About 98 % of the E. coli genome codes for proteins, yet mRNA, the template for protein
synthesis, comprises only about 2 % of the total RNA in the cell. Explain this apparent
discrepancy. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
is(are) unstable
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria
is(are) metabolically stable
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels
small amount of this is used in one translation complex
mRNA Bin tRNA&rRNA bin
Solution
mRNA Bin
tRNA&rRNA bin
is(are) unstable; because of single trans acting strands.
is(are) metabolically stable; because of they are constituent material for amino acids carrier and
ribosome and also having various hairpin loops.
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria; because of complete degradation in mono nucleotides.
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels, under lipase or other enzymes activity they get
accumulate
small amount of this is used in one translation complex; mRNA uses in small amount
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule; different tRNAs are used for different amino acids and rRNA also has various RNA
subunits.
The mRNAs are required to make proteins. They are easy to translate whenever required. On the
other hand tRNAs and rRNAs are required to make amino acids carrier and ribosome
respectively. Cells need to have many tRNAs because of their individual differences. Lot of
Ribosomes are required to present in the cell for the readily availability of protein production
place.
mRNA Bin
tRNA&rRNA bin
is(are) unstable; because of single trans acting strands.
is(are) metabolically stable; because of they are constituent material for amino acids carrier and
ribosome and also having various hairpin loops.
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria; because of complete degradation in mono nucleotides.
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels, under lipase or other enzymes activity they get
accumulate
small amount of this is used in one translation complex; mRNA uses in small amount
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule; different tRNAs are used for different amino acids and rRNA also has various RNA
subunits..
Replication,transcription,translation complete the central dogma of life.How mRNA,tRNA,rRNA act on ribosomes for protein synthesis.Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdfarihantelehyb
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
Replication,transcription,translation complete the central dogma of life.How mRNA,tRNA,rRNA act on ribosomes for protein synthesis.Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdfarihantelehyb
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
Gene expressionGene expression is the process by which the genetic.pdfANSAPPARELS
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is
used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Genes that code for amino
acid sequences are known as \'structural genes\'.
The process of gene expression involves two main stages:
Transcription: the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase, and
the processing of the resulting mRNA molecule.
Translation: the use of mRNA to direct protein synthesis, and the subsequent post-translational
processing of the protein molecule.
Some genes are responsible for the production of other forms of RNA that play a role in
translation, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
A structural gene involves a number of different components:
· Exons. Exons code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of
the protein product. It is these portions of the gene that are represented in final mature mRNA
molecule.
· Introns. Introns are portions of the gene that do not code for amino acids, and are removed
(spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation.
Gene control regions
· Start site. A start site for transcription.
· A promoter. A region a few hundred nucleotides \'upstream\' of the gene (toward the 5\'
end). It is not transcribed into mRNA, but plays a role in controlling the transcription of the gene.
Transcription factors bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the promoter region and assist in
the binding of RNA polymerases.
· Enhancers. Some transcription factors (called activators) bind to regions called
\'enhancers\' that increase the rate of transcription. These sites may be thousands of nucleotides
from the coding sequences or within an intron. Some enhancers are conditional and only work in
the presence of other factors as well as transcription factors.
· Silencers. Some transcription factors (called repressors) bind to regions called \'silencers\'
that depress the rate of transcription.
Transcription
Transcription involves four steps:
Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis, controlled by the interaction of promoters and
enhancers. Several different types of RNA are produced, including messenger RNA(mRNA),
which specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product, plus transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which play a role in the translation process.
1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. RNA
polymerase binds to the promoter of the template strand.
2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA
molecule. In prokaryotes RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme consisting of a number of subunits,
including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there
are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism.
3. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is ter.
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptxLaibaSaher
Detailed presentation on the topic of DNA, transcription and translation, RNA, Ribosomes and Membrane proteins. Along with their structure and functions. Detailed Diagram and complete description of the processes. Along with references and Gifs that makes the presentation look more creative.
