Hypoxia.pptx
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This document defines hypoxia and its types. There are four main types of hypoxia: hypoxic (low oxygen in inspired air), anemic (low hemoglobin to carry oxygen), stagnant (low blood flow delivering oxygen to tissues), and histotoxic (tissues cannot use delivered oxygen due to toxins). Each type is caused by different physiological derangements and produces characteristic clinical features depending on the underlying pathophysiology and tissue response to low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and providing supplemental oxygen therapy.
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hypoxia
Hypoxia is a condition where the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. There are several types of hypoxia including hypoxic hypoxia, which is due to a decrease in oxygen pressure in inhaled air. Signs and symptoms of hypoxia include changes in skin color, confusion, coughing, rapid breathing, and shortness of breath. The body responds to hypoxia through acclimatization and hyperventilation, increasing breathing depth and rate to raise alveolar oxygen levels. Causes include various lung and heart conditions, high altitude, carbon monoxide poisoning, and drug or chemical exposure.
Hypoxia :types , causes,and its effects
hypoxia :oxygen defecincy at tissue level.in these slides you are going to in touch with its types ,causes effects.share whatever you wanted to say comment us .
these notes are provided by our loving mam MAM SANIA .thanks to teach us mam :)
Restrictive lung disease
This document discusses restrictive lung disease, which is defined by reduced lung volumes. It can be caused by intrinsic lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma through inflammation or scarring, or extrinsic disorders of the chest wall, pleura, or respiratory muscles. Common intrinsic lung diseases include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and interstitial lung disease caused by drugs. Extrinsic disorders involve diseases of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular system. Restrictive lung disease results in hypoxemia, reduced diffusion capacity, and impaired gas exchange. Evaluation involves pulmonary function tests and imaging, and treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Hypoxia acclimatization cyanosis
This document discusses various types of hypoxia including hypoxic, anaemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. It also covers topics like acclimatization to high altitudes, cyanosis, oxygen therapy, and carbon monoxide poisoning. The key points are:
1. Hypoxia is defined as oxygen deficiency at the tissue level and can be caused by problems with ventilation, gas exchange, blood flow, or cellular respiration.
2. Acclimatization to high altitudes involves mechanisms like increased ventilation, blood oxygen carrying capacity, circulation, and tissue oxygen delivery over weeks.
3. Cyanosis is a blue skin discoloration caused by abnormally high amounts of deoxygen
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to meet the high metabolic demands of the brain. Blood circulates to the brain through the carotid and vertebral arteries which connect at the circle of Willis. Factors like blood pressure, carbon dioxide levels, oxygen, temperature and various chemicals regulate blood flow. The brain has autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain constant blood flow over a range of pressures. Failure of autoregulation can lead to ischemia or hyperperfusion. Clinical considerations include risks for hypertensive or elderly patients and treatments focus on preventing hypotension and ischemia.
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Hypoxia
This document discusses hypoxia, which is a condition where the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. It identifies different types of hypoxia including hypoxic (low oxygen in blood), anemic (low hemoglobin), stagnant (low blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues cannot use oxygen). Common causes are listed such as respiratory diseases, anemia, blood clots, and cyanide poisoning. The effects on different body systems are described. Oxygen therapy is discussed as a treatment for hypoxia along with its effectiveness for different hypoxic types.
Hypoxia
This document discusses the physiology of hypoxia, or reduced oxygen supply to tissues. It defines four types of hypoxia: hypoxic (reduced oxygen in arterial blood), anemic (decreased blood's oxygen carrying capacity), stagnant (decreased blood flow to tissues), and histotoxic (tissues' decreased ability to use oxygen). For each type, it outlines the characteristic arterial oxygen levels, oxygen saturation, and other features, as well as potential causes. The effects of hypoxia depend on its severity, duration, and type, but can include symptoms like cyanosis, tachycardia, tachypnea, and metabolic acidosis. Over time, the body may compensate through mechanisms like angiogenesis and polycythemia.
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hypoxia
Hypoxia is a condition where the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. There are several types of hypoxia including hypoxic hypoxia, which is due to a decrease in oxygen pressure in inhaled air. Signs and symptoms of hypoxia include changes in skin color, confusion, coughing, rapid breathing, and shortness of breath. The body responds to hypoxia through acclimatization and hyperventilation, increasing breathing depth and rate to raise alveolar oxygen levels. Causes include various lung and heart conditions, high altitude, carbon monoxide poisoning, and drug or chemical exposure.
