Hypothesis Testing
Definitions:
A statistical hypothesis is a guess about a population parameter. The guess may or not be
true.
The null hypothesis, written H0, is a statistical hypothesis that states that there is no
difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is no difference between
two parameters.
The alternative hypothesis, written H1 or HA, is a statistical hypothesis that specifies a
specific difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is a difference
between two parameters.
Example 1:
A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether a new medication will have
undesirable side effects. She is particularly concerned with the pulse rate of patients who
take the medication. The research question is, will the pulse rate increase, decrease, or
remain the same after a patient takes the medication?
Since the researcher knows that the mean pulse rate for the population under study is 82
beats per minute, the hypotheses for this study are:
H0: µ = 82
HA: µ ≠ 82
The null hypothesis specifies that the mean will remain unchanged and the alternative
hypothesis states that it will be different. This test is called a two-tailed test since the
possible side effects could be to raise or lower the pulse rate. Notice that this is a non
directional hypothesis. The rejection region lies in both tails. We divide the alpha in two
and place half in each tail.
Example 2:
An entrepreneur invents an additive to increase the life of an automobile battery. If the
mean lifetime of the automobile battery is 36 months, then his hypotheses are:
H0: µ ≤ 36
HA: µ > 36
Here, the entrepreneur is only interested in increasing the lifetime of the batteries, so his
alternative hypothesis is that the mean is greater than 36 months. The null hypothesis is
that the mean is less than or equal to 36 months. This test is one-tailed since the interest
is only in an increased lifetime. Notice that the direction of the inequality in the alternate
hypothesis points to the right, same as the area of the curve that forms the rejection
region.
Example 3:
A landlord who wants to lower heating bills in a large apartment complex is considering
using a new type of insulation. If the current average of the monthly heating bills is $78,
his hypotheses about heating costs with the new insulation are:
H0: µ ≥ 78
HA: µ < 78
This test is also a one-tailed test since the landlord is interested only in lowering heating
costs. Notice that the direction of the inequality in the alternate hypothesis points to the
left, same as the area of the curve that forms the rejection region.
Study Design:
After stating the hypotheses, the researcher’s next step is to design the study. In designing
the study, the researcher selects an appropriate statistical test, chooses a level of
significance, and formulates a plan for conducting the study..
Following points are presented in this presentation.
1. Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population.
2. NULL HYPOTHESIS & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS.
3. Types of errors.
-Hypotheses
-What is Hypothesis testing
-Basic Concepts in Hypotheses Testing (in detail)
~Alternate Hypothesis
~Level of Significance
~Critical Region
~Decision Rule(Test of Hypothesis)
~Type I Error & Type II Error
~Power of Test
~One Tailed & Two Tailed Test
~One Sample & Two Sample Tests
` Types of Hypotheses
` Steps in Hypotheses Testing
~Parametric & Non Parametric Tests
PAGE
O&M Statistics – Inferential Statistics: Hypothesis Testing
Inferential Statistics
Hypothesis testing
Introduction
In this week, we transition from confidence intervals and interval estimates to hypothesis testing, the basis for inferential statistics. Inferential statistics means using a sample to draw a conclusion about an entire population. A test of hypothesis is a procedure to determine whether sample data provide sufficient evidence to support a position about a population. This position or claim is called the alternative or research hypothesis.
“It is a procedure based on sample evidence and probability theory to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement” (Mason & Lind, pg. 336).
This Week in Relation to the Course
Hypothesis testing is at the heart of research. In this week, we examine and practice a procedure to perform tests of hypotheses comparing a sample mean to a population mean and a test of hypotheses comparing two sample means.
The Five-Step Procedure for Hypothesis Testing (you need to show all 5 steps – these contain the same information you would find in a research paper – allows others to see how you arrived at your conclusion and provides a basis for subsequent research).
Step 1
State the null hypothesis – equating the population parameter to a specification. The null hypothesis is always one of status quo or no difference. We call the null hypothesis H0 (H sub zero). It is the hypothesis that contains an equality.
State the alternate hypothesis – The alternate is represented as H1 or HA (H sub one or H sub A). The alternate hypothesis is the exact opposite of the null hypothesis and represents the conclusion supported if the null is rejected. The alternate will not contain an equal sign of the population parameter.
Most of the time, researchers construct tests of hypothesis with the anticipation that the null hypothesis will be rejected.
Step 2
Select a level of significance (α) which will be used when finding critical value(s).
The level you choose (alpha) indicates how confident we wish to be when making the decision.
For example, a .05 alpha level means that we are 95% sure of the reliability of our findings, but there is still a 5% chance of being wrong (what is called the likelihood of committing a Type 1 error).
The level of significance is set by the individual performing the test. Common significance levels are .01, .05, and .10. It is important to always state what the chosen level of significance is.
Step 3
Identify the test statistic – this is the formula you use given the data in the scenario. Simply put, the test statistic may be a Z statistic, a t statistic, or some other distribution. Selection of the correct test statistic will depend on the nature of the data being tested (sample size, whether the population standard deviation is known, whether the data is known to be normally distributed).
The sampling distribution of the test statistic is divided into t.
Testing of hypothesis - large sample testParag Shah
Different type of test which are used for large sample has been included in this presentation. Steps for each test and a case study is included for concept clarity and practice.
STATISTICS : Changing the way we do: Hypothesis testing, effect size, power, ...Musfera Nara Vadia
STATISTICS : Changing the way we do: Hypothesis testing, effect size, power, confidence interval, two-tailed and one tailed test, and other misunderstood issues.
Barbara Silva is the CIO for Peachtree Community Hospital in Atlanta.docxwilcockiris
Barbara Silva is the CIO for Peachtree Community Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. As the chief information officer, it has been her duty to assemble a team of healthcare information professionals to prepare for the implementation of HIPAA Privacy Rules.
How did Barbara and her team orchestrate moving forward toward HIPAA Privacy compliance? First, she established a steering committee responsible for HIPAA Privacy planning. The committee focused on three broad areas of development, including:
education;
assessment; and
development of policies and procedures.
The steering committee recognizes that the scope of this project is quite vast and that it encompasses many different areas of the facility. The scope involves not just hospital information systems, but the operations of many departments and manual processes. These varied items are included in the scope of assessment and are found to be the biggest challenge. Developing HIPAA compliant policies and procedures is not a one-time activity as changes are constant. Development and continuous updating will mean that this project is one that will be an ongoing effort.
Part of Peachtree Community Hospital’s key to success has been pulling together the right combination of professionals. The result is a multidisciplinary team which will include the HIM services director and the CCO (chief compliance officer).
Barbara has garnered the following information from experts in the area of HIPAA Privacy Rules who have suggested that healthcare organizations consider the following steps to become compliant:
Inventory the organization’s data as the first step in policy implementation.
Read the Federal Register information on HIPAA.
Focus on HIPAA as a business process issue.
Secure the support of top management and the active involvement and participation of staff in all affected areas.
Thoroughly review outside vendor contracts to ensure compliance with business associate agreements.
Appoint a dedicated staff to the HIPAA privacy initiative.
Preparing for HIPAA compliance will require a complex and thorough evaluation and realignment of business and operational processes.
Your Role/Assignment
You have been consulted by CIO Barbara Silva as the healthcare information systems expert. You will be working directly with the director of HIM services. As a consultant, you have vast experience with HIPAA implementations. Your expertise will be required in several areas.
K E Y P L A Y E R S
Barbara Silva, CIO
As the chief information officer, Barbara will assemble a team of healthcare professionals to prepare for the implementation of HIPAA Privacy Rules. She must ensure that Peachtree is in full compliance with HIPAA regulations for every aspect of the organization
–
not just hospital information systems, but also the operations of related departments and manual processes. Her concerns encompass a large scope of the project, and she will need to identify key people to become involved in this project.