Types and functions of RNA. Of the many types of RNA, the three most well-known and most commonly studied are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
Is Jeff M related to the H family SolutionYes, as we can see .pdfrupeshmehta151
Is Jeff M related to the H family?
Solution
Yes, as we can see half of the bands of Jeff resemble with other children of the family as well as
with the bands of Mrs H in all the four cases.
If we take the case of chromosome 13, wat we find here is that bands of Jeff exactly matches
with child2 and half of the bands of jeff matches with other children and Mrs H.
In case of chromosome 21, half of the Jeff\'s bands, matches with child 2, 3 and 4.
It all makes us to beleive that Jeff is related to the H family.
IV. Seedling Growth37. What is epigeal seedling growth38. What .pdfrupeshmehta151
IV. Seedling Growth
37. What is epigeal seedling growth?
38. What is hypogeal seedling growth?
Solution
Epi and hypo signify above and under as their literal meaning.
Epigeal: In epigeal germination, hypocotyl elongates and forms a hook. Hypocotyl extends and
the cotyledons and apical meristem are pushed out of the ground. After reaching the surface, the
cotyledons and the shoot tip are pulled up into the air. Here, the cotyledons become
photosynthetic and are also called seed leaves, examples are tamarind, papaya and beans.
Hypogeal: In hypogeal germination, the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook and the
cotyledons stay in the ground. The cotyledons eventually decompose and provide a food source
for the growing plant. The leaves start to form from the plumule and are also called as true
leaves. Examples are peas, gram, mango and faba bean..
More Related Content
Similar to About 98 of the E. coli genome codes for proteins, yet mRNA, the t.pdf
Gene expressionGene expression is the process by which the genetic.pdfANSAPPARELS
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is
used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Genes that code for amino
acid sequences are known as \'structural genes\'.
The process of gene expression involves two main stages:
Transcription: the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase, and
the processing of the resulting mRNA molecule.
Translation: the use of mRNA to direct protein synthesis, and the subsequent post-translational
processing of the protein molecule.
Some genes are responsible for the production of other forms of RNA that play a role in
translation, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
A structural gene involves a number of different components:
· Exons. Exons code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of
the protein product. It is these portions of the gene that are represented in final mature mRNA
molecule.
· Introns. Introns are portions of the gene that do not code for amino acids, and are removed
(spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation.
Gene control regions
· Start site. A start site for transcription.
· A promoter. A region a few hundred nucleotides \'upstream\' of the gene (toward the 5\'
end). It is not transcribed into mRNA, but plays a role in controlling the transcription of the gene.
Transcription factors bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the promoter region and assist in
the binding of RNA polymerases.
· Enhancers. Some transcription factors (called activators) bind to regions called
\'enhancers\' that increase the rate of transcription. These sites may be thousands of nucleotides
from the coding sequences or within an intron. Some enhancers are conditional and only work in
the presence of other factors as well as transcription factors.
· Silencers. Some transcription factors (called repressors) bind to regions called \'silencers\'
that depress the rate of transcription.
Transcription
Transcription involves four steps:
Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis, controlled by the interaction of promoters and
enhancers. Several different types of RNA are produced, including messenger RNA(mRNA),
which specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product, plus transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which play a role in the translation process.
1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. RNA
polymerase binds to the promoter of the template strand.
2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA
molecule. In prokaryotes RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme consisting of a number of subunits,
including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there
are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism.
3. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is ter.
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptxLaibaSaher
Detailed presentation on the topic of DNA, transcription and translation, RNA, Ribosomes and Membrane proteins. Along with their structure and functions. Detailed Diagram and complete description of the processes. Along with references and Gifs that makes the presentation look more creative.
Types and functions of RNA. Of the many types of RNA, the three most well-known and most commonly studied are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
Is Jeff M related to the H family SolutionYes, as we can see .pdfrupeshmehta151
Is Jeff M related to the H family?
Solution
Yes, as we can see half of the bands of Jeff resemble with other children of the family as well as
with the bands of Mrs H in all the four cases.
