The document summarizes a study on the effect of adding nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles to a chitosan polymer matrix on the mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposite. Chitosan films doped with various concentrations of nano TiO2, from 1% to 50%, were prepared by solution casting. The tensile strength, stiffness, and Young's modulus of the nanocomposites were then tested and compared to the neat chitosan film. The results showed that doping with 10% nano TiO2 increased the tensile strength over the neat film, but other concentrations generally decreased the mechanical properties compared to neat chitosan.
Synthesis MgO nanopowder using Sol-gel technique: A critical reviewPratish Rawat
During the last decade, it has realized that when materials are synthesized to nanoscale dimensions, they will show new and remarkably improved physical and chemical properties. Due to its wide and major applications, in-depth investigations have been carried out on metal oxide nanomaterials. A significant amount of research is going on in synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites. Some of the literature has been reviewed to get the idea about the synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites using sol-gel technique.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly porous materials consisting of metal atoms or clusters linked by organic molecules. MOFs have potential applications in hydrogen storage, methane storage, and carbon dioxide capture due to their ability to store gases at high densities through surface bonding. Australian researchers Matthew Hill and David Turner collaborate on using MOFs for gas storage and have achieved several world records. Their research utilizes synchrotron facilities to characterize MOF crystal structures, map their formation, and modify them for improved properties and applications.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing Fe2TiO5–TiO2 heterostructures for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Key points:
- Hierarchically arranged nanostructures with interconnected nano-petals of thickness around 50 nm were obtained using a simple hydrothermal technique with natural ilmenite as the source material.
- The electrocatalytic properties of the synthesized heterostructures were enhanced following a cathodization technique. This led to an overpotential of 301 mV for 10 mA/cm2 hydrogen evolution compared to 928 mV without cathodization.
- The enhancement is attributed to defect-rich Fe2-xTiO5-x-TiO2-x heterostructures
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
This presentation summarizes research on mesoporous materials for drug delivery systems. Mesoporous materials were first developed in 1990 and have large surface areas and tunable pore sizes, making them useful for controlled drug release. The presentation discusses different types of nano drug delivery systems and classifications of mesoporous materials based on pore size and framework. It also outlines the sol-gel process and properties of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Finally, potential applications are mentioned in pharmaceuticals, biomedical, chemical catalysis, and sensors.
This document summarizes metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), including their properties and applications. MOFs are highly porous materials formed by combining metal ions or metal clusters with organic ligands. They have extremely large surface areas, often exceeding 7,000 m2/g. Due to their tunable porous structures, MOFs show promise for applications such as gas storage, carbon capture, catalysis, and luminescence. While MOF research has advanced significantly in recent decades, further developing their potential applications and improving stability remains an active area of research.
Influence of reaction medium on morphology and crystallite size of zinc oxidejournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by reacting zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide in different mediums such as chitosan, poly vinyl alcohol, ethanol and starch. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis was done by energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX).
KEY WORDS : Nano zinc oxide, morphology, crystallite size
Synthesis MgO nanopowder using Sol-gel technique: A critical reviewPratish Rawat
During the last decade, it has realized that when materials are synthesized to nanoscale dimensions, they will show new and remarkably improved physical and chemical properties. Due to its wide and major applications, in-depth investigations have been carried out on metal oxide nanomaterials. A significant amount of research is going on in synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites. Some of the literature has been reviewed to get the idea about the synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites using sol-gel technique.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly porous materials consisting of metal atoms or clusters linked by organic molecules. MOFs have potential applications in hydrogen storage, methane storage, and carbon dioxide capture due to their ability to store gases at high densities through surface bonding. Australian researchers Matthew Hill and David Turner collaborate on using MOFs for gas storage and have achieved several world records. Their research utilizes synchrotron facilities to characterize MOF crystal structures, map their formation, and modify them for improved properties and applications.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing Fe2TiO5–TiO2 heterostructures for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Key points:
- Hierarchically arranged nanostructures with interconnected nano-petals of thickness around 50 nm were obtained using a simple hydrothermal technique with natural ilmenite as the source material.
- The electrocatalytic properties of the synthesized heterostructures were enhanced following a cathodization technique. This led to an overpotential of 301 mV for 10 mA/cm2 hydrogen evolution compared to 928 mV without cathodization.
- The enhancement is attributed to defect-rich Fe2-xTiO5-x-TiO2-x heterostructures
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
This presentation summarizes research on mesoporous materials for drug delivery systems. Mesoporous materials were first developed in 1990 and have large surface areas and tunable pore sizes, making them useful for controlled drug release. The presentation discusses different types of nano drug delivery systems and classifications of mesoporous materials based on pore size and framework. It also outlines the sol-gel process and properties of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Finally, potential applications are mentioned in pharmaceuticals, biomedical, chemical catalysis, and sensors.
This document summarizes metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), including their properties and applications. MOFs are highly porous materials formed by combining metal ions or metal clusters with organic ligands. They have extremely large surface areas, often exceeding 7,000 m2/g. Due to their tunable porous structures, MOFs show promise for applications such as gas storage, carbon capture, catalysis, and luminescence. While MOF research has advanced significantly in recent decades, further developing their potential applications and improving stability remains an active area of research.
Influence of reaction medium on morphology and crystallite size of zinc oxidejournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by reacting zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide in different mediums such as chitosan, poly vinyl alcohol, ethanol and starch. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis was done by energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX).
KEY WORDS : Nano zinc oxide, morphology, crystallite size
This document discusses mesostructured inorganic materials and their synthesis. It begins by introducing the key principles for templated synthesis of mesoporous inorganic materials. It then discusses early work using surfactants to template silica and escape the limitations of zeolites. Several milestones are outlined, including controlling structure and composition, template removal methods, and incorporating functionality. Applications mentioned include drug delivery, heavy metal removal, low dielectric films, and nanoreactors.
This document summarizes research on synthesizing a transition metal-based Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) for sensor applications. Key points:
- A zinc-based MOF was synthesized using terephthalic acid as the organic linker through a solvothermal method.
- Characterization with XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS and photoluminescence showed the MOF had a crystalline structure with pores and displayed dynamic luminescent properties essential for chemical sensing.
- The MOF exhibited red-shifted fluorescence compared to the free linker molecule, indicating coordination interaction between the zinc and linker affected its luminescence.
Environmentally friendly polymer composites: our past, ongoing studies and fu...zenziyan
THE PLENARY PRESENTATION ON II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE 'THE MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF POLYMER MATERIALS OBTAINING AND PROCESSING' (TPM-2019) at November 06–08, 2019, LVIV, UKRAINE
This document discusses mesoporous materials. It begins by defining porous materials and classifying them based on pore size as microporous, mesoporous, or macroporous. Mesoporous materials have pore sizes between 2-50 nm. The document then covers the synthesis of mesoporous materials using both soft template and hard template methods. It provides details on the synthesis process including use of surfactants to form micelles, interaction with inorganic precursors, and removal of templates. Finally, it discusses characterization techniques and some applications of mesoporous materials such as drug delivery and magnetic nanocomposites.
Just basics of mesoporous materials!!The Break through came around 1992 by both Japanese and Mobil scientist on the soft template based synthesis of mesoporous materials
Gas storage in metal organic frameworks(MOFs)Nitish Kumar
Gas storage in metal organic frameworks.
1. Metal organic frameworks has surface area more than 40 tennis courts per gram. So, it has high adsorption capacity.
2. Gas storage in a cylinder filled with MOFs can store much more gas than empty cylinder.
3. Apart from storage ,MOFs can also be used for Gas Separation.
Nanotechnology deals with the controlled formation and use of nanoparticles, which are billionths of a meter in size. Nanoparticles have unique properties compared to bulk materials that make them useful for applications in fields like energy, medicine, environment, and more. However, nanoparticles may also pose health risks to humans. This document discusses the pros and cons of nanomaterials, how nanoparticles could enter and affect the human body, methods for detecting nanoparticles, and potential environmental impacts of nanotechnology.