James H.
BARGAIN CITY Your career is moving along faster than you e.docxwilcockiris
BARGAIN CITY
Your career is moving along faster than you expected. You thought that your expertise in Information
systems would result in an initial break-in period as a programmer for Bargain City, a retail chain modeled
along the lines of Wal-Mart. But the resignation of three systems analysts changed all that. The analysts
left to form their own consulting firm.
Knowing that you had a strong dose of systems analysis in college, your boss, Alisa Ernst, decided to let
you begin as a systems analyst. It didn't take her long to give you your first assignment. Alisa made
arrangements for you to visit an area store for the purpose of becoming familiar with activity at the store
level. She expects you to prepare a written report that might serve as the basis for future systems
projects.
You arrive at the West Alameda store at 9 A.M., and you are amazed at how many people are already
shopping. The lot is full, and you have to wait ten minutes-it seems like thirty--to get a parking place.
Inside, the conditions are no better. The store is huge, with fifteen checkout counters, but only four are
open. Each of the four, one of which is the express lane, has a long line of shoppers waiting to check out.
It's a good thing that you are not buying anything. Since you are only conducting a systems study, you will
be able to get out sooner.
You watch the action--or inaction--for a while and then wander back to the storeroom where three stock
clerks are opening boxes. You hear one of them say, "Have you found it yet?" Curious, you introduce
yourself and ask what they are looking for. One of the clerks tells you that the store has a special on
cookout items but ran out of charcoal starter fluid. The truck that was supposed to bring additional stock
broke down in Tuba City. The lack of starter fluid is one reason the lines up front are so long; the
checkout clerks are having to give out rain checks. You can understand why the stock clerks are having
such difficulty; the storeroom is a real mess. Boxes are stacked everywhere. There seems to be no rhyme
or reason to anything.
You ask where the store computer is, and you are directed to a small room in the corner. There it is,
humming away. Automation in action.
With a good grasp of the backroom operation, you return to the front for the purpose of checking out the
office. There's a big line there as well--people waiting to cash checks and return purchases. Most of the
returns seem to be glassware items that the customers found to be broken when they opened their
shopping bags at home. The sackers had not packed the items properly.
When you finally reach the head of the line, you are surprised to learn that the cashier is really the store
manager. He asks you to come back when he has more time. He explains that he had to "let a lot of
people go" in order to stay within the budget that headquarters imposed. You can tell by the way he
snarls his explanation that he is not ver.
More Related Content
Similar to Hypothesis Testing Definitions A statistical hypothesi.docx
Following points are presented in this presentation.
1. Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population.
2. NULL HYPOTHESIS & ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS.
3. Types of errors.
-Hypotheses
-What is Hypothesis testing
-Basic Concepts in Hypotheses Testing (in detail)
~Alternate Hypothesis
~Level of Significance
~Critical Region
~Decision Rule(Test of Hypothesis)
~Type I Error & Type II Error
~Power of Test
~One Tailed & Two Tailed Test
~One Sample & Two Sample Tests
` Types of Hypotheses
` Steps in Hypotheses Testing
~Parametric & Non Parametric Tests
PAGE
O&M Statistics – Inferential Statistics: Hypothesis Testing
Inferential Statistics
Hypothesis testing
Introduction
In this week, we transition from confidence intervals and interval estimates to hypothesis testing, the basis for inferential statistics. Inferential statistics means using a sample to draw a conclusion about an entire population. A test of hypothesis is a procedure to determine whether sample data provide sufficient evidence to support a position about a population. This position or claim is called the alternative or research hypothesis.
“It is a procedure based on sample evidence and probability theory to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement” (Mason & Lind, pg. 336).
This Week in Relation to the Course
Hypothesis testing is at the heart of research. In this week, we examine and practice a procedure to perform tests of hypotheses comparing a sample mean to a population mean and a test of hypotheses comparing two sample means.
The Five-Step Procedure for Hypothesis Testing (you need to show all 5 steps – these contain the same information you would find in a research paper – allows others to see how you arrived at your conclusion and provides a basis for subsequent research).
Step 1
State the null hypothesis – equating the population parameter to a specification. The null hypothesis is always one of status quo or no difference. We call the null hypothesis H0 (H sub zero). It is the hypothesis that contains an equality.
State the alternate hypothesis – The alternate is represented as H1 or HA (H sub one or H sub A). The alternate hypothesis is the exact opposite of the null hypothesis and represents the conclusion supported if the null is rejected. The alternate will not contain an equal sign of the population parameter.
Most of the time, researchers construct tests of hypothesis with the anticipation that the null hypothesis will be rejected.
Step 2
Select a level of significance (α) which will be used when finding critical value(s).
The level you choose (alpha) indicates how confident we wish to be when making the decision.
For example, a .05 alpha level means that we are 95% sure of the reliability of our findings, but there is still a 5% chance of being wrong (what is called the likelihood of committing a Type 1 error).
The level of significance is set by the individual performing the test. Common significance levels are .01, .05, and .10. It is important to always state what the chosen level of significance is.
Step 3
Identify the test statistic – this is the formula you use given the data in the scenario. Simply put, the test statistic may be a Z statistic, a t statistic, or some other distribution. Selection of the correct test statistic will depend on the nature of the data being tested (sample size, whether the population standard deviation is known, whether the data is known to be normally distributed).
The sampling distribution of the test statistic is divided into t.
Testing of hypothesis - large sample testParag Shah
Different type of test which are used for large sample has been included in this presentation. Steps for each test and a case study is included for concept clarity and practice.
STATISTICS : Changing the way we do: Hypothesis testing, effect size, power, ...Musfera Nara Vadia
STATISTICS : Changing the way we do: Hypothesis testing, effect size, power, confidence interval, two-tailed and one tailed test, and other misunderstood issues.
Barbara Silva is the CIO for Peachtree Community Hospital in Atlanta.docxwilcockiris
Barbara Silva is the CIO for Peachtree Community Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. As the chief information officer, it has been her duty to assemble a team of healthcare information professionals to prepare for the implementation of HIPAA Privacy Rules.
How did Barbara and her team orchestrate moving forward toward HIPAA Privacy compliance? First, she established a steering committee responsible for HIPAA Privacy planning. The committee focused on three broad areas of development, including:
education;
assessment; and
development of policies and procedures.
The steering committee recognizes that the scope of this project is quite vast and that it encompasses many different areas of the facility. The scope involves not just hospital information systems, but the operations of many departments and manual processes. These varied items are included in the scope of assessment and are found to be the biggest challenge. Developing HIPAA compliant policies and procedures is not a one-time activity as changes are constant. Development and continuous updating will mean that this project is one that will be an ongoing effort.
Part of Peachtree Community Hospital’s key to success has been pulling together the right combination of professionals. The result is a multidisciplinary team which will include the HIM services director and the CCO (chief compliance officer).
Barbara has garnered the following information from experts in the area of HIPAA Privacy Rules who have suggested that healthcare organizations consider the following steps to become compliant:
Inventory the organization’s data as the first step in policy implementation.
Read the Federal Register information on HIPAA.
Focus on HIPAA as a business process issue.
Secure the support of top management and the active involvement and participation of staff in all affected areas.
Thoroughly review outside vendor contracts to ensure compliance with business associate agreements.
Appoint a dedicated staff to the HIPAA privacy initiative.
Preparing for HIPAA compliance will require a complex and thorough evaluation and realignment of business and operational processes.
