1. DNA is replicated before cell division in the nucleus. mRNA is made during transcription in the nucleus and carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes during translation which occurs in the cytoplasm and converts mRNA into proteins. tRNA attaches amino acids and is involved in translation in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
a) What is the role of Trizol in RNA extractionTrizol reagent is .pdfapleather
a) What is the role of Trizol in RNA extraction?
Trizol reagent is used for RNA isolation from cells and tissues. This reagent is used as it helps in
maintaining RNA integrity during tissue homogenization, while at the same time disrupting and
breaking down cells and cell components. The RNA remains only in the aqueous phase(Amrita).
b) What was the purpose of performing a reverse transcription reaction. What were the products
of thesereaction?
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a variant of polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression
incontrast the traditional PCR is used to exponentially amplify target DNA sequences, (Freeman,
1999). The product of this reaction will be RNA
Solution
a) What is the role of Trizol in RNA extraction?
Trizol reagent is used for RNA isolation from cells and tissues. This reagent is used as it helps in
maintaining RNA integrity during tissue homogenization, while at the same time disrupting and
breaking down cells and cell components. The RNA remains only in the aqueous phase(Amrita).
b) What was the purpose of performing a reverse transcription reaction. What were the products
of thesereaction?
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a variant of polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression
incontrast the traditional PCR is used to exponentially amplify target DNA sequences, (Freeman,
1999). The product of this reaction will be RNA.
Chapter 8:
Microbial Genetics
*
Plasmids Exist in Cells Separate from Chromosomes
Big Picture: Genetics
The science of heredity
Central dogma of molecular biology
Mutations
Gene expression controlled by operons
Alteration of bacterial genes and/or gene expression
Cause of disease
Prevent disease treatment
Manipulated for human benefit
Big Picture: Genetics
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Learning Objectives
8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype, phenotype, and genomics.
8-2 Describe how DNA serves as genetic information.
8-3 Describe the process of DNA replication.
8-4 Describe protein synthesis, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation.
8-5 Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Genetics: the study of genes, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
Chromosomes: structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; the chromosomes contain genes
Genes: segments of DNA that encode functional products, usually proteins
Genome: all the genetic information in a cell
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material The genetic code is a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a proteinCentral dogma:
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: expression of the genes
DNA and Chromosomes
Bacteria usually have a single circular chromosome made of DNA and associated proteins
Short tandem repeats (STRs): repeating sequences of noncoding DNA
Figure 8.1 A Prokaryotic Chromosome
Chromosome
The Flow of Genetic Information
Vertical gene transfer: flow of genetic information from one generation to the next
Horizontal gene transfer: flow of genetic information between individuals of the SAME generation (see the middle portion of the next slide!)
Figure 8.2 The Flow of Genetic Information
Parent cell
DNA
Genetic information is used
within a cell to produce the
proteins needed for the cell
to function.
Genetic information can be
transferred horizontally between
cells of the same generation.
Genetic information can be
transferred vertically to the
next generation of cells.
New combinations
of genes
Translation
Cell metabolizes and grows
Recombinant cell
Offspring cells
Transcription
DNA Replication
DNA forms a double helix
“Backbone” consists of deoxyribose-phosphate
Two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G
Strands are antiparallel
Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the genetic instructions of the organism
DNA Replication
One strand serves as a template for the production of a second strand
Topoisomerase and gyrase relax the strands
Helicase separates the strands
A replication fork is created
DNA Replication
DNA poly ...
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
About 98 of the E. coli genome codes for proteins, yet mRNA, the t.pdfrupeshmehta151
About 98 % of the E. coli genome codes for proteins, yet mRNA, the template for protein
synthesis, comprises only about 2 % of the total RNA in the cell. Explain this apparent
discrepancy. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
is(are) unstable
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria
is(are) metabolically stable
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels
small amount of this is used in one translation complex
mRNA Bin tRNA&rRNA bin
Solution
mRNA Bin
tRNA&rRNA bin
is(are) unstable; because of single trans acting strands.
is(are) metabolically stable; because of they are constituent material for amino acids carrier and
ribosome and also having various hairpin loops.
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria; because of complete degradation in mono nucleotides.