Hypoxia :types , causes,and its effects
hypoxia :oxygen defecincy at tissue level.in these slides you are going to in touch with its types ,causes effects.share whatever you wanted to say comment us .
these notes are provided by our loving mam MAM SANIA .thanks to teach us mam :)
Restrictive lung disease
This document discusses restrictive lung disease, which is defined by reduced lung volumes. It can be caused by intrinsic lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma through inflammation or scarring, or extrinsic disorders of the chest wall, pleura, or respiratory muscles. Common intrinsic lung diseases include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and interstitial lung disease caused by drugs. Extrinsic disorders involve diseases of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular system. Restrictive lung disease results in hypoxemia, reduced diffusion capacity, and impaired gas exchange. Evaluation involves pulmonary function tests and imaging, and treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Hypoxia acclimatization cyanosis
This document discusses various types of hypoxia including hypoxic, anaemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. It also covers topics like acclimatization to high altitudes, cyanosis, oxygen therapy, and carbon monoxide poisoning. The key points are:
1. Hypoxia is defined as oxygen deficiency at the tissue level and can be caused by problems with ventilation, gas exchange, blood flow, or cellular respiration.
2. Acclimatization to high altitudes involves mechanisms like increased ventilation, blood oxygen carrying capacity, circulation, and tissue oxygen delivery over weeks.
3. Cyanosis is a blue skin discoloration caused by abnormally high amounts of deoxygen
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to meet the high metabolic demands of the brain. Blood circulates to the brain through the carotid and vertebral arteries which connect at the circle of Willis. Factors like blood pressure, carbon dioxide levels, oxygen, temperature and various chemicals regulate blood flow. The brain has autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain constant blood flow over a range of pressures. Failure of autoregulation can lead to ischemia or hyperperfusion. Clinical considerations include risks for hypertensive or elderly patients and treatments focus on preventing hypotension and ischemia.
Obstructive vs Restructive lung Disease.pptx
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Basic concepts about obstructive lung Disease's vs restructive lung Disease's.
Hypoxia
This document discusses hypoxia, which is a condition where the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. It identifies different types of hypoxia including hypoxic (low oxygen in blood), anemic (low hemoglobin), stagnant (low blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues cannot use oxygen). Common causes are listed such as respiratory diseases, anemia, blood clots, and cyanide poisoning. The effects on different body systems are described. Oxygen therapy is discussed as a treatment for hypoxia along with its effectiveness for different hypoxic types.
Hypoxia
This document discusses the physiology of hypoxia, or reduced oxygen supply to tissues. It defines four types of hypoxia: hypoxic (reduced oxygen in arterial blood), anemic (decreased blood's oxygen carrying capacity), stagnant (decreased blood flow to tissues), and histotoxic (tissues' decreased ability to use oxygen). For each type, it outlines the characteristic arterial oxygen levels, oxygen saturation, and other features, as well as potential causes. The effects of hypoxia depend on its severity, duration, and type, but can include symptoms like cyanosis, tachycardia, tachypnea, and metabolic acidosis. Over time, the body may compensate through mechanisms like angiogenesis and polycythemia.
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Hypoxia is a pathological condition defined as low oxygen delivery to tissues. The main types of hypoxia are hypoxic (low oxygen tension in arterial blood), circulatory/ischemic (reduced blood flow), anemic (decreased hemoglobin), and histotoxic (tissues unable to use oxygen). Symptoms of hypoxia depend on how rapidly and severely it develops, and can include restlessness, anxiety, fast breathing and heart rate, unconsciousness, and brain death in severe cases. Chronic hypoxia typically causes severe fatigue, shortness of breath, and cyanosis. The body compensates through hyperventilation, increased heart rate, and polycythemia. Oxygen therapy is used to treat hypoxic, an
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Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood flow is regulated through four main arteries and the circle of Willis. Normal blood flow to the brain is 50-65 ml/100g of brain tissue per minute. Cerebral blood flow is autoregulated between arterial pressures of 60-140 mm Hg through vascular smooth muscle responses. Metabolic factors like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentrations also regulate blood flow. The sympathetic nervous system innervates the brain arteries and constricts large arteries to prevent hemorrhaging. When the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked, it results in a stroke within that area of the brain. There are three principal types of strokes: thrombotic, hemorrhagic, and embolic.
Hypoxia Respiratiory System; causes, classification, symptoms
Hypoxia is a condition defined by low oxygen levels in tissues. It can be caused by factors that decrease oxygen supply or transport such as high altitude, anemia, lung diseases, or blood flow issues. Symptoms include cyanosis or blue skin/lips. There are four main types of hypoxia: arterial (low oxygen to lungs), anemic (low hemoglobin), ischemic (poor blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues can't use oxygen). Treatment focuses on restoring arterial oxygen levels through acclimatization, hyperventilation, or supplemental oxygen administration. Untreated hypoxia can damage tissues and organs or even cause death.
Hypoxia and its types
This document discusses hypoxia, which is a condition where the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. It classifies hypoxia as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region. Some key types of hypoxia discussed include hypoxic (insufficient oxygen in inspired air), anemic (decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood), ischemic (insufficient blood flow), and histotoxic (inability of cells to use oxygen). The document outlines various causes and effects of each type of hypoxia.
Ventilation and Perfusion in different zones of lungs.