Your Role/Assignment
You have been consulted by CIO Barbara Silva as the healthcare information systems expert. You will be working directly with the director of HIM services. As a consultant, you have vast experience with HIPAA implementations. Your expertise will be required in several areas.
K E Y P L A Y E R S
Barbara Silva, CIO
As the chief information officer, Barbara will assemble a team of healthcare professionals to prepare for the implementation of HIPAA Privacy Rules. She must ensure that Peachtree is in full compliance with HIPAA regulations for every aspect of the organization
–
not just hospital information systems, but also the operations of related departments and manual processes. Her concerns encompass a large scope of the project, and she will need to identify key people to become involved in this project.
James H.
BARGAIN CITY Your career is moving along faster than you e.docxwilcockiris
BARGAIN CITY
Your career is moving along faster than you expected. You thought that your expertise in Information
systems would result in an initial break-in period as a programmer for Bargain City, a retail chain modeled
along the lines of Wal-Mart. But the resignation of three systems analysts changed all that. The analysts
left to form their own consulting firm.
Knowing that you had a strong dose of systems analysis in college, your boss, Alisa Ernst, decided to let
you begin as a systems analyst. It didn't take her long to give you your first assignment. Alisa made
arrangements for you to visit an area store for the purpose of becoming familiar with activity at the store
level. She expects you to prepare a written report that might serve as the basis for future systems
projects.
You arrive at the West Alameda store at 9 A.M., and you are amazed at how many people are already
shopping. The lot is full, and you have to wait ten minutes-it seems like thirty--to get a parking place.
Inside, the conditions are no better. The store is huge, with fifteen checkout counters, but only four are
open. Each of the four, one of which is the express lane, has a long line of shoppers waiting to check out.
It's a good thing that you are not buying anything. Since you are only conducting a systems study, you will
be able to get out sooner.
You watch the action--or inaction--for a while and then wander back to the storeroom where three stock
clerks are opening boxes. You hear one of them say, "Have you found it yet?" Curious, you introduce
yourself and ask what they are looking for. One of the clerks tells you that the store has a special on
cookout items but ran out of charcoal starter fluid. The truck that was supposed to bring additional stock
broke down in Tuba City. The lack of starter fluid is one reason the lines up front are so long; the
checkout clerks are having to give out rain checks. You can understand why the stock clerks are having
such difficulty; the storeroom is a real mess. Boxes are stacked everywhere. There seems to be no rhyme
or reason to anything.
You ask where the store computer is, and you are directed to a small room in the corner. There it is,
humming away. Automation in action.
With a good grasp of the backroom operation, you return to the front for the purpose of checking out the
office. There's a big line there as well--people waiting to cash checks and return purchases. Most of the
returns seem to be glassware items that the customers found to be broken when they opened their
shopping bags at home. The sackers had not packed the items properly.
When you finally reach the head of the line, you are surprised to learn that the cashier is really the store
manager. He asks you to come back when he has more time. He explains that he had to "let a lot of
people go" in order to stay within the budget that headquarters imposed. You can tell by the way he
snarls his explanation that he is not ver.
Barbara schedules a meeting with a core group of clinic managers. T.docxwilcockiris
Barbara schedules a meeting with a core group of clinic managers. The purpose of the meeting is to review the strategic plan and to gather additional feedback from the managers. Barbara is aware of the importance of diversity within the organization. Diversity and inclusion is particularly important because of the population served by UCCO facilities. However, she realizes during the meeting that there may be some issues with diversity and culture. Furthermore, how diversity and culture impact team performance. Several managers made comments regarding distribution of work and employee perspectives based on stereotypes. She also found out that there are many personality conflicts and issues with subordination. Barbara encountered the conflict and degradation comments, first-hand during the meeting.
Visit the Rasmussen online Library and search for a minimum of 3 articles covering diversity and culture and teamwork.
For this project assignment on UCCO complete a minimum of a 3 page report to address management of change with strategic planning and with the following concepts:
What is the role of executives in the process of change management and strategic planning? How do issues with diversity and culture relate to change management?
Why is diversity inclusion important? What are the benefits? Specifically address UCCO purpose for diversity.
Discuss how working with others can help with respect for diversity and respect for diverse perspectives.
What are the challenges and benefits of employing a diverse workforce?
What should Barbara's plan be for encouraging teamwork among a diverse workforce and ensuring that employees make meaningful and valuable contributions to team projects and tasks. Incorporate Barbara's personal experience with the team of clinic managers.
Remember to integrate citations accurately and appropriately for all resource types; use attribution (credit) as a method to avoid plagiarism. Use NoodleBib to document your sources and to complete your APA formatted reference page and in-text citations.
Transferable Skills for this Project Stage:
Diversity & Teamwork
Communication
.
Barbara schedules a meeting with a core group of clinic managers.docxwilcockiris
Barbara schedules a meeting with a core group of clinic managers. The purpose of the meeting is to review the strategic plan and to gather additional feedback from the managers. Barbara is aware of the importance of diversity within the organization. Diversity and inclusion is particularly important because of the population served by UCCO facilities. However, she realizes during the meeting that there may be some issues with diversity and culture. Furthermore, how diversity and culture impact team performance. Several managers made comments regarding distribution of work and employee perspectives based on stereotypes. She also found out that there are many personality conflicts and issues with subordination. Barbara encountered the conflict and degradation comments, first-hand during the meeting.
Visit the Rasmussen online Library and search for a minimum of 3 articles covering diversity and culture and teamwork.
For this project assignment on UCCO complete a minimum of a 3 page report to address management of change with strategic planning and with the following concepts:
What is the role of executives in the process of change management and strategic planning? How do issues with diversity and culture relate to change management?
Why is diversity inclusion important? What are the benefits? Specifically address UCCO purpose for diversity.
Discuss how working with others can help with respect for diversity and respect for diverse perspectives.
What are the challenges and benefits of employing a diverse workforce?
What should Barbara's plan be for encouraging teamwork among a diverse workforce and ensuring that employees make meaningful and valuable contributions to team projects and tasks. Incorporate Barbara's personal experience with the team of clinic managers.
Remember to integrate citations accurately and appropriately for all resource types; use attribution (credit) as a method to avoid plagiarism. Use NoodleBib to document your sources and to complete your APA formatted reference page and in-text citations.
Transferable Skills for this Project Stage:
Diversity & Teamwork
Communication
.
Barbara schedules a meeting with a core group of clinic managers. Th.docxwilcockiris
Barbara schedules a meeting with a core group of clinic managers. The purpose of the meeting is to review the strategic plan and to gather additional feedback from the managers. Barbara is aware of the importance of diversity within the organization. Diversity and inclusion is particularly important because of the population served by UCCO facilities. However, she realizes during the meeting that there may be some issues with diversity and culture. Furthermore, how diversity and culture impact team performance. Several managers made comments regarding distribution of work and employee perspectives based on stereotypes. She also found out that there are many personality conflicts and issues with subordination. Barbara encountered the conflict and degradation comments, first-hand during the meeting.
Visit the Rasmussen online Library and search for a minimum of 3 articles covering diversity and culture and teamwork.
For this project assignment on UCCO complete a minimum of a 3 page report to address management of change with strategic planning and with the following concepts:
What is the role of executives in the process of change management and strategic planning? How do issues with diversity and culture relate to change management?
Why is diversity inclusion important? What are the benefits? Specifically address UCCO purpose for diversity.
Discuss how working with others can help with respect for diversity and respect for diverse perspectives.
What are the challenges and benefits of employing a diverse workforce?