This document discusses the use of a large-pore metal-organic framework (MOF) called MJ3' for sensing and discriminating explosives at variable concentrations. MJ3' showed good sensitivity and quenching of its fluorescence for a range of explosives like tetryl, TNT, RDX, PETN, and 2,4-DNT in solution. In particular, its large pore size allowed for interactions with PETN, one of the more difficult explosives to detect. Testing revealed concentration limits of detection in the ppm range, suggesting potential applications in homeland security and environmental monitoring. The document concludes that carefully designed MOFs with ultrahigh porosity and stability can enable interior functionalization for applications like
Biodegradable polymer Matrix Nanocomposites for Tissue EngineeringPiyush Verma
This document discusses the use of biodegradable polymer matrix nanocomposites for tissue engineering applications. It describes how scaffolds seeded with cells can be used to repair damaged tissue, and outlines some of the key properties biomaterials must have including biocompatibility and suitable mechanical properties. The document then discusses how polymer nanocomposites containing materials like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes can improve mechanical properties while maintaining biocompatibility. Various processing techniques for fabricating such nanocomposites are also summarized, including electrospinning and supercritical carbon dioxide foaming. Potential applications for these materials include fracture fixation and dental/orthopedic implants.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The document summarizes a study on the degradation of the synthetic polymer Nylon 6 through composting. Nylon 6 sheets were submerged in a semi-natural composting environment for 3 months. Analysis found a 10% reduction in weight and 13% reduction in thickness of the Nylon 6 sheets. Fourier transform spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis indicated weakening of the amide bonds in the polymer and degradation through composting conditions. The study confirms that composting can actively degrade synthetic Nylon 6 polymer.
Metal organic Frameworks for sensor applicationABHISHEK KATOCH
This document summarizes a student's research project on synthesizing and characterizing transition metal-based metal-organic frameworks for sensor applications. The student synthesized MOF-5 and nickel-doped MOF-5 at various concentrations using a solvothermal method. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence showed the materials maintained their crystalline structure and porous nature after doping. Testing showed the materials were responsive to NO2 gas, indicating potential for sensor applications. Future work could aim to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and response time for detecting harmful gases.
Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation...Iranian Chemical Society
Nanoparticles of the ZnO and TiO2 were synthesized and the physicochemical properties of the compounds were characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of the ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles could be indexed to hexagonal and rutile phase, respectively. Aggregated nanoparticles of ZnO and TiO2 with spherical-like shapes were observed with particle diameter in the range of 80-100 nm. These nanoparticles were used for photocatalytic degradation of various dyes, Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene blue (MB) and Acridine orange (AO) under solar light irradiation at room temperature. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of photodegradation was investigated. In general, because ZnO is unstable, due to incongruous dissolution to yield Zn(OH)2 on the ZnO particle surfaces and thus leading to catalyst inactivation,the catalytic activity of the system for photodegradation of dyes decreased dramatically when TiO2 was replaced by ZnO.
Synthesis and Characterization of High Quality Mesoporous Material SBA-16 wit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes three methods for preparing hollow metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): 1) the exterior-template method where templates are coated with MOF shells and then removed, 2) the self-template method where intermediate products or reactants act as sacrificial templates, and 3) the two-phase interface method using gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, or solid-liquid interfaces. It also discusses using hollow MOFs for drug delivery by loading drugs through immersion or one-pot synthesis and zinc-based MOFs for delivering 5-fluorouracil.
Nanotechnology in food processing and food packagingYAMUNA KURIAN
Nanotechnology involves studying and manipulating materials at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has many applications in food processing including nanoencapsulation, nanoemulsions, and nanocoatings for food packaging. Nanoencapsulation uses structures like liposomes, nanocochleates, and nanofibers to encapsulate nutrients, vitamins, and other compounds to improve their absorption, stability, and bioavailability. Nanoemulsions and nanocoatings can also be used to improve food packaging through increased barrier properties and antimicrobial effects. While nanotechnology offers benefits to food processing and safety, more research is still needed to fully understand potential health risks from nanomaterials.
This document describes a new method for synthesizing robust free-standing nanomembranes of organic/inorganic interpenetrating networks. The method involves spin-coating reactive formulations containing both organic and inorganic precursors onto a sacrificial layer. Ultraviolet light induces polymerization of the organic components while residual humidity induces sol-gel formation of the inorganic network, creating an interpenetrating network. This allows simultaneous growth of the organic and inorganic networks during spin-coating. The films are then released by dissolving the sacrificial layer, resulting in macroscopically uniform nanomembranes around 35 nm thick with unprecedented mechanical strength and flexibility despite their nanoscale thickness.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a versatile class of advanced materials consisting of metal clusters connected by organic ligands to form crystalline porous structures. MOFs have tunable properties depending on the metal ions and ligands used, and high surface areas and pore volumes making them promising for applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis, and sensing. The document provides an overview of MOF structure and synthesis methods, and discusses some common ligands and metal centers used as well as properties and applications of MOFs.
Self Immunity To Reinforce The Vulnerability Factors on Soft Errors In 64 Bit...IOSR Journals
Abstract: VLSI technology reduces the size of the digital components, reduce the power consumption and
increase the speed of operation. In these criteria digital devices are more sensitively manufacturing. These type
of devices mostly effected by soft errors, then it reduces the life of the devices(microprocessor,
microcontrollers), it is nothing but vulnerability of microprocessors or microcontroller applications. The
register file is one of the essential architectural components where soft errors can be very mischievous because
errors may rapidly spread from there throughout the whole system. Thus, register files are recognized as one of
the major concerns when it comes to reliability. This paper introduces Self-Immunity, a technique that improves
the integrity of the register file with respect to soft errors. We show that our technique can reduce the
vulnerability of the register file considerably while exhibiting smaller overhead in terms of area and power
consumption compared to state-of-the-art in register file protection.
This document presents a case study on improving productivity at Chartered Rubber Products through the application of quality control tools and systematic layout planning (SLP). Currently, Chartered Rubber Products follows outdated practices and has an inefficient layout that results in long travel distances between machines. The study collects data on Chartered's processes, equipment sizes, and current layout. It then performs analysis using relationship charts and flow process charts. Finally, a new layout is proposed using SLP that reduces travel distances between operations by 185 feet, thereby improving productivity through reduced time and effort.
Cooperative Data Forwarding In AODV Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an enhancement to the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol called Reliable Reactive Routing Enhancement (R3E). R3E aims to improve AODV's ability to handle link failures in wireless sensor networks. It does so by having nodes maintain a list of potential forwarders and their priorities. This allows data to be forwarded toward the destination even if the next hop link fails, avoiding the need for the source node to reinitiate route discovery. The implementation of R3E augments AODV by modifying files, adding packet headers, and interfacing queues to incorporate the prioritized forwarder lists. The goal is
This document discusses mesostructured inorganic materials and their synthesis. It begins by introducing the key principles for templated synthesis of mesoporous inorganic materials. It then discusses early work using surfactants to template silica and escape the limitations of zeolites. Several milestones are outlined, including controlling structure and composition, template removal methods, and incorporating functionality. Applications mentioned include drug delivery, heavy metal removal, low dielectric films, and nanoreactors.
This document summarizes research on synthesizing a transition metal-based Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) for sensor applications. Key points:
- A zinc-based MOF was synthesized using terephthalic acid as the organic linker through a solvothermal method.
- Characterization with XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS and photoluminescence showed the MOF had a crystalline structure with pores and displayed dynamic luminescent properties essential for chemical sensing.
