Hypersensitivity immunology
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Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.
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History of anything: Polio
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a viral disease that affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis. The first clinical description of polio was in 1789, and the first major outbreak in the US occurred in 1894 in Vermont. In the early 20th century, the iron lung machine was developed to help polio patients breathe. Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine, the Salk vaccine, in the 1950s through extensive clinical trials. Albert Sabin later created an oral polio vaccine that was also effective at preventing the disease. Due to widespread vaccination efforts, polio is now eradicated in most countries and no longer presents a significant public health risk.
History of anything
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a viral disease that affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis. The first clinical description of polio was in 1789, and the first major outbreak in the US occurred in 1894 in Vermont. In the early 20th century, the iron lung machine was developed to help polio patients breathe. Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine, the Salk vaccine, in the 1950s through extensive clinical trials. Albert Sabin later created an oral polio vaccine that was also effective at preventing the disease. Due to widespread vaccination efforts, polio is now eradicated in most countries and no longer presents a significant public health risk.
Influenza
This document discusses influenza (flu), including types of influenza viruses, disease burden, transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods. The main points are:
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses and can range from mild to severe/fatal illness. The most common types are A, B, and C.
- Seasonal flu epidemics generally occur during winter and can result in 3,000-49,000 deaths annually in the US. Pandemics caused by new influenza A subtypes like the 1918 Spanish flu can kill millions worldwide.
- The flu spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs/sneezes and direct contact. At-risk groups face higher risk of severe illness or death from
Mumps
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Plague
Plague, also known as the black death, is a serious bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria usually transmitted through flea bites. There are three main types - bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague affects the lungs and can spread through coughing, and septicemic plague infects the bloodstream. Treatment involves antibiotics but plague was historically very deadly, causing pandemics in 541 AD, 1334 AD, and 1894. Risk can be reduced by controlling rodents and fleas and using insect repellent when outdoors.
History of the chickenpox vaccine
The document summarizes the history of the chickenpox vaccine. It describes how the vaccine was developed in the 1960s but not approved for widespread use in the US until 1995. Initially, some parents were reluctant to vaccinate due to beliefs that chickenpox was not serious and provided future immunity. However, the link between chickenpox and the more serious disease of shingles later in life helped change views. Concerns that vaccine immunity was temporary were later addressed by booster shots, leading to greater vaccine acceptance and reduced chickenpox cases worldwide.
Topic- Infection- Types, Source and Spread by Chhavi Saini
The document discusses infection, including its definition, types, causes, sources, and modes of transmission. It defines infection as the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites within the body. There are several types of infections including primary, secondary, hospital-acquired, and latent infections. Infections can be caused by a variety of microbes including viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Sources of infection are either endogenous from inside the body or exogenous from outside sources. Modes of transmission include direct or indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion, insects, congenitally from mother to fetus, and iatrogenically during medical procedures.
Vaccination
This document provides an overview of vaccination from a naturopathic perspective. It discusses the history of vaccination including early forms of inoculation in Ayurveda and the development of the smallpox vaccine. It describes different types of vaccines such as live attenuated, killed, toxoids, and combination vaccines. It also discusses common minor vaccine reactions and the naturopathic concept that improving lifestyle and immunity through diet and lifestyle can strengthen the body's natural defenses and reduce reliance on external vaccination in some cases.
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History of anything: Polio
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a viral disease that affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis. The first clinical description of polio was in 1789, and the first major outbreak in the US occurred in 1894 in Vermont. In the early 20th century, the iron lung machine was developed to help polio patients breathe. Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine, the Salk vaccine, in the 1950s through extensive clinical trials. Albert Sabin later created an oral polio vaccine that was also effective at preventing the disease. Due to widespread vaccination efforts, polio is now eradicated in most countries and no longer presents a significant public health risk.
History of anything
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a viral disease that affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis. The first clinical description of polio was in 1789, and the first major outbreak in the US occurred in 1894 in Vermont. In the early 20th century, the iron lung machine was developed to help polio patients breathe. Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine, the Salk vaccine, in the 1950s through extensive clinical trials. Albert Sabin later created an oral polio vaccine that was also effective at preventing the disease. Due to widespread vaccination efforts, polio is now eradicated in most countries and no longer presents a significant public health risk.