This powerpoint presentation will make you explore about the Perfusion and Ventilation in different zones of lungs with its co-relation with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Ventilation perfusion relationships
Gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood occurs by diffusion, as will be discussed in the next chapter. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs passively, according to their concentration differences across the alveolar-capillary barrier. These concentration differences must be maintained by ventilation of the alveoli and perfusion of the pulmonary capillaries.
Alveolar ventilation brings oxygen into the lung and removes carbon dioxide from it. Similarly, the mixed venous blood brings carbon dioxide into the lung and takes up alveolar oxygen. The alveolar Image not available. and Image not available. are thus determined by the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary perfusion. Alterations in the ratio of ventilation to perfusion, called the Image not available., will result in changes in the alveolar Image not available. and Image not available., as well as in gas delivery to or removal from the lung.
Alveolar ventilation is normally about 4 to 6 L/min and pulmonary blood flow (which is equal to cardiac output) has a similar range, and so the Image not available. for the whole lung is in the range of 0.8 to 1.2. Image not available. However, ventilation and perfusion must be matched on the alveolar-capillary level, and the Image not available. for the whole lung is really of interest only as an approximation of the situation in all the alveolar-capillary units of the lung. For instance, suppose that all 5 L/min of the cardiac output went to the left lung and all 5 L/min of alveolar ventilation went to the right lung. The whole lung Image not available. would be 1.0, but there would be no gas exchange because there could be no gas diffusion between the ventilated alveoli and the perfused pulmonary capillaries.
Oxygen is delivered to the alveolus by alveolar ventilation, is removed from the alveolus as it diffuses into the pulmonary capillary blood, and is carried away by blood flow. Similarly, carbon dioxide is delivered to the alveolus in the mixed venous blood and diffuses into the alveolus in the pulmonary capillary. The carbon dioxide is removed from the alveolus by alveolar ventilation. As will be discussed in Chapter 6, at resting cardiac outputs the diffusion of both oxygen and carbon dioxide is normally limited by pulmonary perfusion. Thus, the alveolar partial pressures of both oxygen and carbon dioxide are determined by the Image not available. If the Image not available. in an alveolar-capillary unit increases, the delivery of oxygen relative to its removal will increase, as will the removal ...
Cerebral circulation
The brain is the most vital organ that requires constant blood supply to function. It has high metabolic needs but maintains constant circulation irrespective of activity. Blood flows to the brain through arteries and drains through veins and sinuses. The blood brain barrier selectively regulates substance permeability and protects the brain microenvironment. Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated by factors like blood pressure, carbon dioxide levels, oxygen levels and intracranial pressure to maintain homeostasis.
Ventilation perfusion ratio (The guyton and hall physiology)
Ventilation perfusion ratio is :
“The ratio of alveolar ventilation and the amount of blood that perfuse the alveoli”.
FORMULA
It is expressed as VA/Q.
VA is alveolar ventilation
Q is the blood flow (perfusion)
Normal value of ventilation perfusion ratio is about
0.8
VA is 4.2 L /min
Q is 5.5 L/min (Same as Cardiac output)
So VA/Q = 4.2/5.5 = 0.8
If VA becomes zero ratio becomes zero
If Q becomes zero ratio becomes infinite.
If ratio becomes zero or infinite then there is no gaseous exchange. So this ratio indicates the efficiency of gaseous exchange in lungs.
In standing or sitting position this ratio is not uniform in all parts of the lungs.
In standing position, in upper parts of lungs there is almost no blood flow so normally in upper parts of lungs the ratio is higher may be near 3.
In lower part of lungs, there is more blood flow so the ratio is decreased may be 0.6.
In certain diseases the VA/Q ratio is higher which means perfusion is inadequate i.e. in some parts of lungs the alveoli are non functional or partially functional. This is seen in cases of pulmonary thrombosis or embolism.
When there is higher VA/Q ratio, PO2 and PCO2 in the alveolar air resembles the values in the inspired air.
When exchange is not occurring because of lack of perfusion, inspired air goes to alveoli, as there is no exchange occurring so the same values of PCO2 and PO2 as in inspired air.
Oxygen cascade & therapy
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Physiology of high altitude
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Respiratory function and importance to anesthesia final
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Transport of gases
1) Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the lungs and tissues through passive diffusion down partial pressure gradients according to Boyle's, Charles', Dalton's, and Henry's laws and Fick's law of diffusion.
2) Oxygen is transported in the blood either dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin and releases it in tissues where oxygen levels are lower.
3) The oxygen dissociation curve shows the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and partial pressure of oxygen. It influences how much oxygen is bound to or released from hemoglobin in the lungs and tissues respectively.
Hypoxia
This document discusses the physiology of hypoxia. It defines hypoxia as reduced oxygen supply to the tissues and classifies it into four types: hypoxic, anemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. Each type is caused by a different mechanism that reduces oxygen delivery or utilization by tissues. The document outlines the characteristic features, causes, and effects of each hypoxia type. Hypoxia mainly affects the central nervous system and its severity, duration, and the body's compensation determine its symptoms and signs.