- The MOF exhibited red-shifted fluorescence compared to the free linker molecule, indicating coordination interaction between the zinc and linker affected its luminescence.
Environmentally friendly polymer composites: our past, ongoing studies and fu...zenziyan
THE PLENARY PRESENTATION ON II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE 'THE MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF POLYMER MATERIALS OBTAINING AND PROCESSING' (TPM-2019) at November 06–08, 2019, LVIV, UKRAINE
This document discusses mesoporous materials. It begins by defining porous materials and classifying them based on pore size as microporous, mesoporous, or macroporous. Mesoporous materials have pore sizes between 2-50 nm. The document then covers the synthesis of mesoporous materials using both soft template and hard template methods. It provides details on the synthesis process including use of surfactants to form micelles, interaction with inorganic precursors, and removal of templates. Finally, it discusses characterization techniques and some applications of mesoporous materials such as drug delivery and magnetic nanocomposites.
Just basics of mesoporous materials!!The Break through came around 1992 by both Japanese and Mobil scientist on the soft template based synthesis of mesoporous materials
Gas storage in metal organic frameworks(MOFs)Nitish Kumar
Gas storage in metal organic frameworks.
1. Metal organic frameworks has surface area more than 40 tennis courts per gram. So, it has high adsorption capacity.
2. Gas storage in a cylinder filled with MOFs can store much more gas than empty cylinder.
3. Apart from storage ,MOFs can also be used for Gas Separation.
Nanotechnology deals with the controlled formation and use of nanoparticles, which are billionths of a meter in size. Nanoparticles have unique properties compared to bulk materials that make them useful for applications in fields like energy, medicine, environment, and more. However, nanoparticles may also pose health risks to humans. This document discusses the pros and cons of nanomaterials, how nanoparticles could enter and affect the human body, methods for detecting nanoparticles, and potential environmental impacts of nanotechnology.
This document discusses the use of a large-pore metal-organic framework (MOF) called MJ3' for sensing and discriminating explosives at variable concentrations. MJ3' showed good sensitivity and quenching of its fluorescence for a range of explosives like tetryl, TNT, RDX, PETN, and 2,4-DNT in solution. In particular, its large pore size allowed for interactions with PETN, one of the more difficult explosives to detect. Testing revealed concentration limits of detection in the ppm range, suggesting potential applications in homeland security and environmental monitoring. The document concludes that carefully designed MOFs with ultrahigh porosity and stability can enable interior functionalization for applications like
Biodegradable polymer Matrix Nanocomposites for Tissue EngineeringPiyush Verma
This document discusses the use of biodegradable polymer matrix nanocomposites for tissue engineering applications. It describes how scaffolds seeded with cells can be used to repair damaged tissue, and outlines some of the key properties biomaterials must have including biocompatibility and suitable mechanical properties. The document then discusses how polymer nanocomposites containing materials like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes can improve mechanical properties while maintaining biocompatibility. Various processing techniques for fabricating such nanocomposites are also summarized, including electrospinning and supercritical carbon dioxide foaming. Potential applications for these materials include fracture fixation and dental/orthopedic implants.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The document summarizes a study on the degradation of the synthetic polymer Nylon 6 through composting. Nylon 6 sheets were submerged in a semi-natural composting environment for 3 months. Analysis found a 10% reduction in weight and 13% reduction in thickness of the Nylon 6 sheets. Fourier transform spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis indicated weakening of the amide bonds in the polymer and degradation through composting conditions. The study confirms that composting can actively degrade synthetic Nylon 6 polymer.
Metal organic Frameworks for sensor applicationABHISHEK KATOCH
This document summarizes a student's research project on synthesizing and characterizing transition metal-based metal-organic frameworks for sensor applications. The student synthesized MOF-5 and nickel-doped MOF-5 at various concentrations using a solvothermal method. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence showed the materials maintained their crystalline structure and porous nature after doping. Testing showed the materials were responsive to NO2 gas, indicating potential for sensor applications. Future work could aim to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and response time for detecting harmful gases.
Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation...Iranian Chemical Society
Nanoparticles of the ZnO and TiO2 were synthesized and the physicochemical properties of the compounds were characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of the ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles could be indexed to hexagonal and rutile phase, respectively. Aggregated nanoparticles of ZnO and TiO2 with spherical-like shapes were observed with particle diameter in the range of 80-100 nm. These nanoparticles were used for photocatalytic degradation of various dyes, Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene blue (MB) and Acridine orange (AO) under solar light irradiation at room temperature. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of photodegradation was investigated. In general, because ZnO is unstable, due to incongruous dissolution to yield Zn(OH)2 on the ZnO particle surfaces and thus leading to catalyst inactivation,the catalytic activity of the system for photodegradation of dyes decreased dramatically when TiO2 was replaced by ZnO.
Synthesis and Characterization of High Quality Mesoporous Material SBA-16 wit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes three methods for preparing hollow metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): 1) the exterior-template method where templates are coated with MOF shells and then removed, 2) the self-template method where intermediate products or reactants act as sacrificial templates, and 3) the two-phase interface method using gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, or solid-liquid interfaces. It also discusses using hollow MOFs for drug delivery by loading drugs through immersion or one-pot synthesis and zinc-based MOFs for delivering 5-fluorouracil.
Nanotechnology in food processing and food packagingYAMUNA KURIAN
Nanotechnology involves studying and manipulating materials at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has many applications in food processing including nanoencapsulation, nanoemulsions, and nanocoatings for food packaging. Nanoencapsulation uses structures like liposomes, nanocochleates, and nanofibers to encapsulate nutrients, vitamins, and other compounds to improve their absorption, stability, and bioavailability. Nanoemulsions and nanocoatings can also be used to improve food packaging through increased barrier properties and antimicrobial effects. While nanotechnology offers benefits to food processing and safety, more research is still needed to fully understand potential health risks from nanomaterials.
This document describes a new method for synthesizing robust free-standing nanomembranes of organic/inorganic interpenetrating networks. The method involves spin-coating reactive formulations containing both organic and inorganic precursors onto a sacrificial layer. Ultraviolet light induces polymerization of the organic components while residual humidity induces sol-gel formation of the inorganic network, creating an interpenetrating network. This allows simultaneous growth of the organic and inorganic networks during spin-coating. The films are then released by dissolving the sacrificial layer, resulting in macroscopically uniform nanomembranes around 35 nm thick with unprecedented mechanical strength and flexibility despite their nanoscale thickness.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a versatile class of advanced materials consisting of metal clusters connected by organic ligands to form crystalline porous structures. MOFs have tunable properties depending on the metal ions and ligands used, and high surface areas and pore volumes making them promising for applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis, and sensing. The document provides an overview of MOF structure and synthesis methods, and discusses some common ligands and metal centers used as well as properties and applications of MOFs.
Self Immunity To Reinforce The Vulnerability Factors on Soft Errors In 64 Bit...IOSR Journals
Abstract: VLSI technology reduces the size of the digital components, reduce the power consumption and
increase the speed of operation. In these criteria digital devices are more sensitively manufacturing. These type
of devices mostly effected by soft errors, then it reduces the life of the devices(microprocessor,
microcontrollers), it is nothing but vulnerability of microprocessors or microcontroller applications. The
register file is one of the essential architectural components where soft errors can be very mischievous because
errors may rapidly spread from there throughout the whole system. Thus, register files are recognized as one of
the major concerns when it comes to reliability. This paper introduces Self-Immunity, a technique that improves
the integrity of the register file with respect to soft errors. We show that our technique can reduce the
vulnerability of the register file considerably while exhibiting smaller overhead in terms of area and power
consumption compared to state-of-the-art in register file protection.