Influenza
This document discusses influenza (flu), including types of influenza viruses, disease burden, transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods. The main points are:
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses and can range from mild to severe/fatal illness. The most common types are A, B, and C.
- Seasonal flu epidemics generally occur during winter and can result in 3,000-49,000 deaths annually in the US. Pandemics caused by new influenza A subtypes like the 1918 Spanish flu can kill millions worldwide.
- The flu spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs/sneezes and direct contact. At-risk groups face higher risk of severe illness or death from
Mumps
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Plague
Plague, also known as the black death, is a serious bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria usually transmitted through flea bites. There are three main types - bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague affects the lungs and can spread through coughing, and septicemic plague infects the bloodstream. Treatment involves antibiotics but plague was historically very deadly, causing pandemics in 541 AD, 1334 AD, and 1894. Risk can be reduced by controlling rodents and fleas and using insect repellent when outdoors.
History of the chickenpox vaccine
The document summarizes the history of the chickenpox vaccine. It describes how the vaccine was developed in the 1960s but not approved for widespread use in the US until 1995. Initially, some parents were reluctant to vaccinate due to beliefs that chickenpox was not serious and provided future immunity. However, the link between chickenpox and the more serious disease of shingles later in life helped change views. Concerns that vaccine immunity was temporary were later addressed by booster shots, leading to greater vaccine acceptance and reduced chickenpox cases worldwide.
Topic- Infection- Types, Source and Spread by Chhavi Saini
The document discusses infection, including its definition, types, causes, sources, and modes of transmission. It defines infection as the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites within the body. There are several types of infections including primary, secondary, hospital-acquired, and latent infections. Infections can be caused by a variety of microbes including viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Sources of infection are either endogenous from inside the body or exogenous from outside sources. Modes of transmission include direct or indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion, insects, congenitally from mother to fetus, and iatrogenically during medical procedures.
Vaccination
This document provides an overview of vaccination from a naturopathic perspective. It discusses the history of vaccination including early forms of inoculation in Ayurveda and the development of the smallpox vaccine. It describes different types of vaccines such as live attenuated, killed, toxoids, and combination vaccines. It also discusses common minor vaccine reactions and the naturopathic concept that improving lifestyle and immunity through diet and lifestyle can strengthen the body's natural defenses and reduce reliance on external vaccination in some cases.
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Plague
Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is typically spread by fleas that have bitten infected rodents like rats. The plague can also spread from person to person. Symptoms include fever, chills, headache and swollen lymph nodes. Without treatment, the plague has a 50-90% chance of death, but antibiotics lower the mortality rate significantly. Prevention focuses on controlling rodent populations.
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infectious agents
This document discusses the four main classes of infectious agents: bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. It provides details about each type, including their characteristics, examples of diseases they cause, and how they are transmitted. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can spread through various fluids or surfaces. Fungi are multi-cellular organisms like yeast and mushrooms that typically cause skin or lung infections. Viruses are the smallest and can only replicate inside host cells, spreading through various fluids, aerosols, or vectors. Parasites live in or on another organism and reproduce at their host's expense, with examples including roundworms, protozoa, tapeworms and flukes.
update on Swine flu (H1N1)
- Swine flu, also known as H1N1, is caused by the influenza A H1N1 virus and causes respiratory illness. It was first detected in Mexico in 2009 and caused a global pandemic.
- In India, it has caused periodic outbreaks since 2009, killing over 1000 people annually. The worst affected states have been Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing of infected individuals. It has an incubation period of 1-4 days. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. Complications can include pneumonia.
Eh203 infectious & lifestyle diseases-Plague by JOSHUA SELI
Plague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria, which is commonly transmitted to humans by fleas that feed on infected rodents. There are three main forms of plague - bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic - which vary in their symptoms and transmission methods. While plague has caused several pandemics throughout history, it is now treatable with antibiotics when diagnosed early. Public health efforts focus on surveillance of rodent populations and fleas to control outbreaks.
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Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that typically occurs during winter. Common signs include fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches. While influenza is usually self-limiting, it can lead to serious complications like pneumonia, especially in high-risk groups. Pneumonia is the most common complication and can be either viral or secondary bacterial infections with pathogens like streptococcus pneumoniae or staphylococcus aureus. Influenza may also cause other rare complications affecting the heart, brain or muscles.
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Vaccine is a suspension of organisms or fraction of organisms that used to induce immunity.