O2 cascade flux n odc
This document summarizes the oxygen cascade from the atmosphere to tissues. It describes how oxygen partial pressure decreases stepwise from the lungs to mitochondria. Key points include how partial pressures, diffusion, hemoglobin binding, and the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve influence oxygen delivery. Physiologic and pathologic factors that can shift the curve right or left, improving or impairing oxygen release, are also reviewed.
Compliance of lung
The document discusses lung elastance, compliance, and work of breathing. It defines key terms like elastance, compliance, and surface tension. It describes the elastance of the thoracic cage and lungs, the role of pulmonary surfactant in reducing surface tension, and how compliance is measured. It also explains the different components of work of breathing, including overcoming elastic, viscous, and airway resistance, and how work of breathing is affected in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
Compliance Resistance & Work Of Breathing
This document discusses the mechanics of respiration and resistance to breathing. It covers:
1. Elastic resistance makes up around 65% of total resistance and is due to the elastic recoil of lung tissue and surface tension forces. Lung compliance measures a lung's elastic resistance.
2. Non-elastic resistance accounts for the remaining 35% and includes airway resistance. Dynamic compliance is lower than static compliance due to factors like airway obstruction.
3. Several lung diseases can decrease compliance by increasing elastic or non-elastic resistance, requiring more work from respiratory muscles. Surfactant reduces surface tension forces and the work of breathing.
Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
The document discusses autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. It notes that the brain receives about 15-20% of cardiac output despite being only 2% of body weight. Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated between 50-130 mmHg mean arterial pressure through three mechanisms: metabolic regulation which balances supply and demand, myogenic regulation where blood vessel muscles sense pressure changes, and neurogenic regulation involving the sympathetic nervous system and astrocytes. Together these maintain stable blood flow despite fluctuations in blood pressure through the autoregulation phenomenon.
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Small group presentation which was done during our physiology days under the guidance of Prof. Sampath Gunawardena senior lecturer in department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ruhuna.
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Krishna Kant Solanki's presentation discusses hypoxia, including its types, causes, effects, features, and treatment. The main types of hypoxia are hypoxemia, anemic, ischemic/stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. Hypoxemia is the most common and can be caused by problems in oxygenation of blood in the lungs or pulmonary disease. Anemic hypoxia results from reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to conditions like anemia. Ischemic hypoxia occurs from circulatory deficiencies. Histotoxic hypoxia involves reduced tissue utilization of oxygen. Treatment involves oxygen therapy using methods like oxygen tents or masks, as well as hyperbaric oxygen therapy in some cases.
hypoxia and hypercapnia.pptx
Hypoxia and hypercapnia occur when there are insufficient oxygen levels or excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood and tissues. There are four main types of hypoxia - hypoxic (low oxygen levels), anemic, hypoperfusion (low blood flow), and histotoxic (inability to use oxygen). Hypercapnia results from hypoventilation where breathing is inadequate to remove carbon dioxide. This leads to increased carbon dioxide and acidosis in the blood and tissues. Hypoxia and hypercapnia can cause respiratory and cardiovascular effects like increased breathing and heart rate as well as central nervous system impacts like headaches, dizziness and loss of consciousness.
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Hypoxia is a pathological condition defined as low oxygen delivery to tissues. The main types of hypoxia are hypoxic (low oxygen tension in arterial blood), circulatory/ischemic (reduced blood flow), anemic (decreased hemoglobin), and histotoxic (tissues unable to use oxygen). Symptoms of hypoxia depend on how rapidly and severely it develops, and can include restlessness, anxiety, fast breathing and heart rate, unconsciousness, and brain death in severe cases. Chronic hypoxia typically causes severe fatigue, shortness of breath, and cyanosis. The body compensates through hyperventilation, increased heart rate, and polycythemia. Oxygen therapy is used to treat hypoxic, an
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Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood flow is regulated through four main arteries and the circle of Willis. Normal blood flow to the brain is 50-65 ml/100g of brain tissue per minute. Cerebral blood flow is autoregulated between arterial pressures of 60-140 mm Hg through vascular smooth muscle responses. Metabolic factors like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentrations also regulate blood flow. The sympathetic nervous system innervates the brain arteries and constricts large arteries to prevent hemorrhaging. When the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked, it results in a stroke within that area of the brain. There are three principal types of strokes: thrombotic, hemorrhagic, and embolic.
Hypoxia Respiratiory System; causes, classification, symptoms
Hypoxia is a condition defined by low oxygen levels in tissues. It can be caused by factors that decrease oxygen supply or transport such as high altitude, anemia, lung diseases, or blood flow issues. Symptoms include cyanosis or blue skin/lips. There are four main types of hypoxia: arterial (low oxygen to lungs), anemic (low hemoglobin), ischemic (poor blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues can't use oxygen). Treatment focuses on restoring arterial oxygen levels through acclimatization, hyperventilation, or supplemental oxygen administration. Untreated hypoxia can damage tissues and organs or even cause death.