This document presents a case study on improving productivity at Chartered Rubber Products through the application of quality control tools and systematic layout planning (SLP). Currently, Chartered Rubber Products follows outdated practices and has an inefficient layout that results in long travel distances between machines. The study collects data on Chartered's processes, equipment sizes, and current layout. It then performs analysis using relationship charts and flow process charts. Finally, a new layout is proposed using SLP that reduces travel distances between operations by 185 feet, thereby improving productivity through reduced time and effort.
Cooperative Data Forwarding In AODV Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an enhancement to the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol called Reliable Reactive Routing Enhancement (R3E). R3E aims to improve AODV's ability to handle link failures in wireless sensor networks. It does so by having nodes maintain a list of potential forwarders and their priorities. This allows data to be forwarded toward the destination even if the next hop link fails, avoiding the need for the source node to reinitiate route discovery. The implementation of R3E augments AODV by modifying files, adding packet headers, and interfacing queues to incorporate the prioritized forwarder lists. The goal is
Behavioral Model to Detect Anomalous Attacks in Packet TransmissionIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a proposed behavioral model to detect anomalous attacks in packet transmission in wireless networks. The model aims to identify packet droppers and modifiers by having nodes monitor their neighbors' forwarding behaviors over time. A tree-based routing structure is used, where each packet is marked as it travels toward the sink node. The marks provide information to help the sink node determine which nodes are misbehaving. The proposed scheme aims to gradually identify bad nodes through statistical analysis of their behaviors across different network topologies over time, with low false positives. It aims to catch both packet droppers and modifiers within a single detection module.
This document summarizes and compares two image registration techniques: Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Curvature Scale-Space (CSS) Corner Detection with robust corner matching.
SIFT detects and describes local features in images that are invariant to changes in scale, rotation, and illumination. It finds key points at multiple scales and assigns orientations based on local image gradients. CSS corner detection uses the Canny edge detector to find edges, then detects corners as curvature maxima along edges. It parameterizes edges using affine-length for stability to affine transformations. Robust corner matching finds candidate matches based on curvature and affine-length, then estimates transformation matrices from triangle areas to find the best matches.
The document shows
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document reviews various MAC protocols developed for wireless body area networks. It discusses the applications and requirements of WBANs, including health monitoring and military uses. The document also analyzes sources of energy wastage in WBANs and classifies common MAC protocols as contention-based, schedule-based, and low power listening protocols.
This document presents an analytical model to simulate a single story brick masonry in-filled frame strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) to resist lateral loads. The model is based on experimental testing of half-scale in-filled frame specimens with different CFRP strengthening techniques. The analytical model represents the in-filled frame as diagonal struts acting in compression. Based on this model, the document derives two formulas to determine the required amount of CFRP to resist lateral loads - an accurate solution and a simplified empirical design equation. Both formulas showed good agreement with results from the experimental testing.
Industrial Process Management Using LabVIEWIOSR Journals
Nowadays process management is a tedious task in the industry. We plan to propose a LabVIEW
based intelligent multi parameter monitoring system designed using RS232 and Microcontroller aids in the
measurement and control of various Global Parameters. For data collection in the industry is a difficult task in
real time execution of events with industrial process control and automation. We proposed two slaves for
measuring various industrial parameters to monitor and control industrial process. Data acquired from each
slave is processed and sent to Master that compile data received from different slaves and send this information
to the system configured with LabVIEW platform. This enables us to view and track the online changes
encountered in the particular parameter of all the parameters. One of the main advantages of this proposal is, it
allows us to view all the parameter readings simultaneously on the front panel in LabVIEW. The Graph drawn
on the front panel keeps on tracking the changes on the parameter. The parameters supported by this project
includes: current, voltage, temperature, frequency, light intensity, logic switches, water level identifier, and
alarm. This Project can be implemented in any of the process industries where there is a need for Simultaneous
and fast acquiring of data and control
Isolation and Purification of Secoisolariciresinoldiglucoside oligomers (Lign...IOSR Journals
The present study aimed to extract and purify the compound of Secoisolariciresinoldiglucoside
oligomers (lignan) from flax seed (Linumusitatissimum) and its antioxidant activity. The Lignan was extracted
by solvents which gave the best results were ethanol : 1,4 dioxane (1:1, v:v).SDG release after alkaline
hydrolysisby using a methanolicNaOH , 20 mM, pH=8 at 50 ºC.followed by using following chromatographic
techniques: Liquid-liquid, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, thin layer chromatographic (TLC), high
performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red(FTIR) . The EC50 values of
Pure lignan extract (9 μg/ml) was shown possess DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to reference
substances BHT and vitamin C (EC50= 3 and 4.2 μg/ml) respectively, and this was higher than partial pure
lignan component (EC50= 25.5 μg/ml).The total phenolic content of the pure lignanwas higher than partial
pure lignan which gave 22.312 and 14.85 g/ml respectively.
Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in QualnetIOSR Journals
Abstract: A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive & hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed & battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
This document describes an intelligent meta search engine that was developed to efficiently retrieve relevant web documents. The meta search engine submits user queries to multiple traditional search engines including Google, Yahoo, Bing and Ask. It then uses a crawler and modified page ranking algorithm to analyze and rank the results from the different search engines. The top results are then generated and displayed to the user, aimed to be more relevant than results from individual search engines. The meta search engine was implemented using technologies like PHP, MySQL and utilizes components like a graphical user interface, query formulator, metacrawler and redundant URL eliminator.
Fault Detection Technique for Compact AES DesignIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cryptography is a method that has been developed to ensure the secrecy of messages and transfer data securely. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has been made as the first choice for many critical applications because of the high level of security and the fast hardware and software implementations, many of which are power and resource constrained and requires reliable and efficient hardware implementations. Naturally occurring and maliciously injected faults reduce the reliability of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and may leak confidential information. In this paper, a lightweight concurrent fault detection scheme for the AES is presented. In the proposed approach, the composite field S-box and inverse S-box are divided into blocks and the predicted parities of these blocks are obtained. For high speed applications, S-box implementation based on lookup tables is avoided. Instead, logic gate implementations based on composite fields are utilized. A compact architecture for the AES Mix-columns operation and its inverse is also presented. This parity-based fault detection scheme reaches the maximum fault coverage when compared to other methods of fault detection. The proposed fault detection technique for AES encryption and decryption has the least area and power consumption compared to their counterparts with similar fault detection capabilities. Index terms: AES, composite fields, parity prediction, fault detection, S-box.
This document presents a study on detecting heart disease using clustering and classification techniques. The researchers used the EKSTRAP clustering algorithm to cluster a heart disease dataset into two clusters - one for patients with heart disease and one without. They then used two classifiers - Naive Bayes (statistical) and Modified Simple Distance (distance-based) - to classify new patient data based on the clusters. EKSTRAP clustering achieved higher accuracy than K-means clustering. Both classifiers also had higher accuracy when trained on the EKSTRAP clusters compared to the K-means clusters, demonstrating that improving the clustering stage can enhance the performance of subsequent classification.
This document describes the design and implementation of an embedded control system for orienting a radar antenna. The system uses a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to process input from a radar's plane position indicator (PPI) display and control a stepper motor that adjusts the antenna's azimuth position. When a target blip appears on the PPI, the FPGA commands the stepper motor to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as needed to align the antenna to geographic north. Experimental results showed the system could successfully orient the antenna to within 0.18 degrees using the FPGA and stepper motor control approach.
This document describes a mobile application called Pharmi Track that allows users to track nearby pharmacies and doctors. It discusses the need for such an application given that currently finding pharmacies and doctor availability can be difficult. The proposed system would allow users, doctors, and pharmacists to register and then users could search for and order medicines from nearby pharmacies. It would also allow users to post questions to doctors and see pharmacy and doctor recommendations. The document outlines the system design, including components, functionality, architecture, and security measures to make it reliable. It concludes the application would provide medical assistance to users by helping them find pharmacies and doctors more easily.
