numbers of cubes (total of 150
cubes) were casted. The moulds were covered by sacking for 24hours at room temperature. The specimens were
de-molded after at least 24 hours and immersed into the curing tank.
Before the molding of the samples specimens workability tests were done to observe the effect of the samples
S1, S2, & S3 on fresh concrete properties. The workability tests adopted for this investigation were the Slump
test and compacting factor test. The results of the Slump and compacting factor tests for the various mixes were
listed in Table (3) below.
Compressive strength was conducted at the age of 3, 7, 14, 28, and 90 days. The results were listed in Table (4).
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Chemical composition:
Table (2) chemical properties of study samples in comparison with OPC
Material Chemical composition (%)
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O LOI
OPC 21.26 5.1 2.59 64.96 2.02 1.8 0.3 2.0
S1 57.57 8.6 8.96 3.8 1.45 0.21 0.25 12.8
S2 54.95 9.26 8.67 8.14 9.31 0.49 1.13 11.9
S3 50.30 10.31 15.52 8.31 6.20 0.17 0.95 12.3
As the one of the main factors that affects the activity of Pozzolana is the chemical composition, so according to
the ASTM C618 & TS 25 (min. SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3), all the three samples give good indication for good
Pozzolanic activity.
Workability:
Table (3) Slump tests and compacting factor tests results
Sample No. Pozzolana Cement Slump (mm) Compacting factor
OPC 0 100 22 ± 2 1.05
S1 10 90 18 ± 2 1.10
20 80 16 ± 2 1.11
30 70 15 ± 2 1.12
S2 10 90 20 ± 2 0.98
20 80 24 ± 2 1.03
30 70 25 ± 2 0.94
S3 10 90 19 ± 2 1.12
20 80 17 ± 2 1.14
30 70 17 ± 2 1.15
The workability tests results (Figure 1) indicated that addition of S1 reduced the workability. It could
have been caused due to the adsorption of water at the surface of clay. The higher the proportion of S1, the
higher was the adsorption of water and hence lower amount of water reduced the workability, further. Also the
high percentage of LOI may affect the degree of water absorption and in turn affect the workability.
The addition of sample S2 (Figure 2) shows some enhance in workability and this may be putted under more
study to be used as workability enhancement additives after determining the optimum percentage replacement.
For sample S3 (Figure 3) there is very few reduction in workability values with increase in the replacement
proportions may be due to high value of LOI.
0% 10% 20% 30%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
slump(mm)
Blending proportions percentage of S1
slump
CF
Figure (1) The effect of (S1) Cement replacement on workability
4. The Quality of Natural Pozzolanic material at Bayoda desert in Northern Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 11 | P a g e
0% 10% 20% 30%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
slump(mm)
blending proportions (% S2)
slump
CF
Figure (2) The effect of (S2) Cement replacement on workability
0% 10% 20% 30%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
slump(mm)
blending proportions (% S3)
slump
CF
Figure (3) The effect of (S3) Cement replacement on workability
Compressive Strength Development:
Table (4): Strength activity development of blended concrete at 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 days.
Sample No. Blending % Compressive strength (N/mm2
)
3 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 90 days
OPC 0 100 22 28 32 35 35.5
S1 10 90 18 20 26 29.5 33
20 80 16 19 22 25 26.5
30 70 14 17 21 24 25
S2 10 90 21 27.5 29.5 32.5 34
20 80 19 23 27 29 31.5
30 70 15 18.5 22.5 26 29.5
S3 10 90 17 21 24 31 32
20 80 15 19 22.5 28 29
30 70 14 17.5 19.5 25.5 28.5
Results of compressive strength test conducted on cubes specimens, represented graphically in Fig. (4, 5, & 6),
showed that during experiment age of testing, all blended cubes specimens exhibited lower strength than OPC at
the early stages. This was due to the combined effect of relative fineness and the Pozzolanic activity of the
Samples. But sample S2 shows relatively development in strength at 28 & 90 days. The samples (S1 & S3) were
5. The Quality of Natural Pozzolanic material at Bayoda desert in Northern Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 12 | P a g e
shown some reduction in strength development than OPC. The compressive strength values decreases with
increase in the substitution ratio of Pozzolanic samples used.
The reduction in strength development for sample S1 may be due to the existing of some crystalline silica. And
also may be due to hydration reaction specimens with possible low reactivity of SiO2 and also the reduction in
CaO contents may have caused the reduction in ultimate strength development.
According to Bui (9)
strengthening capability of a mineral admixture not only depends on the Pozzolanic
reactivity, but also on the relative fineness of the filler material. At 90 day stage compressive strength for S2
was shown clear developing strength ranging between 83% up to 0.96% of OPC depending on the percentage
replacement of OPC, this may be due to chemical action of the Pozzolanic reaction between calcium hydroxide
(CH) and silica (SiO2). Also the hydration of silica itself in the alkaline environment may have been responsible
for increase in compressive strength.
Figure (4) Strength development throughout the ages of S1 Sample replacement proportions compared
with OPC.