Hypoxia and its types
This document discusses hypoxia, which is a condition where the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. It classifies hypoxia as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region. Some key types of hypoxia discussed include hypoxic (insufficient oxygen in inspired air), anemic (decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood), ischemic (insufficient blood flow), and histotoxic (inability of cells to use oxygen). The document outlines various causes and effects of each type of hypoxia.
Ventilation and Perfusion in different zones of lungs.
This powerpoint presentation will make you explore about the Perfusion and Ventilation in different zones of lungs with its co-relation with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Ventilation perfusion relationships
Gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood occurs by diffusion, as will be discussed in the next chapter. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs passively, according to their concentration differences across the alveolar-capillary barrier. These concentration differences must be maintained by ventilation of the alveoli and perfusion of the pulmonary capillaries.
Alveolar ventilation brings oxygen into the lung and removes carbon dioxide from it. Similarly, the mixed venous blood brings carbon dioxide into the lung and takes up alveolar oxygen. The alveolar Image not available. and Image not available. are thus determined by the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary perfusion. Alterations in the ratio of ventilation to perfusion, called the Image not available., will result in changes in the alveolar Image not available. and Image not available., as well as in gas delivery to or removal from the lung.
Alveolar ventilation is normally about 4 to 6 L/min and pulmonary blood flow (which is equal to cardiac output) has a similar range, and so the Image not available. for the whole lung is in the range of 0.8 to 1.2. Image not available. However, ventilation and perfusion must be matched on the alveolar-capillary level, and the Image not available. for the whole lung is really of interest only as an approximation of the situation in all the alveolar-capillary units of the lung. For instance, suppose that all 5 L/min of the cardiac output went to the left lung and all 5 L/min of alveolar ventilation went to the right lung. The whole lung Image not available. would be 1.0, but there would be no gas exchange because there could be no gas diffusion between the ventilated alveoli and the perfused pulmonary capillaries.
Oxygen is delivered to the alveolus by alveolar ventilation, is removed from the alveolus as it diffuses into the pulmonary capillary blood, and is carried away by blood flow. Similarly, carbon dioxide is delivered to the alveolus in the mixed venous blood and diffuses into the alveolus in the pulmonary capillary. The carbon dioxide is removed from the alveolus by alveolar ventilation. As will be discussed in Chapter 6, at resting cardiac outputs the diffusion of both oxygen and carbon dioxide is normally limited by pulmonary perfusion. Thus, the alveolar partial pressures of both oxygen and carbon dioxide are determined by the Image not available. If the Image not available. in an alveolar-capillary unit increases, the delivery of oxygen relative to its removal will increase, as will the removal ...
Cerebral circulation
The brain is the most vital organ that requires constant blood supply to function. It has high metabolic needs but maintains constant circulation irrespective of activity. Blood flows to the brain through arteries and drains through veins and sinuses. The blood brain barrier selectively regulates substance permeability and protects the brain microenvironment. Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated by factors like blood pressure, carbon dioxide levels, oxygen levels and intracranial pressure to maintain homeostasis.
Ventilation perfusion ratio (The guyton and hall physiology)
Ventilation perfusion ratio is :
“The ratio of alveolar ventilation and the amount of blood that perfuse the alveoli”.
FORMULA
It is expressed as VA/Q.
VA is alveolar ventilation
Q is the blood flow (perfusion)
Normal value of ventilation perfusion ratio is about
0.8
VA is 4.2 L /min
Q is 5.5 L/min (Same as Cardiac output)
So VA/Q = 4.2/5.5 = 0.8
If VA becomes zero ratio becomes zero
If Q becomes zero ratio becomes infinite.
If ratio becomes zero or infinite then there is no gaseous exchange. So this ratio indicates the efficiency of gaseous exchange in lungs.
In standing or sitting position this ratio is not uniform in all parts of the lungs.
In standing position, in upper parts of lungs there is almost no blood flow so normally in upper parts of lungs the ratio is higher may be near 3.
In lower part of lungs, there is more blood flow so the ratio is decreased may be 0.6.
In certain diseases the VA/Q ratio is higher which means perfusion is inadequate i.e. in some parts of lungs the alveoli are non functional or partially functional. This is seen in cases of pulmonary thrombosis or embolism.
When there is higher VA/Q ratio, PO2 and PCO2 in the alveolar air resembles the values in the inspired air.
When exchange is not occurring because of lack of perfusion, inspired air goes to alveoli, as there is no exchange occurring so the same values of PCO2 and PO2 as in inspired air.
Oxygen cascade & therapy
An brief illustration of physiological oxygenation Cascade, different oxygenation technique & their appropriate usage
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It discusses various effects of high altitude on human body in detail, acute mountain sickness, chronic mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude cerebral edema, acclimatization
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This document discusses respiratory function and its importance to anesthesia. It covers topics like cellular respiration, aerobic vs anaerobic respiration, muscles of respiration, mechanisms of ventilation, lung volumes, compliance, and factors that affect respiration. The speaker is Dr. Tipu and the event is being coordinated by Dr. Shivali Pandey.