This document summarizes a paper that points out a major error in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper on special relativity. Specifically, it shows that Einstein's assumption that the time coordinate of a moving clock (τ2) can be expressed as a function of the time (t) and spatial (x) coordinates of a stationary system is incorrect. An alternative derivation is presented that expresses τ2 in terms of t, x, the velocity (v) of the moving system, and other variables. This challenges one of the foundational assumptions of Einstein's original formulation of special relativity.
“Trade-Off between Detection and Resolution of Two Point Objects Under Variou...IOSR Journals
It is a well-experienced fact that whenever one tries to detect a weak object point in the vicinity of an intense point object, viz., a binary star-SIRUS and its companion weak satellite star, there is always loss of resolution of the optical system. In other words, one wants to improve the defectively of the system, there is always a loss of resolution capabilities of the system. Thus, there is a trade-off between Detection and Resolution of optical systems under various imaging situations. In this first paper of discussion of this trade-off, we have derived the Fourier analytical formulation of this problem. This formulation will be used to find out a compatible trade-off between Detection and Resolution in our further publications
A Two Grid Discretization Method For Decoupling Time-Harmonic Maxwell’s Equat...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a two grid discretization method for decoupling time-harmonic Maxwell's equations. The method discretizes the coupled partial differential equations using continuous 1H-conforming finite elements on two grids - a fine grid and a coarser grid. This allows solving the coupled equations on the coarse grid along with decoupled equations on the fine grid, reducing computational costs compared to solving on just the fine grid. The document reviews relevant fundamentals, formulates the variational problem, and proves a regularity result stating the solution has higher regularity if the right hand side is more regular.
RSA Algorithm as a Data Security Control Mechanism in RFIDIOSR Journals
The document summarizes how RSA encryption can be used as a data security mechanism for RFID tags. It begins with background on RFID and existing security issues like eavesdropping, replay attacks, and cloning attacks. It then provides an overview of the RSA encryption algorithm and gives an example of how it can encrypt a message using a public key and decrypt it with a private key. The proposed solution is to have RFID readers first authenticate tags by having the tag encrypt its password using RSA and the reader decrypting it before transmitting any other data. This prevents unauthorized readers from accessing tag data. The conclusion recommends RSA as a robust approach to mitigate RFID data security issues through use of public and private keys.
Self-Cleaning Finish on Cotton Textile Using Sol-Gel Derived Tio2 Nano FinishIOSR Journals
Abstract: TiO2 Nano Particles have been synthesized using titanium tetrachloride as precursor through Sol-gel
technique. The characterization of synthesized particles was done in XRD and FTIR analysis. It is revealed from
XRD and FTIT spectroscopy that the TiO2 nano particle formation. Subsequently the synthesized particles were
applied on the Cotton textile plan woven fabrics using pad patch method using 1 wt% of acrylic binder. While
coating three different contraction of TiO2 Nano particles were maintained. The self cleaning action of nano
coated fabric has been quantified by measuring photo catalytic degradation of stain due to visible light
irradiation. %of Decrease in K/S value is increased with respect to increase in TiO2 concentration as well as
duration of visible light irradiation. Keywords: TiO2 Nano particls, Self-cleaning property, Nano-Sol, Photocatalysis
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
The document describes a study that prepared nanocomposite films from chitosan biopolymer and montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) at various weight percentages. XRD and FTIR were used to characterize the structural properties of the nanocomposites and showed an intercalated structure formed. The nanocomposites were then used to adsorb Mn(II) ions from aqueous solution. Parameters like pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial concentration, and temperature were investigated. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics as well as thermodynamic properties of the process were analyzed.
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
In this study, composites films were prepared from Chitosan biopolymer and Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) by
dispersion of MMT into Chitosan solution with different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 75% wt. /wt.
nanoclay/chitosan), using both sonication and casting technique methods to obtain good dispersion of nanoclay. The structural
properties of these nanocomposites samples examined by XRD and FTIR . The XRD patterns indicating that formation of an
intercalated nanostructure as exfoliated and flocculated structure . Also the complexion of the dopant with the biopolymer was
examined by FTIR studies. The experiments of Mn(ΙΙ) ions adsorption were carried out on MMT/chitosan nanocomposites. The
effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial Mn(ΙΙ) concentration and temperature on the
adsorption of Mn(ΙΙ) removal onto MMT/chitosan nanocomposites was investigated. Two adsorption isotherm models were
applied Freundlich and Langmuir to fit the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm modeling was suitable for description the data
at equilibrium state. The kinetic isotherm was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamics
parameters of the adsorption such as Gibbs free energyΔ퐺표 , entropy Δ푆표 and enthalpy Δ퐻표 were discussed and the results
demonstrate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- A Review Article of Nanoparticles; Synthetic Approaches and Wastewater...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of nanoparticles and their application in wastewater treatment. It discusses how nanotechnology offers opportunities to improve water purification through the use of engineered nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have a high surface area to volume ratio and can effectively be used as adsorbents to remove contaminants from wastewater. Different types of nanoparticles like metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, zeolites and carbon nanomaterials have been used for water purification and treatment applications. The document reviews various synthetic methods for producing nanoparticles and their mechanisms for removing pollutants from wastewater.
IRJET- Investigation on Ferrock based Mortar an Environment Friendly ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into Ferrock, an environmentally friendly concrete alternative. Ferrock is composed of iron powder, fly ash, limestone, metakaolin, and oxalic acid. Tests were conducted varying the concentration of oxalic acid as a catalyst in Ferrock mortar mixes. The optimum molarity of oxalic acid was found to be 10 moles, resulting in the highest compressive strength. Ferrock concrete was found to have twice the strength of conventional concrete. Carbonation depth tests also showed Ferrock fully absorbs CO2 during curing, making it carbon negative. In conclusion, Ferrock is a promising greener construction material with higher strength and environmental benefits compared to traditional concrete.
This document discusses composite materials for chromatographic column separations. It describes how composite materials made of organic and inorganic components can overcome limitations of conventional ion exchange resins by exhibiting improved mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability, ion exchange capacity, and ability to be synthesized in granular form for column operations. Nanocomposites in particular are highlighted as having unusual property combinations and potential applications in areas like drug delivery, corrosion protection, and the automotive and electronics industries. The document outlines several applications of nanocomposites and their potential to enhance sensor performance and open new application horizons.
Applicatuion and syntheis of tio2 projectBigil Gupta
The document discusses the synthesis and application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. It describes several methods for synthesizing TiO2, including chemical synthesis, electrochemical approaches, and hydrothermal methods. It also outlines techniques for characterizing TiO2, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The main applications of TiO2 nanoparticles discussed are photocatalysis for waste water treatment, use in solar cells, and as gas sensors. TiO2 shows promising results for degrading organic dyes and inhibiting algal growth in waste water through photocatalytic processes.
A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibresMadiha Rashid
This document reviews recent developments in biocomposites made from natural fibers. It discusses various biodegradable polymers including polysaccharides like starch, proteins, and poly(hydroxyalkanoate). Natural fibers that can be used in biocomposites include lignocellulosic fibers. Surface treatment of fibers can improve adhesion between the fiber and polymer matrix. Biocomposites based on starch, poly(hydroxyalkanoate), poly(lactic acid), soy resin and wood-plastic composites are discussed. The environmental and economic impacts as well as future applications of biocomposites are also reviewed.
Study of high-performance polymer matrix nanocomposite: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the preparation and properties of polymer matrix nanocomposites reinforced with silica nanoparticles. It discusses various techniques for producing silica nanoparticles, including mechanical milling and sol-gel processes. Mechanical milling using ball milling is described as an effective method for incorporating silica nanoparticles into polymers like polyether ether ketone (PEEK) without using heat or solvents. The document also reviews how silica nanoparticle fillers can improve the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of polymer composites.