What should Barbara's plan be for encouraging teamwork among a diverse workforce and ensuring that employees make meaningful and valuable contributions to team projects and tasks. Incorporate Barbara's personal experience with the team of clinic managers.
Remember to integrate citations accurately and appropriately for all resource types; use attribution (credit) as a method to avoid plagiarism. Use NoodleBib to document your sources and to complete your APA formatted reference page and in-text citations.
Discussed the importance of diversity inclusion, benefits, and purpose for diversity at UCCO, with examples and supportive references.
Discussed how working with others can help with respect for diversity and respect for diverse perspectives. Provided supportive examples and references.
Discussed the challenges and benefits of employing a diverse workforce, with examples and supportive references.
Discussed the role of executives in the process of change management and strategic planning, as well as issues with diversity and culture related to change management; with examples and supportive references.
Discussed plan for encouraging teamwork among a diverse workforce and ensuring that employees make meaningful and valuable contributions to team projects and tasks. Incorporated Barbara?s personal experience with the team of clinic managers and provided examples and supportive references.
Transferable Skills fo.
Barbara Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages 4th edition (U.docxwilcockiris
Barbara Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages 4th edition (University of Toronto, 2014). If you are unable to obtain the fourth edition, go ahead and get the fifth edition, but let us know. ISBN:9781442608023. Gene Brucker (Editor), Julia Martines (Translator), Two Memoirs of Renaissance Florence: The Diaries of Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati.
If the territorial expansion, cultural accomplishments, and administrative innovations of the Frankish Kingdom during the Carolingian period, particularly during Charlemagne's, were ultimately temporary, why was his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor such a significant event? Explain with examples from the lectures and the textbook. No outside research or material is permitted.
.
BARBARA NGAM, MPAShoreline, WA 98155 ▪ 801.317.5999 ▪ [email pro.docxwilcockiris
BARBARA NGAM, MPA
Shoreline, WA 98155 ▪ 801.317.5999 ▪ [email protected]
Hi tutor: Here is an example of my current cover letter, which I think it is not applicable or not good enough. Please use below format and build it off from my resume. Please point out my greatest skills and experiences from my resume into the cover letter so that recruiters can capturing or noticing my skills set and capability, thanks.
12/14/2018
Department: VM Foundation
Virginia Mason Medical Center
1100 9th Avenue
Seattle, WA. 98101
Re: Job Number: 182930
Dear Hiring Manager:
Dependable and energetic Accounting Professional with over 9 years of experience in general ledger, reporting, modelling, consolidation, analysis, reconciliations, closing and revenue cycle is seeking to obtain a position that will utilize my potential as a Senior Accountant. It would be privilege to put practice my accounting skills and knowledge gained in private and public accounting for the benefit of the organization.
From analyzing financial reports and overseeing accounts payable and receivable to implementing improved financial processes and providing excellent leadership skills, I excel in strategically directing infinite aspects of accounting activities. My demonstrated expertise in business and financial operations, along with my dedication to increasing productivity and efficiency prepares me to make a significant impact on your organization.
Please consider the following highlights of my experience:
· Accurately and expeditiously facilitated account reconciliations, risk assessments, auditing processes, invoice collection, financial analysis, wire transfer transactions, fixed assets, year-end preparations and month-end closing while providing a superior level of service and support to realize optimal financial performance.
· Successfully cleaned up company accounts by uncovering and writing off old debtors and duplicate creditors, clearing journals, and reclassifying expenses and assets in conjunction with external accountants.
· Collaborated effectively with cross-functional teams and external auditors to drive maximum productivity, efficiency, and accuracy.
· Excelled within time-sensitive, fast-paced atmospheres while resolving issues and ensuring compliance with internal policies and regulatory guidelines.
· In-depth knowledge of various computer applications, including the following: PeopleSoft, Oracle, Concur, Sage Fixed Assets (Sage FAS), Loan Accounting System (LAS) and Microsoft Office applications.,
At your convenience, I welcome an opportunity to meet with you to discuss your goals and objectives and how my experience and abilities can contribute to meeting and exceeding those goals.
Thank you very much for your time and consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely yours,
Barbara Ngam
BARBARA NGAM, MPA
Shoreline, WA 98155 ▪ 801.317.5999 ▪ [email protected]
SENIOR ACCOUNTANT
Proven success with budgets, financial analys.
Banks 5
Maya Banks
Professor Debra Martin
EN106DLGU1A2018
June 24, 2018
Unmasking the Prevailing Culprits in The Present-Day Education System
In pursuit of a holistic, critically provoking, meaningful, and educational oriented environment where teachers are free to teach, and learners are free to think, and the disappointing reality continues to present itself from every dimension. The faults in the current education system are critically unmasked by Mark Edmundson and Paulo Freire in their two invaluable pieces of articles. A careful analysis of the ideas tabled by the two influential education thinkers illustrates numerous underlying commonalities in their works as well as some overlooked ideas in their arguments. The fact that their central ideas in their respective scholarly works revolve around unmasking the true culprits in the present-day education implies that, if Edmundson and Freire were able to converse with each other, they would both agree on the need to change the current education system and build it around critical thinking. It’s to this end that this paper seeks to synthesize their ideas in an attempt to identify common grounds, differences as well the areas they both overlooked.
Looking at the prevailing schooling system in America as well as the ways through which learners are carrying out their studies, the perception of the two education thinkers is of great heed to the whole education system. Deeply entrenched into the Edmundson and Freire respective pieces of literature is the overarching conspiracy and oppression theme where the established, who is this case is the teacher among other the education leaders seek to contain, manipulate, and control the thoughts of the learners. As acknowledged by Freire, “Teachers either work for the liberation of the people- their humanization- or for their domestication, their dominance” (p.243). As a result of this domination and hierarchical relationship, the only knowledge that the learners in the prevailing education system receive are from the teachers, an aspect that dehumanizes the students as they do not get the chance to develop their own knowledge or even challenge the one received from the teachers. The oppression and domination ideology as presented by Freire cast invaluable light on the need for both teachers and students to embrace an “authentic” approach to education which grants them some chance to be aware of their respective incompleteness and eventually strive to be fully human (Freire 244). In a bid to rethink Freire’s oppression implication, as a college student one ought to act as a co-creator of knowledge at the expense of posing as an empty vessel waiting to be filled by the college professor or instructor.
Similarly, Edmundson acknowledges the presence of oppression in thinking and learning approaches in the contemporary schools, but from a different angle from the one used by Freire. While Freire profoundly argues that students are highly dehumanized a.
Banking industry•Databases that storeocorporate sensiti.docxwilcockiris
Banking industry:
• Databases that store
o corporate sensitive / proprietary information
o employee payroll, health records, etc.
o vendor information
o credit card information
other items as determined by the type of company
• Remote users that must be authenticated
• Security Measures and policies
• What policies need to be in place?
.
BAOL 531 Managerial AccountingWeek Three Article Research Pape.docxwilcockiris
BAOL 531: Managerial Accounting
Week Three: Article Research Paper and Posting Topics
Article Research Papers and Posting: This is a graduate course and students will be expected to research and write papers summarizing in their own words what they have found on current topics from the weekly readings. Research is a theoretical review and application of a topic to a specific industry or field.
The research must be conducted using peer-reviewed trade or academic journals. While Blogs, Wikipedia, encyclopedias, textbooks, popular magazines, newspaper articles, online websites, etc. are helpful for providing background information, these resources are NOT suitable resources for this research assignment.