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogen.
the common types of vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and Toxoid vaccines.
I explain preparation of DNA vaccines by a diagram.
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Interferons are proteins that are secreted by cells in response to viral infections and tumors that interfere with viral replication. They were discovered in 1957 by researchers who found that a substance secreted by chicken cells could interfere with viral replication in those cells. There are three main types of interferons - alpha, beta, and gamma - which generally act to prevent viral replication and stimulate the immune system. Interferons are now produced through genetic engineering and used as therapeutic drugs to treat various conditions like hepatitis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis.
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This document provides a historical overview of the key developments in the understanding of immunity. It describes some of the earliest observations of immunity in the 5th century BC and the first attempts at vaccination in the 1700s by Lady Montagu and Edward Jenner. Major advances include Pasteur's experiments showing that attenuated pathogens could provide protection against disease. Later in the 1800s, researchers such as Metchnikoff, von Behring, and Kitasato discovered the roles of phagocytes, antibodies, and humoral immunity. In the 1900s, the mechanisms of cellular and humoral immunity were further elucidated, showing the importance of both systems. The clonal selection theory also emerged as the accepted model of acquired immunity.
Bronchial asthma
The document discusses bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree. It notes that 234 million people worldwide have asthma, including an estimated 15-20 million people in India. Asthma is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Extrinsic asthma is the most common type, usually beginning in childhood, and involves hypersensitivity to allergens. Intrinsic asthma develops later in life and is not associated with allergies. Mixed asthma has features of both types.
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Basic Immunology underlying Allergy
Allergy history taking, what are clues for REAL allergy
Anaphylaxis
Food allergy Real Life Case
Drug allergy Everyday Case
B10vrv8353
1) The document discusses how Edward Jenner discovered that exposure to cowpox provided protection against smallpox, leading to the development of vaccination.
2) It describes the mechanisms of active and passive immunity, how vaccines and antibodies can provide protection.
3) Public health measures like sanitation and vaccination, along with antibiotics and antivirals, have dramatically reduced deaths from infectious diseases over the last century.
Immunity & infection
The document provides information on immunity and infection. It discusses:
1. The immune system, including its organs like the thymus and spleen, cells, and molecules like antibodies.
2. The different types of immunity, including natural immunity inherited genetically and acquired active immunity developed from immunization or natural infection.
3. How infections are transmitted from sources like other humans, animals, food and water through various portals of entry in the body.
4. The nurse's role in preventing the spread of infection through measures like isolation, hand washing, administering vaccines and maintaining cleanliness.
Overview of immune response
The document provides an overview of immune response properties and mechanisms. It discusses:
1) Innate immunity, which is non-specific and provides immediate defense mechanisms like anatomical barriers and phagocytosis.
2) Adaptive immunity, which is acquired and provides long-lasting, targeted defenses through humoral immunity using antibodies and cell-mediated immunity using T cells.
3) Key properties of adaptive immunity include specificity, diversity, and memory, allowing a tailored response to a wide range of pathogens.
1. Immunology and its history.pptx
Immunology and its history
The term Immunology means
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This document provides an introduction to chemotherapy. It discusses the history of chemotherapy from ancient uses of medicinal plants to treat infections to major discoveries of antibiotics in the 20th century. These include Fleming's discovery of penicillin, Waksman's discovery of streptomycin, and the mass production of penicillin during World War II. The document defines key terms related to infectious diseases and chemotherapy and outlines principles of antimicrobial therapy including mechanisms of selective targeting, therapeutic index, identification of infecting organisms, and empiric therapy prior to identification.
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This document provides an introduction to immunization. It discusses the history of immunization beginning with Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796. It describes active immunization which involves administration of antigens to induce an immune response, and passive immunization which involves transfer of pre-formed antibodies. Common childhood vaccines and booster shots are listed. Benefits of immunization include disease protection while risks include mild side effects. Various antibody-antigen tests used in immunology are also summarized such as precipitation, agglutination, neutralization, and ELISA tests.
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The document provides biographical information on four important scientists in microbiology - Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, and Louis Pasteur. It describes their backgrounds and key contributions, such as Lister's pioneering work in antiseptic surgery, Koch's studies identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and developing techniques to grow pure cultures, Jenner developing the world's first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox, and Pasteur's discoveries debunking spontaneous generation and demonstrating that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease.