IRJET- Behaviour of Self Cleaning Concrete by using Various PhotocatalystsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into developing self-cleaning concrete using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalysts. Concrete cubes were made with 0-1.5% additions of TiO2 or ZnO by weight of cement. Compressive strength generally increased up to 1% addition before decreasing. Durability was tested by curing cubes in salt and sulfate solutions, with photocatalyst additions improving strength retention. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by measuring the degradation of Rhodamine B dye on cube surfaces exposed to UV light. Overall, the results indicate that TiO2 and ZnO additions can enhance the self-cleaning and durability properties of concrete.
This document discusses the use of monoliths and other composite materials in mRNA vaccine purification processes. Specifically, it examines the use of silica resins, which can be produced synthetically or from natural sources like rice husks. Rice husk silica contains around 1% carbon impurities like graphite. The document considers whether rice husk silica is used in large scale biopharmaceutical production and whether any carbon particles could be present in the final purified product. It also reviews the use of monoliths made from materials like polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polystyrene and silica in chromatography techniques for purifying mRNA and other biopharmaceuticals.
Experimental Study of Photocatalytic Cement: New Approach to Reduce the Air P...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on using photocatalytic cement to reduce air pollutants. It discusses how titanium dioxide (TiO2) added to cement is a photocatalyst that uses UV light to break down organic and inorganic air pollutants. When mixed into concrete, the TiO2 removes pollutants from the air and their residues are washed away by rain, keeping building surfaces clean without maintenance. The document summarizes several studies that tested photocatalytic cement's ability to degrade pollutants like nitrogen oxides and found it effectively removed these pollutants from the air. It concluded that photocatalytic cement has potential environmental and economic benefits for reducing air pollution.
Srm geoengineering-to stop global warming with ti02 and aluminum al- oxides- ...Robert Hardt
This document discusses the potential use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in geoengineering techniques to reduce greenhouse gases and mitigate global warming. Specifically, it proposes dispersing large quantities of TiO2 nanoparticles into the lower stratosphere using aircraft to reflect sunlight and have a cooling effect. It notes that TiO2 is widely used commercially and could be engineered to the desired size and properties. However, the document also cites a study finding that TiO2 nanoparticles caused DNA damage, chromosomal damage, inflammation and cancer in mice. The mechanism is thought to be oxidative stress induced by the particle surfaces interacting with the body. This raises concerns about potential health effects of exposure to the nanoparticles.
This document summarizes research on modifying the surface of titanium alloys through radio frequency magnetron sputtering of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films at different thicknesses. TiO2 films with thicknesses of 200, 300, and 500nm were deposited on commercially pure titanium (CPTi) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates heated to 100°C using argon gas under low pressure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and Vickers microhardness tests were performed to analyze surface morphology, microstructure, and hardness at each film thickness. Preliminary results indicate hardness increases and corrosion resistance improves for coated samples compared to uncoated, especially for the 300nm film thickness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Trial Investigation on Reinforced Concrete using Waste Fibreijtsrd
The expanding measure of waste material from industry is a concerning reality that has started the manageability issues of the climate and biology of earth surface. The creation of fiber in the business represents the an Earth wide temperature boost by delivering the carbon dioxide and other destructive gases in the air during its assembling. It likewise measure burn through at the hour of assembling and utilizing on the field. Hence, detailing of cement with mechanical waste can help in limiting the natural and environmental issues. In this investigation fiber squander polypropylene fiber was utilized as an extra material of concrete cement. Polypropylene fiber PPF is a manufactured hydrocarbon polymer which was added to improve the quality of the solid for example compressive and split rigidity. In this examination Amit Singh | Rohit Jain "A Trial Investigation on Reinforced Concrete using Waste Fibre" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33464.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33464/a-trial-investigation-on-reinforced-concrete-using-waste-fibre/amit-singh
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in food packaging. It discusses how nanomaterials can be incorporated into polymer packaging materials and coatings to improve barrier and antimicrobial properties. Key applications mentioned include polymer nanocomposites to enhance oxygen and moisture barrier properties, nano-coatings on packaging surfaces for improved barrier performance, and surface biocides using nanomaterials like silver, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide for their antimicrobial effects. The document also reviews the history of nanotechnology and various synthesis methods for nanomaterials.
This document discusses the use of titanium dioxide nanomaterials in photovoltaic applications. It begins by introducing the properties and polymorphs of titanium dioxide. The main sections then summarize the use of titanium dioxide nanomaterials in different types of solar cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells, polymer-inorganic hybrid solar cells, quantum dot-sensitized solar cells, inorganic solid-state solar cells, and perovskite solar cells. For each application, it provides a brief introduction to the solar cell type and discusses how nanostructured titanium dioxide materials can improve device performance through increased surface area and modulation of interfacial charge transfer kinetics.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
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I012314854
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 3 Ver. I (May. - Jun. 2015), PP 48-54
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12314854 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
Study on the Effect of Nano TiO2 on Mechanical Properties of
Chitosan
Mazin C1
, Aboobacker Thanshif1
, Anandapadmanabhan1
, Ashfaq1
, Abdul
Mujeeb1
, Anupam Glorious Lobo1
1
(Department of Mechanical Engineering,P. A. College of Engineering, Mangalore, 574153, Karnataka, India)
Abstract: Owing to the importance of enhanced properties in various spectrums, a good number work has been
carried on polymer nanocomposite materials. Augmentation of the properties of materials to fit a them into
certain applications has led to the development in composite materials. Polymers due to their vast applicability
are structurally exploited to strenghthen their properties which are of the essence. In this work we have
impregnated nano powders of Titanium dioxide into the Chitosan polymer matrix in order to pull off a polymer
nanocomposite. Attempts have been made to study a few mechanical properties of the nanocomposite like tensile
strength, stiffness, modulus of elasticity, percentage elongation at fracture. Nanocomposite films were prepared
by solution casting by adding different weights of nano Titanium dioxide to the solution containing 2g of
Chitosan. It has been observed that the material propeties of neat Chitosan has undergone remarkable changes
after it was doped with nano Titanium dioxide. The Young's Modulus of nano Titanium dioxide doped Chitosan
decreased when compared to undoped material for all concentrations of the dopant. Percentage elongation at
fracture is found to be having a sudden rise at a particular concentration (0.06gm) of Titanium dioxide in the
Chitosan film. The stiffness TiO2 doped Chitosan observes a notable fall in contrast to that of the neat Chitosan
film.
Keywords:Chitosan, nano titanium dioxide, polymer nanocomposite
I. Introduction
In this era of increasing material pollutants, material scientists are in a race of developing materials that
exhibit optimum properties among which biodegradability or the eco-friendly nature of the materials has
become inevitable. Chitosan, a mucopolysaccharide is one such polymer which has walked its way in fetching
its place among the popular biopolymers due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility and adsorption properties.
A constantly evolving area of study has emerged to investigate the various applications of polysacharides such
as chitin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate. Chitosan is a non-starch biopolymer derived from Chitin.
Chitin or Chitosan being the next abundant natural biopolymer after cellulose, extensive research is being
conducted on Chitosan based composites mainy due to its availability and diverse properties when combined
with other materials. Chitin and Chitosan being insoluble in water, they are widely contained in shells of crabs
and shrimp, cuticles of insects, in specific categories of fungi etc. Chitosan of varying types are available based
on their varying degrees of deacetylation which also causes variation in their respective molecular weights.