Assignment Requirements:
i. Choose a research topic from the chapter readings or from the weekly list provided by your professor (See list or potential topics below from Chapter’s 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6).
ii. Research/find a minimum at least one (1), preferably two (2) different peer-reviewed articles on your topic from the University of the Cumberlands Library online business database. The article(s) must be current/published within the last five (5) years.
iii. Write a three (3) to four (4) page double spaced paper in APA format discussing the findings on your specific topic in your own words. Note - paper length does not include cover page or References page.
iv. Structure your paper as follows:
a. Cover page
b. Overview describing the importance of the research topic in your own words
c. Purpose of Research of the article in your own words
d. Review of the Literature summarized in your own words
e. Conclusion in your own words
f. Personal Thoughts
g. References
v. An example paper has been provided for students (attached to email along with this document). Please review this paper for proper structure and APA formatting.
vi. Attach your paper to the Discussion board by the Saturday due date (150 points).
vii. Read and respond to at least four (4) other student postings by the Sunday due date (20 points).
Week Three: Article Research Paper and Posting – List of potential research topics from Chapter’s 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6.
1. Evolution of Management Accounting
2. Decision Management
3. Balanced Scorecard
4. Historical Cost in Accounting
5. Operating Leverage
6. Controllability Principle
7. Lean Accounting Systems
8. Responsibility Accounting
9. Return on Investment as a measurement tool (ROI)
10. Opportunity Costs
11. Performance Measurement System in management
12. Performance Reward System in management
13. Budget Sandbagging
14. Budget Gaming techniques
15. Ratchet Effect of Budgeting
16. Participative Budgeting
17. Strategic Planning and Budgeting
18. Line-item Budgeting
19. Rolling Budget technique
20. Zero-based budgeting
21. Any other managerial accounting topics you wish to pursue from Chapter’s 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6.
Grading Criteria:
· Content & Structure (75 points): All of the requested components are completed as assigned; cont.
bankCustomer1223333SmithJamesbbbbbb12345 Abrams Rd Dallas TX 75043185019123220001000.0005138970142250020101113334LeLiemaaaaaa444 Coit Rd Plano TX 75075137366879810002010111347749515001000.00051212121BellamyKevinbellbell34 GreenVille Richardson TX 75080143233432140020101232123PescadorCharlespescpesc44 Summit Plano TX 750931321668712125020101234432DominguezJohnsondomidomi5551 Monfort Dallas TX 750421543442343240020101234534TranVantrantran1000 Coit Rd Plano TX 7507514325512341801000.00051234567SmithArmandosmithsmith123 Walnut rd Dallas TX 7424311234567892201000.00051313131BluittMarkblutblut222 St. Ann Allen TX 7521316543345671280201011111111113801000.00051455415CoronadoChristcorocoro56 Campbell Rd Richardson TX 750821432331234112020102312435TrinhLaurentrintrin2800 Spring Creek Plano TX 75074143216765436020102323232BurnsJoneburnburn1234 Plano Rd Dallas TX 7524013214432452971000.00052345432NeangWilliamsneannean8109 Scott lane Plano TX 750141234556545180020103214566FanTiffanyfannfann4321 Coit Rd Plano TX 750751765112343220020103344555TorresWannertorrtorr121 Custer Rd Plano TXx 750251543556712321020103456654EsquivelOrlandoesquesqu43 International Rd Dallas TX 752401123554345481020104322344FitzhughLaurenfitzfitz232 Park Rd Plano TX 750931234554345221820104323433RemschelTinaremsrems125 Alma rd Plano TX 75023143211567847101000.0005122222222240020104343434BryantAnnbuyabuya4343 Goerge Prince Plano TX 75075123455432121020105225525CaveStevencavecave154 James St Arlington TX 75042176566543440020105433455KuykendalDevinkuykkuyk25E Parker Rd Plano TX 7507412314454655302010143557722140001000.00055456545NguyenBobnguynguy2323 Floy Rd Richardson TX 750801234665456216520106543123CrowleyMattcrowcrow111 Jose lane Dallas TX 75042112311234321551000.00056543456NguyenMarynguynguy354 Duche Allen TX 7501312341132653202010213321455712001000.00057654321KennedyJohnsonkennkenn43 Buckingham Dallas TX 752401987654321166020107655677MunozJosemunomuno324 Hedgecox Rd Plano TX 7502517651123432882010
Student 1 & 2
Reply to 2 of your classmates' threads. Each reply must be 150 words and comment on their ability to synthesize, not merely summarize, their selected texts. Offer specific examples to encourage them and possible revisions to make it a stronger synthesis.
Student #1 Post
Top of Form
A broad, general problem seen throughout the country is the integration of online course work into the public-school classroom. Technology is integrated into all levels of education: pre-K, elementary, secondary, and higher education (Leggatt, 2016). It began with a modest inclusion of videos or allowing students to research using school-provided laptops or tablets. This was the simple way of using technology. Now that technology is more accessible and affordable, districts are providing students with digital devices to use in and out of schools, allowing them to utilize their phones, and requiring them to complete coursework online outside of the classroom (Hohlfeld, Ritzhaupt, Dawson, & Wilson,.
Barbara and Judi entered into a contract with Linda, which provi.docxwilcockiris
Barbara and Judi entered into a contract with Linda, which provided that they open a jewelry store in Fullerton. Linda is obligated to supply all jewelry in accordance with a specified price list. Linda also agreed that she would not personally compete or supply another retail merchant, either directly or indirectly, within the City of Fullerton.
Linda, in order to give the necessary credit to Barbara and Judi, required that Joanne act as a guarantor. Barbara and Judi have been very successful, making substantial profits each month.
After one year's time, Barbara, who also has an additional job as a legal secretary, requires an extended vacation. Judi is fully in agreement. While Barbara is on her vacation, Linda sells jewelry to three additional retailers, all of whom, in the space of one week, open competitive shops in Fullerton. Linda's agreement with the new retailers is to provide inventory to the new stores at a substantially reduced cost, permitting them to sell retail at rates far below Judi and Barbara's cost. In one month's time, Judi closes the business and, unknown to Barbara, files suit in Federal District Court, alleging breach of contract on Linda's part and further alleging that she only has been damaged. Barbara returns from her extended vacation one month after the suit is filed and files a motion to intervene under Rule 24. Linda files a motion under Rule 19, alleging that Barbara should be joined as a party. Joanne, who lives in Nevada, learns of the lawsuit and asks her attorney to file a motion to intervene under Rule 24. Linda, in the requisite time, files her answer and files a motion under Rule 14 to implead the Rhodesian Diamond Company, her supplier and with whom she has a contract which required that she increase her sales and open new offices or lose her contract.
Assume proper jurisdiction of the subject matter, parties and venue. Discuss all civil procedure issues and give proper argument concerning motions made by Linda, Joanne and Barbara.
Discuss your answers in a very full narrative IRAC essay with much detail.
.
Bank ReservesSuppose that the reserve ratio is .25, and that a b.docxwilcockiris
Bank Reserves
Suppose that the reserve ratio is .25, and that a bank has actual reserves of $15,000, loans of $40,000, and demand deposits of $50,000.
A. Excess reserves are $____________________.
B. This bank, being a single bank in a multibank system, can safely lend $____________________.
C. The multibank system can safely lend $__________________.
D. It is possible for the monetary base to increase by a total of $___________________. Assume now that the Fed lowers the reserve ratio to .20:
E. This bank, being a single bank in a multibank system, can now safely lend $_____________________.
F. The multibank system can safely lend $____________________.
G. It is now possible for the monetary base to increase by a total of $________________________.
H. The increase/decrease in the potential money supply because of the decrease in the required reserve ratio is $_____________________.
.