If we take the case of chromosome 13, wat we find here is that bands of Jeff exactly matches
with child2 and half of the bands of jeff matches with other children and Mrs H.
In case of chromosome 21, half of the Jeff\'s bands, matches with child 2, 3 and 4.
It all makes us to beleive that Jeff is related to the H family.
IV. Seedling Growth37. What is epigeal seedling growth38. What .pdfrupeshmehta151
IV. Seedling Growth
37. What is epigeal seedling growth?
38. What is hypogeal seedling growth?
Solution
Epi and hypo signify above and under as their literal meaning.
Epigeal: In epigeal germination, hypocotyl elongates and forms a hook. Hypocotyl extends and
the cotyledons and apical meristem are pushed out of the ground. After reaching the surface, the
cotyledons and the shoot tip are pulled up into the air. Here, the cotyledons become
photosynthetic and are also called seed leaves, examples are tamarind, papaya and beans.
Hypogeal: In hypogeal germination, the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook and the
cotyledons stay in the ground. The cotyledons eventually decompose and provide a food source
for the growing plant. The leaves start to form from the plumule and are also called as true
leaves. Examples are peas, gram, mango and faba bean..
In one sentence state the main result of the graph (note the filled .pdfrupeshmehta151
In one sentence state the main result of the graph (note the filled symbols are for Anna’s
hummingbird, unfilled symbols are for other birds including both hummingbirds and non-
hummingbirds). ?What types of nephrons are associated with the medulla? What is their
function? ?After that, please make a prediction on the graph below for what the kidney’s of
desert birds might look like (e.g. draw a line on the graph for where you would predict desert
birds might fall) 105 104 103 102 101 100 10-1 100 Cortex 11.40 mo 896 O Medulla 1.61 mo
850 A cortex O medulla 101 102 105 103 104 Body mass (g)
Solution
Result
In Birds’ body, the proportion of cortex is higher than medulla.
Medulla contains nephrons related to cardiac system, respiration, vomiting, and blood pressure.
Hence, the medulla regulates blood circulatory function with marinating its pressure, respiratory
system, and vomiting mechanism.
Bird’s kidney volume and body mass has 0.991 regression value. They are strongly associated..
graph theory Let W_n be the wheel graph on n + 1 vertices (that is, .pdfrupeshmehta151
graph theory Let W_n be the wheel graph on n + 1 vertices (that is, a cycle C_n on n vertices
with an additional vertex adjacent to all the other vertices). Find chi (W_n; k).
Solution
answer is 3, because the n+1th vertex which is connected to all other vertices has to be given a
different color than all other nodes and for a cycle 2 colors are sufficient.
Crime is said to be intra-racial. What is meant by this Do you beli.pdfrupeshmehta151
Crime is said to be intra-racial. What is meant by this? Do you believe this is important
information for justice policy? Explain your answer.
Solution
Q1. First we need to understand between inter-racial and intra-racial Crimes
Intra-Racial Crime : When crime is done due to differences between same races or regions like
white and whites or blacks and blacks
inter-racial crimes are those commited due differences among two groups or races or regions like
balcks and whites etc
now coming to question
Intraracial crime is crime in which the victim and the offender are of the same race.
And knowing the background of crimnals or victims is not neccessary as long as it is directly
related , whether crime is inter racial or intra racial justice system is only bound to deliver justice
without discrmnation among races or groups.
Historically, laws have tried to entrench racial discrimination into the process of jury selection
and to ensure no discrmination occurs courts adopt every feasible method available and this is
only aspect which draw conclusion that this information of intra racial and inter racial crime is
important for justice policy otherwise it hardly matters because aim of jusrtoce policy is to
deliver justice without bias
Conclusion:
The debate about racial discrimination in the criminal justice system remains unresolved. While
most research suggests an absence of systematic racial discrimination, there is agreement among
researchers that acts of discrimination occur at specific decision-making points, and some argue
that informal and hidden forms of discrimination occur both within and outside the system. It
follows that the majority opinion supports arguments that acts of discrimination occur and that
they may perhaps be deeply rooted in cultural and social attitudes toward other races. These may
express themselves in complex and nuanced ways that are difficult to capture within research
strategies. Associated with acts of discrimination is the issue of the public perception of the
workings of the criminal justice system. Regardless of the conclusions of research studies, there
is a widespread belief among minorities that the system discriminates against them and is
therefore unjust. To counter this perception, those exercising decision-making powers within the
system must act ethically and strive to eradicate any suggestion of racial bias and discrimination
from their decisions..
