This document discusses hypoxia, which is a condition where the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. It classifies hypoxia as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region. Some key types of hypoxia discussed include hypoxic (insufficient oxygen in inspired air), anemic (decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood), ischemic (insufficient blood flow), and histotoxic (inability of cells to use oxygen). The document outlines various causes and effects of each type of hypoxia.

1. Hypoxia
Dr. Fahad Shahzad
M.Phil Forensics (U.O.L)
B.H.M.S (I.U.B)
ZAYAN MEDICAL CENTER

2. Hypoxia
A condition in which the body or a region of the
body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at
the tissue level.
Hypoxia may be classified as either
generalized, affecting the whole body, or local,
affecting a region of the body.

3. Hypoxia
 Generalized hypoxia occurs in healthy people
when they ascend to high altitude.
 Hypoxia also occurs in healthy individuals
when breathing mixtures of gases with a low
oxygen content, e.g. while diving underwater.

4. Hypoxia
The symptoms of generalized hypoxia depend
on its severity and acceleration of onset.
 Fatigue
 Numbness
 Tingling of extremities
 Nausea
 Severe headache
 Breathlessness

5. Types of Hypoxia
 Hypoxic Hypoxia
 Anemic Hypoxia
 Stagnant or Ischemic Hypoxia
 Histotoxic Hypoxia

6. Hypoxic Hypoxia
This refers specifically to hypoxic states where
the arterial content of oxygen is insufficient.

7. Causes of Hypoxic Hypoxia
 Low PO2 in the inspired air which include:
 High Altitude.
 Breathing Gas mixture having Low PO2.
 Breathing in closed space.
 Decreased Pulmonary Ventilation due to
Respiratory Disorders:
 Obstructive Lung diseases
 Mechanical or Nervous Disorders
 Depression of Respiratory centre
 Pneumothorax (air in thorcic cavity)

8. Causes of Hypoxic Hypoxia
 Inadequate Oxygenation of Blood due to
Respiratory Disorders Which includes:
 Impaired alveolar Diffusion
 Non Functioning Alveoli
 Pulmonary Edema
 Pulmonary disease
 Diminished respiratory membrane diffusion

9. Causes of Hypoxic Hypoxia
 Cardiac Disorders:
 Congestive Heart Failure
 Venous-to-arterial shunts

10. Anemic Hypoxia
Anemic hypoxia occurs when the oxygen
carrying ability of the blood decreases, and thus,
this defect is specifically associated with the
blood.
This implies that fewer hemoglobin molecules
(or oxygen-binding sites) are available for
binding oxygen.

11. Causes of Anaemic Hypoxia
 Reduced O2 carrying capacity due to:
 Decreased number of RBCs.
 Decreased number of Haemoglobin.
 Abnormal Haemoglobin.

12. Stagnant or Ischemic Hypoxia
Hypoxia in which blood flow through the capillaries is
insufficient to supply the tissues, may be general or
local.
 General circulatory deficiency:
 CCF
 Hemorrhagic Shock
 Localized circulatory deficiency:
 Vasoconstriction
 Thrombo-embolism

13. Histo-toxic Hypoxia
Inability of cells to take up or use oxygen from
the bloodstream, despite physiologically normal
delivery of oxygen to such cells and tissues.

14. Causes of Histo-toxic Hypoxia
 Cyanide
 Sulfide Poisoning
 Vitamin B deficiency

15. Effects of Hypoxia
 Death of cells
Central Nervous System:
 Decreased mental activity.
 Coma
 Reduced work capacity of the muscles.