Various biological properties of Chitosan have attracted researchers and as a result they are being used in
pharmaceutical, pharmacological, commercial, agricultural, and horticultural fields, in water filtration, cosmetic
and paper industry etc [1]. Chitin has lower applicability when compared to Chitosan as it is insoluble in water
and chemically rather unreactive. In the recent years, Chitosan-based drug delivery vehicles are attracting many
researchers especially for developing safe and efficient Chitosan-based particulate drug delivery systems.
Chitosan exhibits unique behaviour for drug delivery systems when compared to other polysacharides of its
kind. Apart from this, investigations are being carried out on Chitosan to be used in membrane electrolyte and
electrode is various fuel cells. Another property that has drawn the attention of the researchers towards Chitosan
is its film forming characteristic. Chitosan is being utilized in manufacturing number of industrial and consumer
products due to its gel forming properties and swellability in water.
On the other hand Titanium being the ninth abundant metal in the earth's crust is known for its
toughness, high strength and can be typically thought of as being chemically inert. It is usually available in
several kinds of rocks and mineral sands in the oxidized state as Titanium dioxide(TiO2) which is a white, solid,
non-hazardous, inorganic substance. Titanium dioxide is usually manufactured as a nanomaterial and as a
pigment grade, both having similar production processes. Pigment grade TiO2 (200nm-350nm) are used where
white opacity and brightness are the parameters of interest as pigment grade TiO2 has excellent light-scattering
properties. Nano TiO2 (less than 100nm is size) provides ultraviolet absorption in spite of appearing transparent
and is not inert. Applications of nano TiO2 can be classified into two categories. Firstly application of nano TiO2
as a catalyst or semiconductor and secondly as ultraviolet light attenuator. As photocatalysts, nano TiO2 is being
2. Study on the Effect of Nano TiO2 on Mechanical Properties of Chitosan
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12314854 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
used in various engineering and chemistry appliactions and as semiconductors it is being applied in electronics
field. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems which are used in large industrial boilers, combustion plants
and stationary or automotive diesel engines convert harmful nitrous oxides(NOx) into harmless nitrogen and
oxygen. Nano TiO2 photocatalysts are highly dispersed and are sensitive to visible light and are used in
manufacturing self- cleaning surfaces as on glass. Recenlty nano TiO2 is being used in solar cells for its electron
trasnfer properties. Material pollutants being a major concern today, research has been conducted to study the
effect of nano TiO2 on the environment [2]. This project analyzes the behavior of a nanocomposite polymer i.e.
Chitosan doped with nano TiO2. This study involves the preparation of neat Chitosan films, Chitosan films
doped with nano TiO2 powders and studying their mechanical properties. TiO2 at high pressures underwent a
rutile to baddeleyite transition which is a stable phase of ZrO2 at ambient conditions resulting in increase in it’s
coordination number of titanium and decrease in it’s volume [3]. In the work "Preparation and Characterization
of Gelatin and Chitosan Films", Jeanette Mirian Diop[4] describes the optimal method of preparing the films in
order to improve their mechanical properties. Results showed that Chitosan films that were washed with Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) were less succeptible to humidity and Chitosan films prepared with acetic acid (CH3COOH)
were easy to handle during film preparation and testing. Marino Quaresimin et al., [5] discussed important
issues regarding nano composite modelling and classified the available modelling strategies. These strategies for
the assessment of nanocomposite mechanical properties is thought as a necessary tool for the development of
new effective approaches. A molecular dynamics simulation has been used by Maenghyo Cho et al., [6] who
studied the effect of size of Al2O3nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of thermoset epoxy-based nano
composites. Efficient estimation of particle size and epoxy network effects were made using the sequential
bridging method. An effective interface concept was incorporated as a characteristic phase which could describe
the particle size effects. The values calculated from the micromechanics model agreed with those of the
simulation. Another study on epoxy nano composites by Hongwei He et al., [7] revealed that surface
modification of nano-particles, which can enhance the interfacial properties between nano-CaCO3 and epoxy
resin. This study also expressed that the mechanical and thermal properties of the nano composite enhanced.
Esam A. El-Hefian, et al.,[8] examined the rheological properties of Chitosan in weak acid solutions. The
parameters of interest being temperature, concentration, shearing time, and storage time. The results showed that
shear thinning behaviour (pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian behaviour) was pronounced at temperatures from 20 to
50℃, but was more remarkable at lower temperature, the activation energy value derived from ln η vs. 1/T data
was found to be 20.86kJ mol−1
and also the shear thinning behaviour was found to be pronounced at all
concentrations. The TGA revealed that Chitosan decomposed in two different stages and this result was verified
using DSC curves. Works have been cited where Chitosan was used as a dopant to dope polyhydroxybutyrate
and the mechanical and thermal properties were investigated [9]. The DSC revealed increasse in the various
thermal properties. TGA shows that the thermal stability of the polymer was enhanced when doped with
chitosan. The Young’s modulus of the polymer nanocomposite increased and was high at 40% concentration of
chitosan in the composite Further increase in the concentration of chitosan decresed the ductility of the sample.
Although a few studies are available on Chitosan-metal oxide composites, a work by F. Al-Sagheer and
S.Muslim [10] demonstrates the mechanical and thermal properties of Chitosan-silica hybrid films and observed
increase in the modulus of elasticity of the hybrid film in contrast with that of the neat film, increase in the glass
transition temperature being directly proportional to the silica content in the hybrid film and also an increase in
the thermal stability of the hybrid film. The transition of various properties of Chitosan were observed when
Chitosan was doped with silica, a metal oxide. This casts-out the necessity of further research on Chitosan-metal
oxide composites. In this work Chitosan films were branded by their properties like Modulus of Elasticity which
is a measure of stiffness of the film, Tensile Strength which is the ability of the material to resist tensile
derfomation, Yield Strength which is the stress at which the Chitosan film deforms permanently and Extension
till Break or Elongation at fracture which is nothing but the extension of the film at its tensile strength.
II. Experimental Details
2.1 Materials and Equipment
Medium molecular weight Chitosan was purchased from Blue Line Foods (India) Pvt Ltd Mangalore.
According to the vendor, the degree of deacetylation was between 75-85%. Nano Titanium dioxide was
purchased from KMML Kollam, Kerala. Acetic acid was of reagent grade.
The thickness of the films was measured using a Mitutoyo made hand held micrometer. Lloyd
universal testing machine with 5KN grips and cross head speed 25 mm/min, bench top thin film universal
testing machine was used to study the mechanical properties of the thin films.
Care was taken to minimise the impact of inherent properties of the films like moisture content, physio-
chemical properties, humidity of the atmosphere during testing which eventually would bring about variations in
the results.
3. Study on the Effect of Nano TiO2 on Mechanical Properties of Chitosan
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12314854 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
2.2 Nano Composite Preparation
The nanocomposite was prepared by solution casting method [11]. Thin films of neat Chitosan and
Chitosan doped with different concentrations of nano Titanium dioxide were prepared.
The neat Chitosan film was prepared by adding 1gram Chitosan to 50ml of deioinzed water. This
solution was stirried for about 0.5-1 hour using a magnetic stirrer. The pH levels of the solution was brought to
the desired value by the controlled addition of acetic acid. The insoluble clumps in the solution were removed
by filtration. Decanding method was adopted to extract the solvent. The clear solution obtained was cast into
petri-dish for film formation. Curing process of the solution in the perti-dish took approximately about 4 days.
Once dried, the films were gently peeled off from the glass plates.
The Chitosan films doped with nano TiO2 were prepared as follows. 2gram Chitosan was added to
100mlof deionized water and stirred for about 12 hours while 0.02g, 0.06g, 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g & 1.0g of
Titanium dioxide nano powder and acetic acid was added. The prepared clear solution was cast onto glass plates
for film formation by drying it for about 4 days.
III. Result Analysis
3.1 Tensile Strength Analysis
TABLE 1 shows the variation of tensile strength in Chitosan with different concentration and also shows the
variation when it is doped with Titanium dioxide.