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This document discusses the four main classes of infectious agents: bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. It provides details about each type, including their characteristics, examples of diseases they cause, and how they are transmitted. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can spread through various fluids or surfaces. Fungi are multi-cellular organisms like yeast and mushrooms that typically cause skin or lung infections. Viruses are the smallest and can only replicate inside host cells, spreading through various fluids, aerosols, or vectors. Parasites live in or on another organism and reproduce at their host's expense, with examples including roundworms, protozoa, tapeworms and flukes.
update on Swine flu (H1N1)
- Swine flu, also known as H1N1, is caused by the influenza A H1N1 virus and causes respiratory illness. It was first detected in Mexico in 2009 and caused a global pandemic.
- In India, it has caused periodic outbreaks since 2009, killing over 1000 people annually. The worst affected states have been Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing of infected individuals. It has an incubation period of 1-4 days. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. Complications can include pneumonia.
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Plague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria, which is commonly transmitted to humans by fleas that feed on infected rodents. There are three main forms of plague - bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic - which vary in their symptoms and transmission methods. While plague has caused several pandemics throughout history, it is now treatable with antibiotics when diagnosed early. Public health efforts focus on surveillance of rodent populations and fleas to control outbreaks.
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Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that typically occurs during winter. Common signs include fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches. While influenza is usually self-limiting, it can lead to serious complications like pneumonia, especially in high-risk groups. Pneumonia is the most common complication and can be either viral or secondary bacterial infections with pathogens like streptococcus pneumoniae or staphylococcus aureus. Influenza may also cause other rare complications affecting the heart, brain or muscles.
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Contributions of Edward jenner, Robert koch and Joseph Lister
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Similar to Hypersensitivity immunology
Chapter 1 The Basic Immunology
The study in immunology provides the fundamental understanding of how the human body defend itself against foreign organisms, materials or particles that have the ability to cause harm to host tissues.
historyandoverviewofimmunology-110703093250-phpapp02.pptx
This document provides a history and overview of immunology. It discusses how immunology stems from concepts of protection from disease. The immune system involves both nonspecific innate immunity and specific adaptive immunity. Key developments included Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796, Pasteur's vaccines for rabies and other diseases in the late 1800s, the discoveries of phagocytic cells, antibodies, and T and B cells. Major figures who advanced the field included Jenner, Pasteur, von Behring, Ehrlich, Metchnikoff, Milstein, Köhler, Tonegawa, and Doherty and Zinkernagel. The document also outlines the cells of the immune system originating from bone
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Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against disease-causing organisms. It is the resistance or insusceptibility showed against the foreign particles or disease causing agents.
Vaccines CH.U
Vaccine is a suspension of organisms or fraction of organisms that used to induce immunity.
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogen.
the common types of vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and Toxoid vaccines.
I explain preparation of DNA vaccines by a diagram.
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Interferons are proteins that are secreted by cells in response to viral infections and tumors that interfere with viral replication. They were discovered in 1957 by researchers who found that a substance secreted by chicken cells could interfere with viral replication in those cells. There are three main types of interferons - alpha, beta, and gamma - which generally act to prevent viral replication and stimulate the immune system. Interferons are now produced through genetic engineering and used as therapeutic drugs to treat various conditions like hepatitis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis.
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This document provides a historical overview of the key developments in the understanding of immunity. It describes some of the earliest observations of immunity in the 5th century BC and the first attempts at vaccination in the 1700s by Lady Montagu and Edward Jenner. Major advances include Pasteur's experiments showing that attenuated pathogens could provide protection against disease. Later in the 1800s, researchers such as Metchnikoff, von Behring, and Kitasato discovered the roles of phagocytes, antibodies, and humoral immunity. In the 1900s, the mechanisms of cellular and humoral immunity were further elucidated, showing the importance of both systems. The clonal selection theory also emerged as the accepted model of acquired immunity.
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The document discusses bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree. It notes that 234 million people worldwide have asthma, including an estimated 15-20 million people in India. Asthma is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Extrinsic asthma is the most common type, usually beginning in childhood, and involves hypersensitivity to allergens. Intrinsic asthma develops later in life and is not associated with allergies. Mixed asthma has features of both types.
Allergy Dome clinical aspects
By Usama Ragab Youssif
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Content
Basic Immunology underlying Allergy
Allergy history taking, what are clues for REAL allergy
Anaphylaxis
Food allergy Real Life Case
Drug allergy Everyday Case
B10vrv8353
1) The document discusses how Edward Jenner discovered that exposure to cowpox provided protection against smallpox, leading to the development of vaccination.