A company had net assets as at 1 January 2016 of £123m. The net prof.pdfrupeshmehta151
A company had net assets as at 1 January 2016 of £123m. The net profit for the year ended
31 December 2016 was £25m. The Company had paid an equity dividend of £5m during
2016. During 2016 the Company had issued 20 million £1 equity shares at a premium of 50p
each and had borrowed £18m from its bank. The amount to be shown as Equity in the
Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2016 is?
Solution
The amount to be shown as Equity in the Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December
2016 is =
Company\'s Equity as at December 31 2016:
Equity shares : 20 m shares at £1 par value = £20m
Add: Paid in capital in excess of par (£20m/2) = £10m
Total Company\'s Equity = £30m.
Amino acids are joined together to make proteins in what kind of .pdfrupeshmehta151
Amino acids are joined together to make proteins in what kind of reactions? Hydrolysis
hydration synthesis catabolic dehydration synthesis
Solution
Answer:
44. (d) Dehydration synthesis
A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of
one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water
(H2O). This is a dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as a condensation reaction), and
usually occurs between amino acids resulting in the formation of a polypeptide chain..
7. Mendels Principle of Segregation states that the alleles of a ge.pdfrupeshmehta151
7. Mendel\'s Principle of Segregation states that the alleles of a gene will separate from one
another during the formation of gametes. Consider the genotype Aa. If crossing-over does not
occur, when specifically will these alleles separate? a. Mitosis or Meiosis I b. Mitosis and
Meiosis II c. Meiosis I or Meiosis II d. Meiosis I e. Meiosis II 8. A student is studying 5 unlinked
genes (referred to simply as gene 1, gene 2, gene 3, gene 4 and gene 5. The alleles of gene 1 are
represented as A and a; the alleles for gene 2 are represented with the letters B and b; the alleles
of gene 3 are Cand c, and so on. An individual has the genotype Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee. How many
allele combinations can be made with the genotype? 2 a. b. 5 c. 10 d. 20 e. 32
Solution
7. (e) The alleles separate in the second part of meiosis, and form hapliod gametes.
8. (e) 32, Here n=5 so 2^5=32
1. (b) There are two non homologous chromosomes present. Each set of chromosome has one
chromosome from each parent..
4. Based on our sample data, can we conclude that males and females .pdfrupeshmehta151
4. Based on our sample data, can we conclude that males and females are distributed across
grades in a similar pattern within the population?
What are the hypothesis statements:
Ho:
Ha:
Do manual calculations per cell here (if desired)
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
OBS COUNT - m
M
OBS COUNT - f
F
Sum =
EXPECTED
What is the value of the chi square statistic:
What is the p-value associated with this value:
Is the p-value <0.05?
Do you reject or not reject the null hypothesis:
If you rejected the null, what is the Phi correlation:
What does this correlation mean?