Transport of gases
1) Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the lungs and tissues through passive diffusion down partial pressure gradients according to Boyle's, Charles', Dalton's, and Henry's laws and Fick's law of diffusion.
2) Oxygen is transported in the blood either dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin and releases it in tissues where oxygen levels are lower.
3) The oxygen dissociation curve shows the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and partial pressure of oxygen. It influences how much oxygen is bound to or released from hemoglobin in the lungs and tissues respectively.
Hypoxia
This document discusses the physiology of hypoxia. It defines hypoxia as reduced oxygen supply to the tissues and classifies it into four types: hypoxic, anemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. Each type is caused by a different mechanism that reduces oxygen delivery or utilization by tissues. The document outlines the characteristic features, causes, and effects of each hypoxia type. Hypoxia mainly affects the central nervous system and its severity, duration, and the body's compensation determine its symptoms and signs.
O2 cascade flux n odc
This document summarizes the oxygen cascade from the atmosphere to tissues. It describes how oxygen partial pressure decreases stepwise from the lungs to mitochondria. Key points include how partial pressures, diffusion, hemoglobin binding, and the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve influence oxygen delivery. Physiologic and pathologic factors that can shift the curve right or left, improving or impairing oxygen release, are also reviewed.
Compliance of lung
The document discusses lung elastance, compliance, and work of breathing. It defines key terms like elastance, compliance, and surface tension. It describes the elastance of the thoracic cage and lungs, the role of pulmonary surfactant in reducing surface tension, and how compliance is measured. It also explains the different components of work of breathing, including overcoming elastic, viscous, and airway resistance, and how work of breathing is affected in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
Compliance Resistance & Work Of Breathing
This document discusses the mechanics of respiration and resistance to breathing. It covers:
1. Elastic resistance makes up around 65% of total resistance and is due to the elastic recoil of lung tissue and surface tension forces. Lung compliance measures a lung's elastic resistance.
2. Non-elastic resistance accounts for the remaining 35% and includes airway resistance. Dynamic compliance is lower than static compliance due to factors like airway obstruction.
3. Several lung diseases can decrease compliance by increasing elastic or non-elastic resistance, requiring more work from respiratory muscles. Surfactant reduces surface tension forces and the work of breathing.
Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
The document discusses autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. It notes that the brain receives about 15-20% of cardiac output despite being only 2% of body weight. Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated between 50-130 mmHg mean arterial pressure through three mechanisms: metabolic regulation which balances supply and demand, myogenic regulation where blood vessel muscles sense pressure changes, and neurogenic regulation involving the sympathetic nervous system and astrocytes. Together these maintain stable blood flow despite fluctuations in blood pressure through the autoregulation phenomenon.
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Diseases & Disorders of Respiration .pptx
This document provides information on various diseases and disorders of respiration. It discusses topics such as altered respiratory patterns including tachypnea, bradypnea, polypnea, apnea, and hyperapnea. It also covers hyperventilation, hypoventilation, hypoxia including types and causes, hypercapnia, hypocapnia, asphyxia, dyspnea, periodic breathing, cyanosis, carbon monoxide poisoning, atelectasis, pneumothorax, pneumonia, bronchial asthma, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, pulmonary tuberculosis, and emphysema. For several of these topics, causes, characteristics, effects, and treatments are described.
Hypoxia & Cyanosis physiology of respiration 1.pdf
This document discusses hypoxia and cyanosis. Hypoxia is reduced oxygen delivery to tissues and can be caused by low oxygen in the blood, low blood flow, or the inability of tissues to extract oxygen. There are several types of hypoxia, including hypoxic (low oxygen in blood), anemic (low hemoglobin), and stagnant (low blood flow). Cyanosis is a blue skin or mucous membrane color caused by high levels of reduced hemoglobin and occurs in hypoxic hypoxia and stagnant hypoxia. Oxygen therapy can be effective for some but not all causes of hypoxia.
Hypoxia in surgical patients1
For my colleagues and medical students out there who need to either read or present the subject of hypoxia in surgical patients. I hope you find this one helpful.
Asphyxia
The document discusses asphyxia, which is caused by occlusion of airways and results in hypoxia and hypercapnia. It describes the three stages of asphyxia: exaggerated breathing, convulsions, and exhaustion/collapse. Oxygen therapy can help in some types of hypoxia but not others. The risks of oxygen therapy in infants are also outlined. Hypercapnia and cyanosis that can occur with hypoxia are explained. Local factors like cold exposure can also cause cyanosis.
Hypoxylec.pptx
This document discusses hypoxia, including its definition, classification, causes, and effects. It defines hypoxia as a decrease in biological oxidation leading to ATP depletion. Hypoxia is classified into several types based on etiology, including exogenous (caused by low oxygen in inhaled air), respiratory (due to lung issues), circulatory (from cardiovascular problems), and histotoxic/tissue (interference with tissue oxygen use). Both acute and chronic hypoxia are described. Various compensatory mechanisms aim to increase oxygen delivery and utilization during hypoxia, while prolonged adaptation involves processes like erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. Metabolic consequences of hypoxia include overreliance on glycolysis due to energy deficiency.