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels, under lipase or other enzymes activity they get
accumulate
small amount of this is used in one translation complex; mRNA uses in small amount
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule; different tRNAs are used for different amino acids and rRNA also has various RNA
subunits.
The mRNAs are required to make proteins. They are easy to translate whenever required. On the
other hand tRNAs and rRNAs are required to make amino acids carrier and ribosome
respectively. Cells need to have many tRNAs because of their individual differences. Lot of
Ribosomes are required to present in the cell for the readily availability of protein production
place.
mRNA Bin
tRNA&rRNA bin
is(are) unstable; because of single trans acting strands.
is(are) metabolically stable; because of they are constituent material for amino acids carrier and
ribosome and also having various hairpin loops.
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria; because of complete degradation in mono nucleotides.
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels, under lipase or other enzymes activity they get
accumulate
small amount of this is used in one translation complex; mRNA uses in small amount
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule; different tRNAs are used for different amino acids and rRNA also has various RNA
subunits..
Genetic information, stored in the chromosomes and transmitted to daughter cells through DNA replication, is expressed through transcription to RNA and translation into proteins (polypeptide chains). The pathway of protein synthesis is called translation because the “language” of the nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is translated into the “language” of an amino acid sequence. The process of translation requires a genetic code, through which the information contained in the nucleic acid sequence is expressed to produce a specific sequence of amino acids. Any alteration in the nucleic acid sequence may result in an incorrect amino acid being inserted into the polypeptide chain, potentially causing disease or even death of the organism.
In 2019- Facebook announced its plan to roll out a new stablecoin call.docxRyanEAcTuckern
In 2019, Facebook announced its plan to roll out a new stablecoin called Libra. In 2020, Libra was renamed as Diem. In 2022, after failing to obtain the blessing of the U.S. regulators, Facebook (now called Meta) finally decided to wind down Diem. Please tell us the story of Libra/Diem. What were the major concerns of the U.S. regulators?
.
In 2018- Adele- who is single- acquired section 1244 stock in the init.docxRyanEAcTuckern
In 2018, Adele, who is single, acquired section 1244 stock in the initial offering for La Fleur Corporation at a cost of $60,000. She was able to sell her stock just before the company declared bankruptcy in December of 2022. Show both how you would calculate and the tax nature of any gain or loss recognized by Adele in 2022.
.
More Related Content
Similar to I need help with this- circle the correct choice within the parenthesi.docx
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
a) What is the role of Trizol in RNA extractionTrizol reagent is .pdfapleather
a) What is the role of Trizol in RNA extraction?
Trizol reagent is used for RNA isolation from cells and tissues. This reagent is used as it helps in
maintaining RNA integrity during tissue homogenization, while at the same time disrupting and
breaking down cells and cell components. The RNA remains only in the aqueous phase(Amrita).
b) What was the purpose of performing a reverse transcription reaction. What were the products
of thesereaction?
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a variant of polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression
incontrast the traditional PCR is used to exponentially amplify target DNA sequences, (Freeman,
1999). The product of this reaction will be RNA
Solution
a) What is the role of Trizol in RNA extraction?
Trizol reagent is used for RNA isolation from cells and tissues. This reagent is used as it helps in
maintaining RNA integrity during tissue homogenization, while at the same time disrupting and
breaking down cells and cell components. The RNA remains only in the aqueous phase(Amrita).
b) What was the purpose of performing a reverse transcription reaction. What were the products
of thesereaction?
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a variant of polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression
incontrast the traditional PCR is used to exponentially amplify target DNA sequences, (Freeman,
1999). The product of this reaction will be RNA.
Chapter 8:
Microbial Genetics
*
Plasmids Exist in Cells Separate from Chromosomes
Big Picture: Genetics
The science of heredity
Central dogma of molecular biology
Mutations
Gene expression controlled by operons
Alteration of bacterial genes and/or gene expression
Cause of disease
Prevent disease treatment
Manipulated for human benefit
Big Picture: Genetics
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Learning Objectives
8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype, phenotype, and genomics.
8-2 Describe how DNA serves as genetic information.
8-3 Describe the process of DNA replication.
8-4 Describe protein synthesis, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation.