Baldwin's Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated
Title XXXV. Domestic Relations
SuperBrowse Chapter 403. Dissolution of Marriage; Child Custody (Refs & Annos)
SuperBrowse Custody
1. Proposed Legislation
Effective: July 14, 2018
KRS § 403.270
403.270 Custodial issues; best interests of child shall determine; rebuttable presumption that joint custody and equally shared parenting time is in child’s best interests; de facto custodian
Currentness
(1) (a) As used in this chapter and KRS 405.020, unless the context requires otherwise, “de facto custodian” means a person who has been shown by clear and convincing evidence to have been the primary caregiver for, and financial supporter of, a child who has resided with the person for a period of six (6) months or more if the child is under three (3) years of age and for a period of one (1) year or more if the child is three (3) years of age or older or has been placed by the Department for Community Based Services. Any period of time after a legal proceeding has been commenced by a parent seeking to regain custody of the child shall not be included in determining whether the child has resided with the person for the required minimum period.
(b) A person shall not be a de facto custodian until a court determines by clear and convincing evidence that the person meets the definition of de facto custodian established in paragraph (a) of this subsection. Once a court determines that a person meets the definition of de facto custodian, the court shall give the person the same standing in custody matters that is given to each parent under this section and KRS 403.280, 403.340, 403.350, 403.822, and 405.020.
(2) The court shall determine custody in accordance with the best interests of the child and equal consideration shall be given to each parent and to any de facto custodian. Subject to KRS 403.315, there shall be a presumption, rebuttable by a preponderance of evidence, that joint custody and equally shared parenting time is in the best interest of the child. If a deviation from equal parenting time is warranted, the court shall construct a parenting time schedule which maximizes the time each parent or de facto custodian has with the child and is consistent with ensuring the child's welfare. The court shall consider all relevant factors including:
(a) The wishes of the child's parent or parents, and any de facto custodian, as to his or her custody;
(b) The wishes of the child as to his or her custodian, with due consideration given to the influence a parent or de facto custodian may have over the child's wishes;
(c) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with his or her parent or parents, his or her siblings, and any other person who may significantly affect the child's best interests;
(d) The motivation of the adults participating in the custody proceeding;
(e) The child's adjustment and continuing proximity to his or her home, school, and community;
(f) The mental and physical health of all in.
Bank confirmations are critical to the cash audit. What information .docxwilcockiris
Bank confirmations are critical to the cash audit. What information does the auditor obtain by sending bank confirmations? Explain the different types of bank confirmations and what assertions each type addresses. How do you determine which is the best bank confirmation type to use ?
.
BalShtBalance SheetBalance SheetBalance SheetBalance SheetThe Frank Beverage GroupThe Frank Beverage GroupThe Frank Beverage GroupThe Frank Beverage GroupFirst QuarterSecond QuarterThird QuarterFourth Quarter2019-20202019-20202019-20202019-2020ASSETSASSETSASSETSASSETSCurrent AssetsCurrent AssetsCurrent AssetsCurrent AssetsCash$110,102Cash$161,052Cash$186,936Cash$219,214Accounts Receivable$35,569Accounts Receivable$37,746Accounts Receivable$40,057Accounts Receivable$42,508Inventory-$1,887Inventory$14,313Inventory$31,504Inventory$50,300Other Current Assets$0Other Current Assets$0Other Current Assets$0Other Current Assets$0Total Current Assets$143,784Total Current Assets$213,111Total Current Assets$258,497Total Current Assets$312,022Fixed AssetsFixed AssetsFixed AssetsFixed AssetsLand$0Land$0Land$0Land$0Facilities$0Facilities$0Facilities$0Facilities$0Equipment$0Equipment$0Equipment$0Equipment$0Computers & Telecommunications$0Computers & Telecommunications$0Computers & Telecommunications$0Computers & Telecommunications$0(Less Accumlated Depreciation)$0(Less Accumlated Depreciation)$0(Less Accumlated Depreciation)$0(Less Accumlated Depreciation)$0Total Fixed Assets$0Total Fixed Assets$0Total Fixed Assets$0Total Fixed Assets$0Other Assets$0Other Assets$0Other Assets$0Other Assets$0TOTAL ASSETS$143,784TOTAL ASSETS$213,111TOTAL ASSETS$258,497TOTAL ASSETS$312,022LIABILITIESLIABILITIESLIABILITIESLIABILITIESCurrent LiabilitiesCurrent LiabilitiesCurrent LiabilitiesCurrent LiabilitiesShort-Term Notes Payable$9,873Short-Term Notes Payable$9,997Short-Term Notes Payable$10,122Short-Term Notes Payable$10,249Income Taxes Due$16,109Income Taxes Due$34,046Income Taxes Due$46,006Income Taxes Due$59,618Other Current Liabilities$0Other Current Liabilities$0Other Current Liabilities$0Other Current Liabilities$0Total Current Liabilities$25,982Total Current Liabilities$44,043Total Current Liabilities$56,128Total Current Liabilities$69,868Long-Term LiabilitiesLong-Term LiabilitiesLong-Term LiabilitiesLong-Term LiabilitiesLong-Term Notes Payable$7,735Long-Term Notes Payable$5,189Long-Term Notes Payable$2,610Long-Term Notes Payable-$0Other Long-Term Liabilities$0Other Long-Term Liabilities$0Other Long-Term Liabilities$0Other Long-Term Liabilities$0Total Long-Term Liabilities$7,735Total Long-Term Liabilities$5,189Total Long-Term Liabilities$2,610Total Long-Term Liabilities-$0NET WORTHNET WORTHNET WORTHNET WORTHPaid-In Capital$61,740Paid-In Capital$61,740Paid-In Capital$61,740Paid-In Capital$61,740Retained Earnings$48,327Retained Earnings$102,139Retained Earnings$138,018Retained Earnings$180,414Total Net Worth$110,067Total Net Worth$163,879Total Net Worth$199,758Total Net Worth$242,154TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH$143,784TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH$213,111TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH$258,497TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH$312,022
For information about this worksheet, see "Balance Sheet" in "The Financials" chapter of Successful Business Plan: Secrets & Strategies..
BAM 515 - Organizational Behavior(Enter your answers on th.docxwilcockiris
BAM 515 - Organizational Behavior
(Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1) The members of a ________ work together intensively via electronic means, and may never actually meet.
A) cyber group
B) digital team
C) virtual team
D) electronic group
2) The risks associated with planning can be reduced by an understanding of all of the following except
A) decision making.
B) team composition.
C) political science.
D) individual biases.
3) The way managers lead is changing because millions of employees work in
A) downsized organizations.
B) self-managed teams.
C) expanding positions.
D) outsourced functions.
4) Which of the following is not one of the three principal kinds of skills needed by managers?
A) Human
B) Analytical
C) Technical
D) Conceptual
5) An ________ is a rule or routine an employee follows to perform some task in the most effective way.
A) organizational pattern
B) organizational procedure
C) organizational routine
D) organizational schematic
Unit 1 Examination
51
BAM 515 - Organizational Behavior
6) An organization’s workforce consists of workers of different ages, religions, and socioeconomic backgrounds, all of which contribute to its
A) social responsibility.
B) ethics.
C) affirmative action.
D) diversity.
7) The ________ involves responding to the diverse needs of employees and developing employment approaches that promote the well-being of employees.
A) flexibility challenge
B) decision-making challenge
C) fairness and justice challenge
D) performance challenge
8) Organizational behavior is relevant to crisis management because it provides ________ needed to respond to a crisis.
A) guidelines, procedures, and boundaries
B) definitions and contextual perspectives
C) lessons about how to manage and organize the resources
D) an overview of sound management principles
9) ________ consists of computer and communication hardware and software, and the
skills of designers, programmers, technicians, and managers.