2) It describes the mechanisms of active and passive immunity, how vaccines and antibodies can provide protection.
3) Public health measures like sanitation and vaccination, along with antibiotics and antivirals, have dramatically reduced deaths from infectious diseases over the last century.
Immunity & infection
The document provides information on immunity and infection. It discusses:
1. The immune system, including its organs like the thymus and spleen, cells, and molecules like antibodies.
2. The different types of immunity, including natural immunity inherited genetically and acquired active immunity developed from immunization or natural infection.
3. How infections are transmitted from sources like other humans, animals, food and water through various portals of entry in the body.
4. The nurse's role in preventing the spread of infection through measures like isolation, hand washing, administering vaccines and maintaining cleanliness.
Overview of immune response
The document provides an overview of immune response properties and mechanisms. It discusses:
1) Innate immunity, which is non-specific and provides immediate defense mechanisms like anatomical barriers and phagocytosis.
2) Adaptive immunity, which is acquired and provides long-lasting, targeted defenses through humoral immunity using antibodies and cell-mediated immunity using T cells.
3) Key properties of adaptive immunity include specificity, diversity, and memory, allowing a tailored response to a wide range of pathogens.
1. Immunology and its history.pptx
Immunology and its history
The term Immunology means
In Latin – Immunis means ‘’exempt’’
In English – Immunity means state of protection from disease.
Principles of chemotherapy
This document provides an introduction to chemotherapy. It discusses the history of chemotherapy from ancient uses of medicinal plants to treat infections to major discoveries of antibiotics in the 20th century. These include Fleming's discovery of penicillin, Waksman's discovery of streptomycin, and the mass production of penicillin during World War II. The document defines key terms related to infectious diseases and chemotherapy and outlines principles of antimicrobial therapy including mechanisms of selective targeting, therapeutic index, identification of infecting organisms, and empiric therapy prior to identification.
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This document provides an introduction to immunization. It discusses the history of immunization beginning with Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine in 1796. It describes active immunization which involves administration of antigens to induce an immune response, and passive immunization which involves transfer of pre-formed antibodies. Common childhood vaccines and booster shots are listed. Benefits of immunization include disease protection while risks include mild side effects. Various antibody-antigen tests used in immunology are also summarized such as precipitation, agglutination, neutralization, and ELISA tests.
Asthma
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pneumoniapptbymukhtaralam-151230141723.pdf
This document provides information on pneumonia, including its pathogenesis, stages, classification, causative agents, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, treatment and management. It defines pneumonia as an inflammatory process involving the lung parenchyma. It describes the four stages of pneumonia as congestion, red hepatization, grey hepatization and resolution. Pneumonia can be classified based on anatomy, duration, etiology, immunity and source of infection. Common causative agents include bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and viruses like influenza. Risk factors include age, underlying conditions, nutrition and environment. Clinical features involve fever, breathing difficulties and signs like crackles on auscultation. Investigations include chest x-rays, blood tests and microbi
Role of Edward Jenner and Louis pasteur in immunization.
Edward Jenner was the first to develop a vaccine to prevent smallpox. He observed that milkmaids who had previously contracted cowpox, a milder disease caused by a virus related to smallpox, were immune to smallpox. In an experiment in 1798, Jenner inoculated a young boy with cowpox material, causing a mild infection. The boy later proved immune to smallpox. Louis Pasteur further developed the principle of vaccination by attenuating pathogens to decrease their virulence and using them to immunize against more dangerous diseases like anthrax and rabies. He coined the terms "vaccine" and "immunization" and demonstrated how attenuated cultures could immunize without causing
Vaccine converted
- Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens, stimulating the body's immune response without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, subunit/conjugate, and recombinant/DNA vaccines.
- Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology for his work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines through attenuating pathogens and the term vaccine comes from his work with the cowpox virus.
- Vaccine development involves pre-clinical testing in labs and animals followed by four phases of clinical trials to assess safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in humans. The goal is to license an effective
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY.