Oxygen therapy 1
This first part of the presentation gives a brief about the pathophysiology of supplemental oxygen in patients as well as basics of ventilation in the human body.
hypoxia.pptx
Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. It can be caused by problems with oxygen delivery, transport, or cellular uptake. Effects of hypoxia range from impaired mental function to cell death. There are several types of hypoxia depending on the underlying cause, such as atmospheric, anemic, or circulatory hypoxia. Oxygen therapy aims to correct hypoxemia by raising oxygen levels, reducing symptoms, and minimizing cardiovascular strain. Care must be taken to avoid oxygen toxicity from prolonged high concentrations.
Applied physiology
This document discusses various respiratory conditions including dyspnea, hypoxia, cyanosis, asphyxia, drowning, and periodic breathing. It defines each condition and describes their causes and characteristics. Dyspnea is difficulty breathing that can be caused by hypercapnia, increased work of breathing, or psychological factors. Hypoxia occurs when tissues do not receive enough oxygen and can be hypoxic, anemic, stagnant, or histotoxic in nature. Cyanosis results in a blue discoloration from reduced hemoglobin levels over 5g/100ml. Asphyxia involves both hypoxia and hypercapnia. Drowning is a form of asphyxia from liquid submersion or immersion that can
Hypoxia
This document defines and classifies different types of hypoxia: hypoxic (reduced oxygen in inspired air), anemic (reduced hemoglobin), stagnant (reduced blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues cannot use oxygen). It describes the pathophysiology, features, compensatory responses, and oxygen therapy approaches for each type. Hypercapnia and cyanosis, which can occur with hypoxia, are also explained. Oxygen therapy is most effective for hypoxic hypoxia but provides less benefit for types involving deficiencies in oxygen transport or utilization.
Hypoxia
Hypoxia refers to a lack of adequate oxygen supply to tissues. There are four main types of hypoxia: hypoxic (reduced oxygen in inspired air), anemic (low hemoglobin levels), stagnant (poor tissue perfusion), and histotoxic (impaired cellular oxygen use). Each type is characterized by specific changes in arterial oxygen levels, hemoglobin counts, blood flow rates, and other physiological markers. The body responds to hypoxic conditions through acclimatization mechanisms like hyperventilation and polycythemia, but these only partially restore normal oxygen levels and introduce their own risks. Long-term oxygen therapy has been shown to successfully treat chronic hypoxemia from respiratory diseases.
Hypoxia & hypoxemia
The document discusses hypoxia, or low oxygen levels in body tissues. It defines four types of hypoxia: hypoxemic caused by low blood oxygen levels, anemic caused by low hemoglobin, stagnant caused by reduced blood flow, and histotoxic caused by tissues' inability to use oxygen. It then provides more details on the causes and mechanisms of each type, focusing on hypoxemic hypoxia which can result from low atmospheric oxygen or lung issues preventing oxygen transfer from air to blood. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch is highlighted as a common cause of hypoxemia, or low blood oxygen levels, which can in turn cause hypoxia in tissues. Early detection using a pulse oximeter and treatments like supplemental oxygen
Hypoxia
There are four main types of hypoxia: hypoxic, anemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. Each type is characterized by specific changes in arterial oxygen levels, hemoglobin levels, blood flow, and tissue oxygen use. Hypoxic hypoxia involves reduced oxygen at the lung or tissue level, anemic hypoxia occurs when hemoglobin levels decrease, stagnant hypoxia is due to decreased blood flow, and histotoxic hypoxia impacts the tissues' ability to use oxygen. The body responds to hypoxic conditions through acclimatization mechanisms like hyperventilation and increased red blood cell production, though these only partially restore normal oxygen levels. Long-term hypoxemia treatment in lung diseases has been
Hypoxia
There are four main types of hypoxia: hypoxic, anemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. Each type is characterized by specific changes in arterial oxygen levels, hemoglobin levels, blood flow, and tissue oxygen use. Hypoxic hypoxia involves reduced oxygen at the lung or tissue level, anemic hypoxia occurs when hemoglobin levels decrease, stagnant hypoxia is due to decreased blood flow, and histotoxic hypoxia impacts the tissues' ability to use oxygen. The body responds to hypoxic conditions through acclimatization mechanisms like hyperventilation and increased red blood cell production, though these only partially restore normal oxygen levels. Long-term hypoxemia treatment for lung diseases has been
A detailed mechanism of hypoxia, Physiology
Hypoxia refers to a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level. There are several types of hypoxia including hypoxemic, anemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. The body adapts to hypoxia through various mechanisms like hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, increased capillaries and mitochondria in the lungs, higher red blood cell concentration induced by erythropoietin, activation of hypoxia inducible factors, hyperventilation, and increased 2,3-DPG levels to facilitate oxygen transport.