Table 1. Variation of Tensile Strength
SL. NO. MIXTURE TENSILE STRENGTH
1. Chitosan 19.51
2. 0.02 gm 12.82
3. 0.06 gm 13.05
4. 0.1 gm 13.26
5. 0.2 gm 17.34
6. 0.4 gm 8.51
7. 0.6 gm 11.95
8. 1.0 gm 8.97
Figure 1. Variation of tensile strength with different concentrations of nano TiO2.
TABLE 1 and Fig. 1 show that the tensile strength of 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% of Titanium
dioxide doped in the Chitosan polymer matrix. From the above graph we have observed that the tensile strength
of 1% Titanium doped Chitosan (12.82MPa) has decreased value than that of neat Chitosan (19.51MPa) and
when Chitosan is doped with 10% of Titanium, the value of Tensile strength (17.34MPa) has been increased.
0
5
10
15
20
25
Chitosan 0.02 gm 0.06 gm 0.1 gm 0.2 gm 0.4 gm 0.6 gm 1.0 gm
VARIATION IN TENSILE STRENGTH
4. Study on the Effect of Nano TiO2 on Mechanical Properties of Chitosan
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12314854 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
But when the same amount of Chitosan is doped with 20% of Titanium, we observe that the value of tensile
strength has been dropped to a lesser value than expected. Here it is observed that the tensile strength of doped
Chitosan films has decreased in comparison with neat Chitosan. Though the improvement of the property is
observed at 10%, the property value observes decrement for 30%, 50% and 20% concentration of dopant
repectively.
3.2 Stiffness
TABLE 2 shows the variation of stiffness in Chitosan with different concentration and also shows the
variation when it is doped with Titanium dioxide.
Table 2 Variation of Stiffness
SL. NO. MIXTURE STIFFNESS
1. Chitosan 16504.93
2.. 0.02 gm 3915.98
3. 0.06 gm 1946.10
4. 0.1 gm 7298.32
5. 0.2 gm 7576.69
6. 0.4 gm 2811.52
7. 0.6 gm 4668.71
8. 1.0 gm 7094.38
Figure 2. Variation of stiffness with different concentrations of nano TiO2.
The data shown above corresponds to the stiffness values for 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% of
Titanium dioxide in Chitosan polymer matrix. From the graph we observe that the stiffness for 1% Titanum
dioxide doped Chitosan (39.15kN/m) has decreased to a lower value than that of the value of neat Chitosan
(165.04KN/m). When Chitosan is doped with 10% of Titanium dioxide, the value of Stiffness (75.76KN/m) has
been increased to almost twice as that of the value for 1% Titanium dioxide. The value of stiffness finds a
sudden drop at 20% and gradually catches up for 50% concentration of nano TiO2(70.94KN/m). On the whole
we can conclude that the neat Chitosan is stiffer that the doped films.
3.3 Young's Modulus
TABLE 3 shows the variation of Young's Modulus in Chitosan with different concentration and also shows the
variation when it is doped with titanium dioxide.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Chitosan 0.02 gm 0.06 gm 0.1 gm 0.2 gm 0.4 gm 0.6 gm 1.0 gm
VARIATION IN STIFFNESS
5. Study on the Effect of Nano TiO2 on Mechanical Properties of Chitosan
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12314854 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
Table 3.Variation of Young's Modulus
SL. NO MIXTURE YOUNG'S MODULUS
1. Chitosan 200.06
2.. 0.02 gm 47.47
3. 0.06 gm 23.59
4. 0.1 gm 88.46
5. 0.2 gm 91.84
6. 0.4 gm 34.08
7. 0.6 gm 56.59
8. 1.0 gm 85.99
Figure 3. Variation of Young’s Modulus with different concentrations of nano TiO2.
TABLE 3 and Fig. 3 show the variation of Young's modulus of 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%
of Titanium dioxide doped with Chitosan. From the above graph we have observed that the Young's modulus of
1% Titanium dioxide doped Chitosan (47.46MPa) has decreased to almost three times than that of the value of
Chitosan (200.05MPa) and when it’s doped with 10% of Titanium dioxide the value of Young's Modulus
(91.83MPa) has been increased more than two times than that of the 1% Titanium dioxide. But when the same
amount of Chitosan is doped with 20% of Titanium dioxide, we have observed that the value of Young's
modulus has been dropped to a lesser value than expected. A similar trend has been observed for stiffness. This
proves that Young’s Modulus is the measure of stiffness for a given material.
3.4 Percentage Total Elongation at Fracture
TABLE 4 shows the variation of percentage total elongation at fracture in Chitosan with different concentration
and also shows the variation when it is doped with Titanium dioxide.
Table 4. Variation of Percentage Elongation
SL. NO MIXTURE % ELONGATION
1. Chitosan 35.52
2.. 0.02 gm 39.15
3. 0.06 gm 81.39
4. 0.1 gm 33.10
5. 0.2 gm 39.01
6. 0.4 gm 30.35
7. 0.6 gm 33.22
8. 1.0 gm 22.89
0
50
100
150
200
250
Chitosan 0.02 gm 0.06 gm 0.1 gm 0.2 gm 0.4 gm 0.6 gm 1.0 gm
VARIATION IN YOUNG'S MODULUS
6. Study on the Effect of Nano TiO2 on Mechanical Properties of Chitosan
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12314854 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
Figure 4. Variation of Percentage elongation at fracture with different concentrations of nano TiO2.
The table and the graph above show the percentage elongation at fracture for 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%,
30% and 50% of Titanium dioxide doped with Chitosan. Percentage elongation at fracture is nothing but the
ductility of that material. More ductile a material is, more desirable it becomes. From the above graph we have
observed that the percentage total elongation at fracture has not varied significantly for most of the
concentration except for 0.06 gram of doping. The property value touches a peak for Chitosan doped with 3% of
Titanium dioxide. The values for percentage elongation at fracture further observes depression and slight
variations for increase in concentration of nano TiO2. Still it has enhanced the percentage total elongation at
fracture, to a value much better than that of the neat Chitosan film prepared.
IV. Conclusions
From the obtained results we can arrive to the following conclusions:
Notable changes have been observed in the properties of Chitosan films doped with nano particles in
comparison with neat Chitosan films.
It has been observed that increase in the concentration of nano particle doping has resulted in decrease in
the respective property values, percentage elongation at fracture being an exception.
The tensile strength of neat Chitosan reduced when doped with Titanium dioxide nanopowder.
Chitosan doped with TiO2 nano powder was found to be less stiff when compared to neat Chitosan for all
concentation of doping.
The values of young’s modulus of doped Chitosan films dip when compared to that of neat Chitosan film.
Percentage Elongation at Fracture has considerably increased for doped film at a doping concentration of
8% (0.06gm) than that of the neat Chitosan film.
From the above observations, one can conclude that the most optimum concentration for enhanced
property is 1%. The use of Acetic acid instead of sodiumhydroxide and hydrochloric acid made the film
preparation relatively easy. It should also be kept in mind that preparatin of the samples using solution casting
method will not assure the quality of the sample as there is a possibility of the nano particles being settled at the
bottom of the petridish based on the viscosity of the liquid in which the nano particles have been dispersed. Also
it is difficult to maintain the uniformity of thickness of the samples and the uniform distribution of the nano
particles throughout the samples when it comes to solution casting method.
Since nano TiO2 is relatively harmful to the environment, a study may be conducted on the
biodegragability toChitosan-nano TiO2 nano composite. Also various thermal properties of the nano composite
may be studied.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Chitosan 0.02 gm 0.06 gm 0.1 gm 0.2 gm 0.4 gm 0.6 gm 1.0 gm
VARIATION OF %ELONGATION AT FRACTURE