A) Strategic capital
B) Knowledge management
C) Corporate knowledge
D) Information technology
10) Standard Textile Company’s Chinese employees are not always comfortable
A) taking the initiative.
B) performing their jobs well.
C) learning new techniques.
D) All of the above
Unit 1 Examination
52
BAM 515 - Organizational Behavior
11) Psychologists have studied identical twins and have
A) attempted to determine to what extent personality is inherited.
B) been unable to determine what impact nature or nurture has on personality development.
C) identified specific genes that are responsible for inherited personality.
D) determined that the personalities of twins are impacted more by nature than are the personalities of non twins.
12) Individuals with an________ tend to believe that outside forces are largely responsible for their fate.
A) extrasensory locus of control
B) external locus of control
C) interdepartmental locus of control
D) internal loc.
BalanchineGeorge Balanchine is an important figure in the histor.docxwilcockiris
Balanchine
George Balanchine is an important figure in the history of ballet as he was a major exponent of ballet in the US. He established the first school of American ballet in NYC with Lincoln Kirstein in 1934. Balanchine’s style has been called Neoclassical and the success of his NYC Ballet has spawned many regional companies in the US, including Miami City Ballet, keeping his repertory alive. Balanchine brought a new aesthetic to ballet, stripping away its sentimentality and bringing attention to the movement rather than the spectacle. He brought quick footwork, precision and musicality to classical ballet technique. He collaborated extensively with the composer Stravinsky. His work with the Ballet Russe in the early 20th century exposed Balanchine to the most prominent musical composers and visual artists of the period (i.e. Picasso, Matisse, etc.) which influenced his experimentation with abstraction in the form.
Ballet continues to evolve today. Traditional classical ballets such as Sleeping Beauty and Swan Lake are still performed today with the addition of more contemporary interpretations of the form. Some examples of contemporary ballet:
Modern Dance
Modern dance began as a departure from the restrictions of ballet and a desire to express a wider palette of the human experience. It emphasized the expression of emotion, the exploration of dynamics in the body and presented narratives in a more abstract manner. Some modern dance pioneers eventually developed their own codification and/or process for working. The postmodern dancers rejected codification of any kind as well as known methods for composition. They valued personal movement, innovative forms of performance and preferred abstraction over story telling.
Pioneers of Modern Dance
Isadora Duncan 1877-1927, believed movement should be drawn from nature and was inspired by Ancient Greece, wearing long toga-like robes in her performances. The Duncan technique was comprised of movements such as hopping, swinging, running, skipping and leaping; her desire was to free the body from the confines of ballet.
Ruth St Denis 1878-1968, was inspired by the dances of Asia, in addition to other culturally based forms. She is well known for her grand spectacles, creating a formal school/company. Her husband Ted Shawn was also a pioneer in modern dance who created an all male dance company in addition to performing with Ruth. Martha Graham was a student Ruth St. Denis and later became a member of her company.
Mary Wigman 1886-1973, was a German dancer/choreographer inspired by Expressionism, an artistic movement that emphasized raw emotions. She was a student of Rudolf Laban. In her famous Witch Dance, she went against traditional norms of female beauty in dance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtLSSuFlJ5c
Rudolf Laban 1879-1958, is sometimes referred to as the father of German modern dance; he developed a system for notating dance called Labanotation in addition to developin.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Hypothesis Testing Definitions A statistical hypothesi.docx
1. Hypothesis Testing
Definitions:
A statistical hypothesis is a guess about a population parameter.
The guess may or not be
true.
The null hypothesis, written H0, is a statistical hypothesis that
states that there is no
difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that
there is no difference between
two parameters.
The alternative hypothesis, written H1 or HA, is a statistical
hypothesis that specifies a
specific difference between a parameter and a specific value, or
that there is a difference
between two parameters.
Example 1:
A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether a new
medication will have
undesirable side effects. She is particularly concerned with the
pulse rate of patients who
take the medication. The research question is, will the pulse
rate increase, decrease, or
remain the same after a patient takes the medication?
Since the researcher knows that the mean pulse rate for the
population under study is 82
beats per minute, the hypotheses for this study are:
2. H0: µ = 82
HA: µ ≠ 82
The null hypothesis specifies that the mean will remain
unchanged and the alternative
hypothesis states that it will be different. This test is called a
two-tailed test since the
possible side effects could be to raise or lower the pulse rate.
Notice that this is a non
directional hypothesis. The rejection region lies in both tails.
We divide the alpha in two
and place half in each tail.
Example 2:
An entrepreneur invents an additive to increase the life of an
automobile battery. If the
mean lifetime of the automobile battery is 36 months, then his
hypotheses are:
H0: µ ≤ 36
HA: µ > 36
Here, the entrepreneur is only interested in increasing the
lifetime of the batteries, so his
alternative hypothesis is that the mean is greater than 36
3. months. The null hypothesis is
that the mean is less than or equal to 36 months. This test is
one-tailed since the interest
is only in an increased lifetime. Notice that the direction of the
inequality in the alternate
hypothesis points to the right, same as the area of the curve that
forms the rejection
region.
Example 3:
A landlord who wants to lower heating bills in a large apartment
complex is considering
using a new type of insulation. If the current average of the
monthly heating bills is $78,
his hypotheses about heating costs with the new insulation are:
H0: µ ≥ 78
HA: µ < 78
This test is also a one-tailed test since the landlord is interested
only in lowering heating
costs. Notice that the direction of the inequality in the alternate
hypothesis points to the
left, same as the area of the curve that forms the rejection
region.
Study Design:
After stating the hypotheses, the researcher’s next step is to
4. design the study. In designing
the study, the researcher selects an appropriate statistical test,
chooses a level of
significance, and formulates a plan for conducting the study. In
the first example, the
medical researcher will select a sample of sample of patients
who will be given the drug.
After the drug takes effect, the researcher will measure each
person’s pulse rate.
Remember that the sample means vary about the population
mean. Thus the mean of the
sample will in most cases, not be exactly equal to 82 (the mean
of the population). This
raises the question, if the mean of the sample is not exactly
equal to the population mean,
how do we know that the medication really does affect the pulse
rate? In other words, is
the difference due to chance or is it due to the effects of the
medication?
If the mean pulse rate of the sample is 83, the researcher would
probably not reject the null
hypothesis. However, if the mean pulse rate is 110, the
researcher would probably
conclude that there really is a difference. The question is,
where does the researcher draw
the line between chance variation and a real difference? The
difference is not made on
feelings or intuition, but is made statistically.
More Definitions:
A statistical test uses the data obtained from a sample to make a
decision about whether or
not the null hypothesis can be rejected.
5. The numerical value obtained from a statistical test is called the
test statistic or test value.
The critical value separates the critical region from the non-
critical region. The critical
region is the region of values that indicates that there is a
significant difference and that the
null hypothesis should be rejected.
A level of significance is the maximum probability of
committing a Type I error.
In a statistical test, the mean is computed for the data obtained
from the sample and is
compared with the population mean. Then, a decision is made
to reject or not reject the
null hypothesis on the basis of the value obtained from the
statistical test. If the difference
is significant, the null is rejected. If it is not significant, the
null is not rejected.
There are 4 possible outcomes:
H0 True H0 False
Reject H0 Type I error Correct decision
Accept H0 Correct decision Type II error
A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when
it is true.
6. A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected
when it is false.
A decision to reject or not reject the null does not really prove
anything. The only way to
prove anything statistically is to use the entire population . . . in
most cases, this is not
possible. Instead, we use probabilities to make a decision.