ƒ´ = 27.418 + 0.1085d …………………….(1). For OPC (R2
=0.303)
ƒ´ = 21.06 + 0.149d……………………….(2). For 10%S1 (R2
=0.620)
ƒ´ = 18. 96 + 0.097d ………………………(3). For 20%S1 (R2
=0.525)
ƒ´ = 17.371+ 0.1d ………………………..(4). For 30%S1 (R2
=0.445)
Where: ƒ´ is the strength in N/mm2
and
d is the age in days
Figure (5) Strength development throughout the ages of S2 Sample replacement proportions compared
with OPC.
6. The Quality of Natural Pozzolanic material at Bayoda desert in Northern Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 13 | P a g e
ƒ´ = 27.418 + 0.1085d ..…………………….(1). For OPC (R2
=0.303)
ƒ´ = 25.925 + 0.105d……………………….(2). For 10%S2 (R2
=0.387)
ƒ´ = 22. 756 + 0.111d ………………………(3). For 20%S2 (R2
=0.516)
ƒ´ = 18.373 + 0.138d ………………………..(4). For 30%S2 (R2
=0.643)
Where: ƒ´ is the strength in N/mm2
and
d is the age in days
Figure (6) Strength development throughout the ages of S3 Sample replacement proportions compared
with OPC.
ƒ´ = 27.418 + 0.1085d …………………….(1). For OPC (R2
=0.303)
ƒ´ = 20.928 + 0.143d……………………….(2). For 10%S3 (R2
=0.510)
ƒ´ = 19.008 + 0.13d …………………………(3). For 20%S3 (R2
=0.434)
ƒ´ = 16.914+ 0.144d ………………………..(4). For 30%S3 (R2
=0.673)
Where: ƒ´ is the strength in N/mm2
and
d is the age in days
SUMMARY
Results can be summarized as below:
1. Pozzolanic samples (S1, S2, & S3) obtained from Bayoda desert produced a reactive material with high
contents of amorphous silica and calcium oxide that fulfilled the principal requirements of a Pozzolanic
material. A little amount of crystallization of silica present in S1, may have affected the degree of reactivity.
2. The Pozzolanic samples of Bayoda desert affect the workability of the fresh concrete clearly, particularly
the sample S2.
3. Mechanical strength tests confirmed the actual behavior of the Bayoda pozzolana blended cement
substitution of OPC with the samples, gave better strength development results in comparison with OPC
specimen.
REFERENCES
[1] "Pozzolanas- An Introduction", Low-Cost Cement- Intermediate Technology Group Ltd, 1994.
[2] "Pozzolanas- ITDG Publications", Low-Cost Cement- Intermediate Technology Group Ltd, 1992.
[3] Mamoun Eltayeb Elmamoun. “Natural pozzolana in Sudan” Ph.D thesis, University of Khartoum 2004.
[4] Neville A.M. "Properties of Concrete". Third Edition. Apitman International Text, 1981.
[5] Cabrera J.G., Jalali S. and Castro Gomes J.P., "Characterization of Cement Microstructure and Concrete
Durability Using Fractal Geometry", 12th European Ready Mix Concrete Conference,
ERMCO98,Lisbon. Portugal, 1998.
[6] Cabrera J.G., Jalali S. and Castro Gomes J.P., "Fractal Geometry Used for Characterization of Cement
Microstructure and Concrete Durability, European Ready Mixed Concrete", 1998.
[7] ASTM 6118 – 78. "Chemical specification of Pozzolana".
[8] ASTM C – 593 – 95. "Specifications for Lime – Pozzolana Cement".
7. The Quality of Natural Pozzolanic material at Bayoda desert in Northern Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 14 | P a g e
[9] Castro Gomes J.P., Cabrera J.G. and Jalali S., "Modeling the Degree of Cement Hydration Using
Electron Backscattered Imaging", Diamond Symposium, Hawaii, USA, (Submetido), 1998.
[10] Eljah Agivi, Otto Rusdulis, "Lime and Alternative Binder in East Africa", IT Publications 1995.
[11] "Pozzolanas- Lime- Pozzolana Cements", Low-Cost Cement- Intermediate Technology Group Ltd, 1994.
[12] "Pozzolanas- Portland- Pozzolana Blended Cements", Low-Cost Cement- Intermediate Technology
Group Ltd, 1994.
[13] Sulieman, S. H. Sulieman M. and Elfiel, A. "Gudie uses of Pozzolana in Sudan". Workshop on industry
of building in Sudan U. of K Khartoum, Sudan. (In Arabic). 1999.
[14] Elsharif M. Ibrahiem, Salih A. M. Ahmed “ Evaluation of Jebel Marra Volcanic Ash as Supplementary
Cementitious Material for Use in Blended Cements”.IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN). Vol. 04,
Issue 03, pp. (31 – 37) (March. 2014).
[15] Cusens A. R. and Cabrera J.G. "Developments in Concrete and Related Materials". Paper presented at
New Materials and their Applications, Warwick,1987.