Oxygen therapy
Oxygen therapy by Dr Arun Gangadharan
This ppt cover basics of oxygen therapy, its indication and the various methods to give oxygen.
Reference- Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders
Hypoxia
Hypoxia is O2 deficiency at the tissue level. A pathological condition in which the whole body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. It is the decrease below normal levels of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues, without reaching anoxia.
2. High altitude. Low hemoglobin level. Decreased oxygen supply to an area. Low oxygen carrying capacity. P
Hypoxia and its effects
Hypoxia is a medical condition defined as reduced oxygen availability to tissues. It can be caused by factors that decrease oxygen delivery or utilization at the tissue level. There are four main types of hypoxia: hypoxic (decreased oxygen in arterial blood), anemic (decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood), stagnant (decreased blood flow), and histotoxic (inability of tissues to use oxygen). The immediate effects of hypoxia include increased respiration and heart rate, effects on blood including increased red blood cell production, and neurological effects ranging from intoxication to loss of consciousness. Long term effects depend on severity and duration of hypoxic exposure and can include chronic fatigue and irritability.
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Hypoxia.pptx
- 1. HYPOXIA AND ITS TYPES Dr Sara Ahmed
- 2. DEFINITION • Hypoxia means lack of oxygen at tissue level. • Anoxia means complete absence of oxygen in the tissues.
- 3. TYPES OF HYPOXIA 1) HYPOXIC HYPOXIA 2) ANAEMIC HYPOXIA 3) STAGNANT HYPOXIA 4) HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA
- 4. 1) HYPOXIC HYPOXIA It is characterized by a low arterial pO2 when the O2 carrying capacity of blood and rate of blood flow to the tissues are normal or elevated. CAUSES:- • Low pO2 in inspired air - for example - High altitude ( more than 3000 mts above sea level) - Breathing in a closed space - Breathing an artificial gas mixture containing low pO2
- 5. • Decreased pulmonary ventilation - seen in - Airway obstruction - Weakness/paralysis of respiratory muscles - Depression of respiratory centres by drugs specially morphine • Venous arterial shunts - i.e. venous blood enters the arterial blood without going into the lungs,therefore,arterial pO2 decreases. For example - cyanotic heart disease( Fallots Tetrology )
- 6. • Defect in exchange of gases - through alveolar-capillary membrane.This includes all the factors affecting the V/P ratio. - Bronchial Asthma - Pneumothorax - Emphysema - Pulmonary fibrosis - Congestive heart failure - Pulmonary embolism
- 7. Characteristic Features of Hypoxic Hypoxia
- 8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOXIC HYPOXIA via peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate Hypoxic Hypoxia Respiratory centre Pulmonary ventilation increases CO2 wash out from the body Arterial pCO2 decreases Oxygen-haemoglobin curve shifts to left Less release of O2 from haemoglobin Tissue Hypoxia
- 9. 2) ANAEMIC HYPOXIA Hypoxia in which arterial pO2 is normal but the amount of haemoglobin available to carry O2 is reduced. • Anaemia • Haemorrhage • Conversion of haemoglobin to some abnormal form- for example - Methaemoglobin - Carboxy Haemoglobin CAUSES:-
- 10. Characteristic Features of Anaemic Hypoxia
- 11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ANAEMIC HYPOXIA In anaemic hypoxia at rest,hypoxia is not severe,because in anaemia there is increased amount of 2,3 DPG in the RBC’s which combine with oxyhaemoglobin and results in increased liberation of O2. But during exercise when there is increased O2 demand by tissues due to increased O2 consumption,the tissue demand is not met fully and severe hypoxia develops. HbO2 + 2,3DPG —> Hb 2,3DPG + O2
- 12. 3) STAGNANT/ISCHAEMIC HYPOXIA Hypoxia in which the blood flow to the tissues is so low that adequate O2 is not delivered to them despite a normal arterial pO2 and haemoglobin concentration.
- 13. CAUSES:- • Circulatory failure • Haemorrhage - via baroreceptors produces reflux vasoconstriction and thus blood flow to tissue decreases • Congenital heart failure - It is associated with pulmonary congestion which produces defect in oxygenation,therefore,patient also suffers from hypoxic hypoxia in addition to stagnant hypoxia.
- 14. Characteristic Features of Stagnant Hypoxia
- 15. 4) HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA Hypoxia in which the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues is adequate,but because of the action of a toxic agent the tissues cannot make use of the O2 supplied to them. CAUSES:- • Cyanide poisoning - It produces hypoxia at tissue level causing poisoning of cellular enzymes specially cytochrome oxidase and also produces tissue oedema.
- 16. Characteristic Features of Histotoxic Hypoxia
- 17. Basic treatment of hypoxia includes : • Treatment of the underlying cause • Oxygen therapy - A. By inhalation of 100% pure O2 B. By inhalation of 100% O2 at high barometric pressure called hyperbaric oxygen therapy. 4 TREATMENT OF HYPOXIA
Editor's Notes
- 10.05.2023