This document summarizes the history and key developments in immunology. It discusses early practices like variolation against smallpox in China and Turkey. It describes Edward Jenner's pioneering work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Louis Pasteur's experiments demonstrated that weakened pathogens could immunize against diseases, leading to the first vaccines for fowl cholera and anthrax. Later scientists like Paul Ehrlich and Elie Metchnikoff advanced understanding of antibodies and phagocytes. Karl Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize for discovering blood groups. The history outlines many seminal findings and scientists that established immunology as a field.
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Role of Edward Jenner and Louis pasteur in immunization.
Role of Edward Jenner and Louis pasteur in immunization.
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This document provides an overview of the cell cycle and its regulation. It describes the main stages of the cell cycle (interphase consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases and the M phase). Interphase is the longest stage and is metabolically active. The document outlines the key events that occur during each phase such as DNA replication in S phase. It also discusses the regulation of the cell cycle by cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase proteins, structural maintenance of chromosomes proteins, and the anaphase promoting complex. Mitosis and meiosis are compared in terms of their outcomes of producing genetically identical or variant daughter cells, respectively.
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The document discusses antibodies and antigen-antibody reactions. It defines antibodies as Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that bind to antigens like foreign substances to protect the body. It describes the lock and key concept of antibodies binding to antigens using non-covalent bonds at the Fab portion. Cross-reactions can occur when antibodies react with closely related antigens that share antigenic determinants. Common antigen-antibody reactions include precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, ELISA, and immunofluorescence. Applications of antigen-antibody reactions include blood typing, detecting infectious agents, quantifying substances, and diagnosing immune deficiencies. Common tests involve agglutination, precipitation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and complement fixation.
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Hypersensitivity immunology
- 1. Yash Gupta I.E.T Bundelkhand University Jhansi
- 2. •Hyperactive or excessive immune response to foreign antigens •Primarily mediated by the cells of adaptive immune response i.e.T-cells and B-cells •Damage occurs by the same mechanism as in normal pathogen killing
- 3. • The term “Hypersensitivity” was firstly used by Emil von Behring in 1893 while testing for diphtheria toxins. • The term “Allergy” was coined by Clemens von Pirque in1906. • Taken from the Greek word allos ergos meaning “alteredreactions”. Emil vonBehring Clemens vonPirque
- 4. Source:Owen,J.A.,Punt,J.,Stanford S.A.,Kuby Immunology 7th Edition,W. H. Freeman andCompany, NewYork
- 6. Source:Owen,J.A.,Punt,J.,Stanford S.A.,Kuby Immunology 7th Edition,W. H. Freeman andCompany, NewYork
- 7. Exposure Syndrome Symptoms Respiratory mucosa Allergic rhinitis Nasal Pruritis,rhinorrhea, congestion Asthma Bronchospasm, chronicairway, inflammation Gastrointestinal mucosa Food allergy Cramping, colic vomit,diarrhea, eczema Skin Contact utricularia Hives pruritis Circulation Anaphylaxis Hives, laryngeal edema,hypotension
- 8. Ab function Target Result Syndrome Opsonization Platelets Splenic clearance Drug-induced decreasedplatelets and bleeding Complement Fixation Erythrocytes RBC destruction Intravascul ar hemolytic anemia Antibody dependent cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Cardiac myosin, perivascular connectivetissue Endocarditis, myocarditis Rheumatic heart disease Neutralization Acetylcholine receptor Muscle weakness Myasthenia gravis This type involve antibody-mediated cells destruction by immunoglobulins of heavy chain classes other than IgE Antibody bound to a cell-surface antigen can induce death of the antibody-boundcellby distinct mechanisms
- 9. Source:Owen,J.A.,Punt,J.,Stanford S.A.,Kuby Immunology 7th Edition,W. H. Freeman andCompany, NewYork
- 10. Ag-Ab complexes deposit in local blood vessel walls • Fix complement & generateC5a Chemoattractant forneutrophils Mast cellactivatorand histamine release hives, tissue edema Bind Fc receptors on neutrophils cause release ofO2 free radicals,proteases Serum sickness
- 13. Source:Owen,J.A.,Punt,J.,Stanford S.A.,Kuby Immunology 7th Edition,W. H.Freeman andCompany, NewYork
- 14. Type Site ClinicalAppearance Antigen Contact dermatitis Epidermis Erythematous popular scaling,blistering Poison ivy, latex,organic molecules, metals(Ni2+) Tuberculin test Dermis Local induration(swelling) Mycobacterium candida Drug rash Circulation Measles like rash,LFT’s Almostany medication