What does this decision mean for our equal pay question:
ID
Salary
Compa
Midpoint
Age
Performance Rating
Service
Gender
Raise
Degree
Gender1
Gr
1
66.1
1.159
57
34
85
8
0
5.7
0
M
E
2
25.9
0.834
31
52
80
7
0
3.9
0
M
B
3
35.2
1.135
31
30
75
5
1
3.6
1
F
B
4
55.3
0.971
57
42
100
16
0
5.5
1
M
E
5
49.6
1.033
48
36
90
16
0
5.7
1
M
D
6
78.3
1.168
67
36
70
12
0
4.5
1
M
F
7
42.3
1.058
40
32
100
8
1
5.7
1
F
C
8
22.8
0.990
23
32
90
9
1
5.8
1
F
A
9
78
1.164
67
49
100
10
0
4
1
M
F
10
23.3
1.014
23
30
80
7
1
4.7
1
F
A
11
23.6
1.025
23
41
100
19
1
4.8
1
F
A
12
60.8
1.067
57
52
95
22
0
4.5
0
M
E
13
40.6
1.014
40
30
100
2
1
4.7
0
F
C
14
21.7
0.943
23
32
90
12
1
6
1
F
A
15
21.8
0.949
23
32
80
8
1
4.9
1
F
A
16
37.4
0.934
40
44
90
4
0
5.7
0
M
C
17
57
1.000
57
27
55
3
1
3
1
F
E
18
33.5
1.081
31
31
80
11
1
5.6
0
F
B
19
23
1.000
23
32
85
1
0
4.6
1
M
A
20
36
1.162
31
44
70
16
1
4.8
0
F
B
21
76
1.135
67
43
95
13
0
6.3
1
M
F
22
43.7
0.911
48
48
65
6
1
3.8
1
F
D
23
25.3
1.098
23
36
65
6
1
3.3
0
F
A
24
48.9
1.019
48
30
75
9
1
3.8
0
F
D
25
25.8
1.122
23
41
70
4
0
4
0
M
A
26
23.3
1.013
23
22
95
2
1
6.2
0
F
A
27
42.3
1.057
40
35
80
7
0
3.9
1
M
C
28
75.2
1.122
67
44
95
9
1
4.4
0
F
F
29
80.9
1.208
67
52
95
5
0
5.4
0
M
F
30
49
1.020
48
45
90
18
0
4.3
0
M
D
31
24.2
1.054
23
29
60
4
1
3.9
1
F
A
32
27.5
0.886
31
25
95
4
0
5.6
0
M
B
33
63.6
1.115
57
35
90
9
0
5.5
1
M
E
34
28.6
0.922
31
26
80
2
0
4.9
1
M
B
35
22.4
0.976
23
23
90
4
1
5.3
0
F
A
36
23.6
1.026
23
27
75
3
1
4.3
0
F
A
37
24.3
1.057
23
22
95
2
1
6.2
0
F
A
38
63
1.105
57
45
95
11
0
4.5
0
M
E
39
34.8
1.123
31
27
90
6
1
5.5
0
F
B
40
24.3
1.057
23
24
90
2
0
6.3
0
M
A
41
42.8
1.071
40
25
80
5
0
4.3
0
M
C
42
23
0.998
23
32
100
8
1
5.7
1
F
A
43
75.4
1.125
67
42
95
20
1
5.5
0
F
F
44
60.7
1.065
57
45
90
16
0
5.2
1
M
E
45
57.9
1.206
48
36
95
8
1
5.2
1
F
D
46
62.2
1.091
57
39
75
20
0
3.9
1
M
E
47
62.2
1.091
57
37
95
5
0
5.5
1
M
E
48
70.1
1.230
57
34
90
11
1
5.3
1
F
E
49
61.7
1.083
57
41
95
21
0
6.6
0
M
E
50
61.4
1.077
57
38
80
12
0
4.6
0
M
E
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
OBS COUNT - m
M
OBS COUNT - f
F
Sum =
EXPECTED
Solution
Based on our sample data, can we conclude that males and females are distributed across grades
in a similar pattern within the population?
What are the hypothesis statements:
Ho: Males and females are distributed across grades in a similar pattern within the population
Ha: Males and females are distributed across grades in a different pattern within the population
Obs.
An unassuming single-celled organism called Toxoplasma gondii is one.pdfrupeshmehta151
An unassuming single-celled organism called Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most successful
parasites on Earth, infecting an estimated 11 percent of Americans and perhaps half of all people
worldwide. It’s just as prevalent in many other species of mammals and birds. In a recent study
in Ohio, scientists found the parasite in three-quarters of the white-tailed deer they studied.