8-5 Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Genetics: the study of genes, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
Chromosomes: structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; the chromosomes contain genes
Genes: segments of DNA that encode functional products, usually proteins
Genome: all the genetic information in a cell
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material The genetic code is a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a proteinCentral dogma:
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: expression of the genes
DNA and Chromosomes
Bacteria usually have a single circular chromosome made of DNA and associated proteins
Short tandem repeats (STRs): repeating sequences of noncoding DNA
Figure 8.1 A Prokaryotic Chromosome
Chromosome
The Flow of Genetic Information
Vertical gene transfer: flow of genetic information from one generation to the next
Horizontal gene transfer: flow of genetic information between individuals of the SAME generation (see the middle portion of the next slide!)
Figure 8.2 The Flow of Genetic Information
Parent cell
DNA
Genetic information is used
within a cell to produce the
proteins needed for the cell
to function.
Genetic information can be
transferred horizontally between
cells of the same generation.
Genetic information can be
transferred vertically to the
next generation of cells.
New combinations
of genes
Translation
Cell metabolizes and grows
Recombinant cell
Offspring cells
Transcription
DNA Replication
DNA forms a double helix
“Backbone” consists of deoxyribose-phosphate
Two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G
Strands are antiparallel
Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the genetic instructions of the organism
DNA Replication
One strand serves as a template for the production of a second strand
Topoisomerase and gyrase relax the strands
Helicase separates the strands
A replication fork is created
DNA Replication
DNA poly ...
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
About 98 of the E. coli genome codes for proteins, yet mRNA, the t.pdfrupeshmehta151
About 98 % of the E. coli genome codes for proteins, yet mRNA, the template for protein
synthesis, comprises only about 2 % of the total RNA in the cell. Explain this apparent
discrepancy. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
is(are) unstable
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria
is(are) metabolically stable
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels
small amount of this is used in one translation complex
mRNA Bin tRNA&rRNA bin
Solution
mRNA Bin
tRNA&rRNA bin
is(are) unstable; because of single trans acting strands.
is(are) metabolically stable; because of they are constituent material for amino acids carrier and
ribosome and also having various hairpin loops.
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria; because of complete degradation in mono nucleotides.
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels, under lipase or other enzymes activity they get
accumulate
small amount of this is used in one translation complex; mRNA uses in small amount
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule; different tRNAs are used for different amino acids and rRNA also has various RNA
subunits.
The mRNAs are required to make proteins. They are easy to translate whenever required. On the
other hand tRNAs and rRNAs are required to make amino acids carrier and ribosome
respectively. Cells need to have many tRNAs because of their individual differences. Lot of
Ribosomes are required to present in the cell for the readily availability of protein production
place.
mRNA Bin
tRNA&rRNA bin
is(are) unstable; because of single trans acting strands.
is(are) metabolically stable; because of they are constituent material for amino acids carrier and
ribosome and also having various hairpin loops.
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria; because of complete degradation in mono nucleotides.
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels, under lipase or other enzymes activity they get
accumulate
small amount of this is used in one translation complex; mRNA uses in small amount
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule; different tRNAs are used for different amino acids and rRNA also has various RNA
subunits..
Genetic information, stored in the chromosomes and transmitted to daughter cells through DNA replication, is expressed through transcription to RNA and translation into proteins (polypeptide chains). The pathway of protein synthesis is called translation because the “language” of the nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is translated into the “language” of an amino acid sequence. The process of translation requires a genetic code, through which the information contained in the nucleic acid sequence is expressed to produce a specific sequence of amino acids. Any alteration in the nucleic acid sequence may result in an incorrect amino acid being inserted into the polypeptide chain, potentially causing disease or even death of the organism.
