The document discusses hypoxia, or low oxygen levels in body tissues. It defines four types of hypoxia: hypoxemic caused by low blood oxygen levels, anemic caused by low hemoglobin, stagnant caused by reduced blood flow, and histotoxic caused by tissues' inability to use oxygen. It then provides more details on the causes and mechanisms of each type, focusing on hypoxemic hypoxia which can result from low atmospheric oxygen or lung issues preventing oxygen transfer from air to blood. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch is highlighted as a common cause of hypoxemia, or low blood oxygen levels, which can in turn cause hypoxia in tissues. Early detection using a pulse oximeter and treatments like supplemental oxygen

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2.  Hypoxia, condition of the body in which the tissues are starved
of oxygen. In its extreme form, where oxygen is entirely absent,
the condition is called anoxia.
 There are four types of hypoxia:
 (1) Hypoxemic type, in which the oxygen pressure in the blood
going to the tissues is too low to saturate the hemoglobin;
 (2) Anemic type, in which the amount of functional hemoglobin
is too small, and hence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen
is too low;
 (3) Stagnant type, in which the blood is or may be normal but
the flow of blood to the tissues is reduced or unevenly
distributed; and
 (4) Histotoxic type, in which the tissue cells are poisoned and
are therefore unable to make proper use of oxygen. Diseases of
the blood, the heart and circulation, and the lungs may all
produce some form of hypoxia.

3.  The hypoxemic type of hypoxia is due to one
of two mechanisms: (1) a decrease in the
amount of breathable oxygen—often
encountered in pilots, mountain climbers,
and people living at high altitudes—due to
the reduced barometric pressure (see altitude
sickness), or (2) cardiopulmonary failure in
which the lungs are unable to efficiently
transfer oxygen from the alveoli to the blood

4.  In the case of anemic hypoxia, either the total
amount of hemoglobin is too small to supply
the body’s oxygen needs, as in anemia or
after severe bleeding, or hemoglobin that is
present is rendered nonfunctional. Examples
of the latter case are carbon monoxide
poisoning and metho-globinuria, in both of
which the hemoglobin is so altered by toxic
agents that it becomes unavailable for
oxygen transport, and thus of no respiratory
value.

5. Stagnant hypoxia, in which blood flow through
the capillaries is insufficient to supply the
tissues, may be general or local. If general, it may
result from heart disease that impairs the
circulation, impairment of veinous return of
blood, or trauma that induces shock. Local
stagnant hypoxia may be due to any condition
that reduces or prevents the circulation of the
blood in any area of the body. Examples
include Raynaud’s disease and Buerger’s disease,
which restrict circulation in the extremities; the
application of a tourniquet to control bleeding;
ergot poisoning; exposure to cold; and
overwhelming systemic infection with shock.

6.  In histotoxic hypoxia the cells of the body are
unable to use the oxygen, although the
amount in the blood may be normal and
under normal tension. Although
characteristically produced by cyanide, any
agent that decreases cellular respiration may
cause it. Some of these agents are narcotics,
alcohol, formaldehyde, acetone, and certain
anesthetic agents.

7.  Hypoxemia is an inadequate partial pressure
of oxygen in arterial blood.
 Hypoxemia has many causes,
often respiratory disorders, and can cause
tissue hypoxia as the blood is not supplying
enough oxygen to the body. extreme hypoxia
can be called anoxia, extreme hypoxemia can
be called anoxemia

8.  Hypoxemia is usually defined in terms of
reduced partial pressure of oxygen (mm Hg) in
arterial blood when the partial pressure of
oxygen in blood is less than 60 mm Hg, when
hemoglobin oxygen saturation is less than 90%
 Hypoxemia refers to low oxygen in the blood,
and the more general term hypoxia is an
abnormally low oxygen content in any tissue or
organ, or the body as a whole.Hypoxemia can
cause hypoxia (hypoxemic hypoxia), but hypoxia
can also occur via other mechanisms, such
as anemia

9.  There are 5 phyiological causes of HYPOXEMIA
 HIGH ALTITUDE
 DIFFUSION
 HYPOVENTILATION
 SHUNTING
 VENTILATION-PERFUSION MISMATCH

11.  Equipment
oxygen supply,flowmeter,breathing system,ventilator
failure,tracheal tube
 Hypoventilation
respiratory depression,obstruction
 Ventilation perfusion mismatch
bronchial
intubation,secretions,atelectasis,pneumothorax,bronchospasm,p
ulmonary oedema,
and embplus,loa cardiac output
 Malignant hyperthermia

12.  USE OF PULSE OXIMETER FOR EARLY DETECTION
DESATURATION
 CHECK A-B-C
 INCREASE INSPIRED OXYGEN CETURATION BY 100%
 CHECK THE INTEGRITY OF THE BREATHING SYSTEM BY
MANUAL VENTILATION OF THE LUNGS
 CONFIRM THE POSITION AND POTENCY OF THE TUBE
 CHECK BILATERAL CHEST MOVEMENT AND BREATHING
SOUNDS
 PEEP FOR GENTLE LUNG HYPERINFLATION
 MEASURE AND STABLIZE CORE TEMPRATURE

13.  v/Q mismatch is the most common cause of
hypoxemia
 100% oxygen responds in high
altitude,diffusion,hypoventilation,and v/Q
mismatch but not in shunting.

14. THANKS