One reason for Toxoplasma’s success is its ability to manipulate its hosts. The parasite can
influence their behavior, so much so that hosts can put themselves at risk of death. Scientists first
discovered this strange mind control in the 1990s, but it’s been hard to figure out how they
manage it. Now a new study suggests that Toxoplasma can turn its host’s genes on and off —
and it’s possible other parasites use this strategy, too.
Toxoplasma manipulates its hosts to complete its life cycle. Although it can infect any mammal
or bird, it can reproduce only inside of a cat. The parasites produce cysts that get passed out of
the cat with its feces; once in the soil, the cysts infect new hosts.
Toxoplasma returns to cats via their prey. But a host like a rat has evolved to avoid cats as much
as possible, taking evasive action from the very moment it smells feline odor.
Experiments on rats and mice have shown that Toxoplasma alters their response to cat smells.
Many infected rodents lose their natural fear of the scent. Some even seem to be attracted to it.
Manipulating the behavior of a host is a fairly common strategy among parasites, but it’s hard to
fathom how they manage it. A rat’s response to cat odor, for example, emerges from complex
networks of neurons that detect an odor, figure out its source and decide on the right response in
a given moment. Within each of the neurons in those networks, thousands of genes are producing
proteins and other molecules essential for relaying all of the necessary information throughout
the body. Simple Toxoplasma seems ill-equipped to take over such a complicated system. But a
new study published in the journal Molecular Ecology hints that the parasite can do so by relying
on an eerily elegant strategy. Think of the genes in a host as keys on a piano. Toxoplasma, it
seems, simply plays some of the keys differently to produce a new melody. A rat is made up of
lots of different kinds of cells, from the neurons in its brain to the bone-producing cells in its
skeleton to the insulin-making cells in its pancreas. Yet all of them carry the same 20,000 genes.
Depending on the function of a particular cell, some of its genes are switched on and others are
shut down. Genes may be switched off, or silenced, by the attachment of molecular caps called
methyl groups, a process called methylation. In order to switch a gene on again, the caps are
removed. Methylation does more than just allow cells to develop into a variety of organs. It lets
them change the way they work in response to signals from the outside. In the brain, for
example, neuron.
A boy with Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) has colorblindness, which is a.pdfrupeshmehta151
A boy with Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) has colorblindness, which is an X-linked recessive
trait. His mother and father both have normal vision.
Did nondisjunction occur during the formation of the egg or the sperm in this situation? How do
you know?
Solution
Color blindness is an X-recessive trait, there is no way that the father can have color-blindness
gene (let’s say Xc). Hence, the color blindness gene should come from mother (but only a single
copy of gene is present as it is not expressed).
Genotype
Mother: XXc
Father: XY
Child: XcXcY (for trait to be expressed, color blindness gene should be present on both the
copies of X)
Xc can be inherited only from mother (as father doesn’t have it) and both the copies of Xc should
come from her. The egg must have arisen from a nondisjunction in meiosis II. In meiosis I, the
homologous X chromosomes separate, so one cell has X and the other has Xc. Failure of
chromatids to separate in meiosis II would then result in an egg with two copies of Xc.
What is unrefined and refined foodsSolutionAnswerRefined f.pdfrupeshmehta151
What is unrefined and refined foods?
Solution
Answer:
Refined foods undergo undergone manufacturing or repackaging processes. They are the foods
altered from their original state. Foods are sometimes refined to enhance the texture, and/or to
increase their shelf life. Sometimes they are added with additives also. Example: Refined wheat
flour, which is polished to remove the bran. During this process a number of essential nutrients
are lost.
Unrefined foods are unprocessed, they are not entirely altered in their nutritional value. Whole
wheat flour will have everything that a wheat grain has. Fibers, carbohydrates and proteins. Also
Vitamins on the outer wheat bran also retained.
In comparison, unrefined foods absorbed slowly while refined foods quickly. Refined foods are
unhealthy since they are linked with diseases related to absorption and metabolism..