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import org.jsoup.Jsoup; import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; import java.io.*; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Scanner; public class SearchEngine { private int mode; private Tree nodeTree; // List -> Tree // build everything bahahah // TODO: mode 3 = BST mode 4 = AVL public SearchEngine(int mode) throws IOException { this.mode = mode; } public Tree getNodeTree(){ return this.nodeTree; } // assumes that the file exists already // TODO: tweak logic so that it builds the proper tree public void buildList() throws IOException { System.out.println("reading"); BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("dataset.txt")); String url; while((url = reader.readLine()) != null){ Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); String text = doc.body().text().toLowerCase(); String[] words = text.split("\\s+"); // splits by whitespace for (String word : words) { // HERE } } reader.close(); System.out.println("Finished reading through all URLs"); } // return a List ew ._. // TODO: Return the reference list of URLs public ArrayList search(String term) { System.out.println("Searching for " + term + " using data structure mode " + mode + "..."); // Search logic goes here return new ArrayList<>(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter mode as in what data structure to use:"); System.out.println(" 1. Array List "); System.out.println(" 2. Sorted Array List"); int mode = input.nextInt(); System.out.println("Building Search Engine..."); SearchEngine engine = new SearchEngine(mode); String answer = "y"; while (answer.equals("y")) { input.nextLine(); // consume the remaining newline character System.out.print("Search (enter a term to query): "); String term = input.nextLine(); engine.search(term); System.out.print("Would you like to search another term (y/n)? "); answer = input.nextLine(); } input.close(); } }
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.
Implementation File:
---------------------------------------------------------
//----- List.cpp -----
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "linkedlist.h"
//-- Definition of the class constructor
List::List()
: first(0), mySize(0)
{ }
//-- Definition of the copy constructor
List::List( const List & origList)
{
mySize = origList.mySize;
first = 0;
if (mySize == 0) return ;
NodePointer origPtr, lastPtr;
first = new Node(origList.first->data); // copy first node
lastPtr = first;
origPtr = origList.first->next;
while (origPtr != 0)
{
lastPtr->next = new Node(origPtr->data);
origPtr = origPtr->next;
lastPtr = lastPtr->next;
}
}
//-- Definition of the destructor
inline List::~List()
{
NodePointer prev = first,
ptr;
while (prev != 0)
{
ptr = prev->next;
delete prev;
prev = ptr;
}
}
// Definition of empty()
bool List::empty()
{
return mySize == 0;
}
//-- Definition of the assignment operator
const List & List:: operator =( const List & rightSide)
{
mySize = rightSide.mySize;
first = 0;
if (mySize == 0) return * this ;
if ( this != &rightSide)
{
this ->~List();
NodePointer origPtr, lastPtr;
first = new Node(rightSide.first->data); // copy first node
lastPtr = first;
origPtr = rightSide.first->next;
while (origPtr != 0)
{
lastPtr->next = new Node(origPtr->data);
origPtr = origPtr->next;
lastPtr = lastPtr->next;
}
}
return * this ;
}
//-- Definition of insert()
void List::insert(ElementType dataVal, int index)
{
if (index < 0 || index > mySize)
{
cerr << "Illegal location to insert -- " << index << endl;
return ;
}
mySize++;
NodePointer newPtr = new Node(dataVal),
predPtr = first;
if (index == 0)
{
newPtr->next = first;
first = newPtr;
}
else
{
for ( int i = 1; i < index; i++)
predPtr = predPtr->next;
newPtr->next = predPtr->next;
predPtr->next = newPtr;
}
}
//-- Definition of erase()
void List::erase( int index)
{
if (index < 0 || index >= mySize)
{
cerr << "Illegal location to delete -- " << index << endl;
return ;
}
mySize--;
NodePointer ptr,
predPtr = first;
if (index == 0)
{
ptr = first;
first = ptr->next;
delete ptr;
}
else
{
for ( int i = 1; i < index; i++)
predPtr = predPtr->next;
ptr = predPtr->next;
predPtr->next = ptr->next;
delete ptr;
}
}
//-- Definition of display()
void List::display(ostream & out) const
{
NodePointer ptr = first;
while (ptr != 0)
{
out << ptr->data << " ";
ptr = ptr->next;
}
}
//-- Definition of the output operator
ostream & operator <<(ostream & out, const List & aList)
{
aList.display(out);
return out;
}
nstructions: For this lab, you will write a program that reads in a list of items for a camera store. The items for the list are in a file called InventoryFile.txt. The program will give the user options to insert an item, remove an item, display the list of items, search for an item, or exit the program. Each line of the file InventoryFile has the following format: Item Number - an integer Number in stock - an integer (between 0 and 999) Unit Price - a floating-point value Minimum inventory level - an inte.
implement in C++ language 2- employeeId 3- basicsalary 4- displayInfo.docxRyanEAcTuckern
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However, in the first year (i.e. first generation, before any local reproduction) on Mt. St. Helens, the red allele of this newly colonized population has a frequency of 0.9. What is the most likely explanation for this difference in allele frequency from the nearby population?