When there is a large enough
difference between the sample mean and the hypothesized mean,
the null is probably not
true. How large does this difference need to be?
First, we need to set a level of significance. In most cases, this
level will be either .05 or
.01. That means that if the null is rejected, the probability of a
Type I error will either be
5% or 1% and the probability of a correct decision is either 95%
or 99%.
The probability of a Type II error is symbolized by β (Greek
letter beta). The power of a
test is its sensitivity, or the probability that a statistical test will
be able to detect a true
difference. Power is equal to 1-β. Therefore, if β.= .05, power
= .95. Power is directly
related to both sample size and effect size; power increases and
sample size or effect size
increases.
After a significance level is chosen, a critical value is chosen
from a table for the appropriate
test. If a z-test is used, the z-table (Appendix D) is consulted to
find the critical value. The
critical value determines the critical (rejection) and
noncritical(acceptance) regions.
7. For a one-tailed test, the critical value can be on the right or
left side of the mean. Here,
the entire alpha is placed in the appropriate tail.
For a two tailed test, the critical region is split into two equal
parts and the alpha is split
between the tails.
Five step procedure for hypothesis testing:
1. State the null & alternative hypotheses
Tip: It’s often easier to state the alternative hypothesis first.
2. Design the study and select a level of significance (alpha)
Tip: Your alpha level should reflect your level of comfort with
either a Type I or Type II
error.
8. 3. Identify the test statistic
Tip: List all relevant info from your data first, then substitute
into the appropriate
formula. This can include n, s or σ, x-bar or p, µ or π. It’s also
helpful to draw the curve
and rejection area.
4. Formulate a decision rule
Tip: Use the Z-table to find the appropriate table value for your
chosen alpha level,
then decide under what conditions you’ll reject the null
hypothesis.
5. Take a sample and arrive at a decision to reject or not reject
the null.
Tip: Explain your decision in words rather than reporting
“reject” or “accept”. Non-
statisticians will thank you for it.
9. Discussion questions:
Your learning team has just been asked to perform some data
analysis for the same
entrepreneur who invented the battery additive. His newest
product line is a gas
additive that he thinks will significantly improve gas mileage in
older cars. He's
ready to take it to market with a splashy ad campaign but thinks
that it's a good
idea to back up his claims with statistics.
1. What type of sample data will you need?
2. How will you choose and collect your sample data?
3. Set up your null and alternate hypotheses.
4. Did you use a one or two tailed test? Why?
5. Select a level of significance. What level did you use? Why?
6. How likely is it that you'll experience a Type I error? How
can you reduce
this likelihood?
Business Decision Making Project Part 2 Grading Guide
11. Identify the types of descriptive statistics that might be best for
summarizing the data, if you were to collect a sample.
Apply the types of inferential statistics that might be best for
analyzing the data, if you were to collect a sample.
Analyze the role probability or trend analysis might play in
helping address the business problem.
Analyze the role that linear regression for trend analysis might
play in helping address the business problem.
Analyze the role that a time series might play in helping address
the business problem.
The paper is 1,050 words in length.
12. Total Available
Total Earned
7
#/7
Writing Guidelines
Met
Partially Met
Not Met
Comments:
The paper—including tables and graphs, headings, title page,
and reference page—is consistent with APA formatting
guidelines and meets course-level requirements.
Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a
reference page.
Paragraph and sentence transitions are present, logical, and
maintain the flow throughout the paper.
Sentences are complete, clear, and concise.
13. Rules of grammar and usage are followed including spelling and
punctuation.
Total Available
Total Earned
3
#/3
Assignment Total
#
10
#/10
Additional comments:
Business Decision Making
Leo & Jessica Rodriguez
QNT/275
October 13th, 2016
Eric Godat
1
14. Business Decision Making
4
The Rush Truck Centers is a provider for the commercial
vehicle industry. We provide customers an integrated, one-stop
approach to the service and sales of new and used heavy- and
medium-duty trucks, aftermarket parts, service and collision
repair capabilities, and a range of financial services including
financing, insurance and leasing and rental options. We are
across the country and we have expanded rapidly.
Some of the responsibilities included to pick up and delivers
parts to customers, wholesale accounts, suppliers, and
coordinate any last minute pick-ups or deliveries. Assist with
pulling customer order(s) when requested; verify that invoice
matches purchase order for each pick-up. Check payments
received with the invoices for each delivery. Keep accurate log
of daily deliveries and pick-ups and help with stocking and
posting orders when they arrive to expedite delivery to shop
technicians and retail accounts. A lot of internal responsibilities
were taken in place and it was challenging when you have to be
out on the field at times.
One of the main issues we had at this company was the high
demand in the commercial vehicle industry the allocated time
for a driver to perform all his duties in a satisfactory manner.
The time frame or expectation is not sufficient, potentially
neglecting safety and loss to the company by not being able to
meet customer demand or request. 30% of the times we had to
drive customers to outsource other companies to purchase the
goods need to get the job done and meet our job
responsibilities. It was challenging and most of the time we had
15. to work 12 to 14 hour shifts 5 to 6 days a week. With working
long shifts, the focus was not the same and multitasking was
harder to be able to keep up with. Not to mention, having a
small staff did not make the job easier. Every day was a
different issue or request with the customers and we had to wear
multiple different hats and at all time have a positive and great
customer service.
One of the research variables we believe is affecting the
company is the time frame. We would want to know in detail
what is causing the delay on meeting the expectations or not
meeting the customer’s request. One potential solution could be
looking how much income we are investing in our employees on
the overtime rate and potentially hire more employees and be
able to meet deadlines. Hiring more employees could increase
the productivity level and we will have better quality work.
Customer service is a priority and is what increases our
business and sales. The customer service has not been the
greatest the last 3 years and we have lost sales because of the
lack of time frame. Complains from the customers have
increased and we have discovered this is also affecting our
sales. Larger competitors have promised customers better time
frames and a better rate.
One way we would like to compare the sales if either they have
increased or decreased is by pulling up a report for the last 5
years and from there determine the actual data if we are being
affected in a negative or positive manner. Another idea we have
is the number of accounts each employee is handling and
compare to the number of accounts getting handled the last 5
years. The profit we are making needs to be analyzed weekly
and by the end of the month determine any lost or increased
revenue. Communicating this information to the team members
is crucial and we need to make sure as a team we receive
support from everyone and we try to turn over any lost profit.
Having bi-weekly meetings and making sure this is getting
communicated in a positive matter will make the team members
work in a more productive attitude and will be better assisting
16. the customers and meet the expectations in a positive way. One
last strategy we had is also requesting feedback from the
customers. Knowing what we lack or don’t lack is important to
be communicated and we will better assist the customers if we
know what we need to work on as company. One way of
knowing this is having the customers fill out a survey and
display the answers in a data graph. By having a data graph we
will know exactly what we need to work on and if a pattern is
consistent we would be able to address the issue better.
Pulling reports and having the exact numbers physically will
help us determine if the data is valid. The actual income at the
end of the month will help us know where we stand quarterly
and yearly. We have monthly, quarterly and yearly goals and
with the collective data received we will be able to determine
where we stand from a financial point. Financially we need to
make sure we are on the positive side vs the negative and be
able to make decisions sooner than later to be able to avoid a
negative impact towards the company. If a negative impact is
taking in place towards our company, we want to make sure we
take the correct measures to fix this and be able to increase our
revenue and be able to meet our financial goals. Working as a
team and with every department would help us determine the
correct measures and be able to be proactive on any last minute
scenarios.
Actual Sales for 2013-2016
2013201420152016
2,345,123.00$ 2,896,234.00$ 2,456,789.00$ 1,760,674.00$