What is the function of CFTR (details are important) (5 points).pdfrupeshmehta151
What is the function of CFTR? (details are important) (5 points)
Solution
Ans:- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a membrane protein and
chloride channel in vertebrates that is encoded by the CFTR gene.CFTR functions as a ATP
gated anion channel increasing the conductance for certain anions to flow down their
electrochemical gradient.ATP driven conformational changes in CFTR open and close a gate to
allow transmembrane flow of anions down their electrochemical gradient. Essentially CFTR is
an ion channel that evolved as a broken ABC transporter that leaks when in open
conformation.The CFTR is found in the epithelial cells of many organs including the lungs,liver
,pancreas,digestive tract ,reproductive tract and skin.Normally the protein moves chloride and
thiocyanate ions out of an epithelial cell covering mucus.Positively chargedsodium ions follow
passively increasing the total electrolyte concentration in the mucus resulting in the movement of
water out of the cell via osmosis.In sweat glands defective CSTR results in reduced transport of
sodium chloride and sodium thiocyanate in the reabsorptive duct and therefore saltier sweat..
What are transgenic animalsSolutionTransgenic animals are tho.pdfrupeshmehta151
What are transgenic animals?
Solution
Transgenic animals are those animals in which there has been a deliberate modification in their
genome.Generally foreign DNA is inroduced into the animal using recombinant DNA
technology,it is mainly transmitted through germ line so that every cell must contain the
modified genetic material..
Urea concentration in the phospholipid bilayer is 0.02mM, 3.65mM in .pdfrupeshmehta151
Urea concentration in the phospholipid bilayer is 0.02mM, 3.65mM in cytoplasm, what is the
urea partition coefficient in these two liquids?
Solution
Partition coefficient of urea (relative solubility of urea in lipid to aqueous layer) = The
concentration in the phospholipid bilayer / The concentration in the cytoplasm
Partition coefficient of urea is = 0.02mM/ 3.65mM = 1:182.5 mM (phospholipid: cytoplasm)..
A diploid organism has a somatic chromosome number of 16. The centro.pdfrupeshmehta151
A diploid organism has a somatic chromosome number of 16. The centromeres of the 8
homologouspairs are designated as Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg and Hh, with uppercase letters
referring to the centromeres of maternal chromosomes and lowercase letters to the centromeres
of paternal chromosomes. Each centromere represents one chromosome. Where n = the haploid
chromosome number. How many different combinations of centromeres could be produced
during meiosis?
a.) 8
b.) 64
c.) 256
d.) 512
e.) 6561
Solution
At the meiosis, total number of chromosome is 16.
During the meiosis 1st spliting of homologous chromosome take place, so each cell has 8
chromosome and centromere..
the heights of a sample of 10 fatherson pairs of subjects were meas.pdfrupeshmehta151
the heights of a sample of 10 father/son pairs of subjects were measured. Minitab results are
shown below. Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that there is a linear correlation
between the heights of fathers and the heights of their sons? explain (use significance level of
0.05)
Pearson correlation of FATHER and SON= 0.149
P-value=0.681
How do I begin to answer this problem? How do I use the values they give me to get the answer?
Solution.
Should the FCC regulate the media, and if yes, how far should you go.pdfrupeshmehta151
Should the FCC regulate the media, and if yes, how far should you go? Should it require toning
down sex and violence, airing the shows only later at night, or should it take down shows like
Sex and the City off air?
Solution
The FCC also acts as a police agency of the airwaves, and it can fine broadcasters for violating
public decency standards on the air.
Critics contend that media consolidation limits consumers’ choices because a small number of
companies own all the media outlets. They argue that consolidation is not competitive and that
corporate owners might restrict or manipulate news coverage. Some critics also lament the
homogenization of American culture due to media consolidation. Because radio and television
formats have become increasingly uniform, people throughout the country receive the same
broadcasts..
Read carefully and follow exactly Java You are to write a Breakou.pdfrupeshmehta151
Read carefully and follow exactly Java:
You are to write a Breakout game, using Java applets for animation. The requirements for this
program are designed so that you will also use an ArrayList, Generics, an abstract class,
polymorphism, and file I/O. Please read the following instructions very carefully, as they attempt
to explain how the various parts of the animation work; then you can update the applet, using
your knowledge of ArrayLists, Generics, abstract classes, and polymorphism.