Group of answer choices
a.the red allele has higher fecundity on this mountain
b.there is a founder effect in this newly settled population
c.non-random mating is occurring
d.pollinators only visit red plants
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Iguana Incorporated paid a dividend of $1-85 this year- The dividend i.docxRyanEAcTuckern
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If the three subunits of a vertebrate ATP synthase are in the followi.docxRyanEAcTuckern
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Identify the principal diagnosis and secondary diagnosis and place the.docxRyanEAcTuckern
Identify the principal diagnosis and secondary diagnosis and place them in the correct order. The ICD-10 2023 code options follow the Case study.
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: This is a 70-year-old male I saw about a year ago. The patient had cancer of the bladder with muscle invasion. Chemotherapy performed by Dr. Med. I checked him one year ago and he was o.k. but I checked him a month ago and found that he had a recurrent cancer. The only problem that bothers me is the cancer coming back right in through the diverticulum on the right side. I am kind of worried about that might split out and that is going to be a disaster. We decided to perform a radical cystectomy.
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: The patient had a double bypass about ten years ago and also had a stent placement in the heart about a month ago.
ALLERGIES: The patient has allergies to seafood and iodine.
SOCIAL HISTORY: The patient quit smoking about ten years ago and smoked almost half pack a day.
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: The review of systems is significant for colon cancer in the father.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Generally, is alert. HEENT is within normal limits. The neck was supple. The lungs were clear to auscultation and percussion. The heart was normal sinus rhythm, no murmur. The abdomen was soft, no palpable mass or organomegaly. Extremities were symmetrical, good pulses. External genitalia is normal. The prostate was very small - less than 20 grams size and soft.
IMPRESSION: Cancer of the bladder recurrent and muscular invasion.
PLAN: Radical cystectomy with ileal conduit. He knows all the complications including bleeding and also adjacent organ damage and possible blood clot. He decided to have the operation done.
Z87.891 = History of tobacco use
K66.0 = Peritoneal adhesions
I73.9 = Peripheral vascular disease
C67.8 = Malignant neoplasm of the bladder
Z95.1 = Status post CABG
Z98.61. Status post PTCA
I25.10 = Coronary artery disease
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Identify the following formula- DMUsed Direct Labor + Allocated MOH Co.docxRyanEAcTuckern
Identify the following formula: DMUsed Direct Labor + Allocated MOH Cost of Goods Manufactured Predetermined Overhead Rate Total Manufacturing Cost Some other answer Cost of Goods Sold
.
identify Each stage of meiosis and briefly explain what occurs during.docxRyanEAcTuckern
identify Each stage of meiosis and briefly explain what occurs during each stage.
Explain the differneces between meiosis and mitosis
Explain the differneces between meiosis and mitosis
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
I need help with this- circle the correct choice within the parenthesi.docx
1. I need help with this.
circle the correct choice within the parenthesis for 1 18 . 1. (DNA/RNA) is replicated before cell
division. 2. mRNA is made during (transcription/translation). 3. mRNA is made in the
(cytoplasm/nucleus). 4. DNA is located in the (nucleus/cytoplasm) 5. (Translation/Transcription)
converts DNA into RNA. 6. (mRNA/rRNA) is used to carry the genetic code from DNA to the
ribosomes. 7. (tRNA/rRNA) makes up the ribosome. 8. (DNA/RNA) uses uracil instead of
thymine. 9. (RNA/amino) acids make up a protein. 11. Transcription takes place in the
(nucleus/cytoplasm). 12. tRNA is used in (translation/transcription). 13. tRNA uses
(anticodons/codons) to match to the mRNA. 14. Proteins are made at the (nucleus/ribosome). 15.
(tRNA/mRNA) attaches the amino acids into a chain. 16. tRNA is found in the
(nucleus/cytoplasm). 17. (Translation/Transcription) converts mRNA into a protein. 18.
Translation takes place in the (cytoplasm/nucleus).