Existing classes: There are a number of existing classes that are already written and ready for
use. They are contained in the file Breakout.java (they are not defined as public so they don’t
have to be in a file that matches their name). Please look them over carefully to see what
functionality is available. The classes (implemented inside Breakout.java) are:
Ball: this is defined as a subclass of Rectangle (even though that is geometrically invalid!). The
reason for this is so Ball can inherit data for its x coordinate, y coordinate, width, and height. It
also adds some data of its own (see the code) and methods (among others) to:
bounceLeftRight() (which changes the angle at which it moves after bouncing off a left or right
side),
bounceTopBottom() (which changes the angle at which it moves after bouncing off a top or
bottom)
move() (change its coordinates),
freeze()/unfreeze() itself,
It also inherits important methods from the Rectangle class
translate – changes its x and y coordinates respectively by the 2 numbers that are passed in
intersects(Rectangle other) – returns true if it intersects another Rectangle
intersection(Rectangle other) – returns the Rectangle that is the intersection
Paddle: this is also defined as a subclass of Rectangle so it inherits the same data/methods that
are described above for the Ball class. The fact that Ball and Rectangle are both Rectangles
means that code can ask a Ball if it intersects a Paddle, so it can easily tell when to make things
happen.
Wall: this is not in its own file, but rather in the Breakout.java file. Wall is also a subclass of
Rectangle to it is easy to determine if the ball has collided a wall.
The Breakout class (which is an Applet): if you look at the code for the Breakout class, you will
notice it has a number of things:
It is a subclass of Applet, so it inherits data and methods as well as the ability to function as an
Applet. For example, if you want to know the height of the applet you can ask it through the
this.getHeight(); method.
It implements the KeyListener interface, which gives it the ability to “listen” for keystrokes
from the keyboard. If you were to look up the KeyListener interface in the documentation, you
would find that anything that implements it must have the KeyPressed, KeyReleased, and
KeyTyped methods. These are all there; KeyPressed and KeyReleased set/unset Boolean flags
which remember that the left or right arrow keys are or are not being pressed.
It has a method called in.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
About 98 of the E. coli genome codes for proteins, yet mRNA, the t.pdf
1. About 98 % of the E. coli genome codes for proteins, yet mRNA, the template for protein
synthesis, comprises only about 2 % of the total RNA in the cell. Explain this apparent
discrepancy. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
is(are) unstable
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria
is(are) metabolically stable
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels
small amount of this is used in one translation complex
mRNA Bin tRNA&rRNA bin
Solution
mRNA Bin
tRNA&rRNA bin
is(are) unstable; because of single trans acting strands.
is(are) metabolically stable; because of they are constituent material for amino acids carrier and
ribosome and also having various hairpin loops.
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria; because of complete degradation in mono nucleotides.
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels, under lipase or other enzymes activity they get
accumulate
small amount of this is used in one translation complex; mRNA uses in small amount
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule; different tRNAs are used for different amino acids and rRNA also has various RNA
subunits.
The mRNAs are required to make proteins. They are easy to translate whenever required. On the
other hand tRNAs and rRNAs are required to make amino acids carrier and ribosome
respectively. Cells need to have many tRNAs because of their individual differences. Lot of
Ribosomes are required to present in the cell for the readily availability of protein production
place.
mRNA Bin
tRNA&rRNA bin
is(are) unstable; because of single trans acting strands.
is(are) metabolically stable; because of they are constituent material for amino acids carrier and
2. ribosome and also having various hairpin loops.
do(es) not accumulate in bacteria; because of complete degradation in mono nucleotides.
accumulate(s) to high steady-state levels, under lipase or other enzymes activity they get
accumulate
small amount of this is used in one translation complex; mRNA uses in small amount
several molecules are involved in simultaneously translating from a single informational
molecule; different tRNAs are used for different amino acids and rRNA also has various RNA
subunits.
