Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against disease-causing organisms. It is the resistance or insusceptibility showed against the foreign particles or disease causing agents.
This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate or natural immunity which individuals are born with and includes species, racial, and individual immunity. Innate immunity acts as the first line of defense and is provided by the skin, mucous membranes, and phagocytic cells. Acquired or adaptive immunity develops after exposure to pathogens and includes both active and passive immunity. Acquired immunity has humoral components involving antibodies and cellular components involving T cells. Herd immunity is also discussed, where a community's immunity protects even unvaccinated individuals when a high percentage of the population is immune.
This document discusses various biologics including antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulins, immunity, and different types of vaccines. It provides details on antigens, the 5 major immunoglobulin classes in humans, natural and acquired immunity, and active vs passive immunity. The document also summarizes many common vaccines such as influenza, polio, measles, mumps, hepatitis B, and others, describing what each vaccine is used for, how it works, dosing recommendations, and potential side effects.
Vaccines work by exposing the body to antigens from pathogens to trigger an immune response. When first exposed, it takes time for the body to produce antibodies, but memory cells remain to allow faster response to future exposure. Vaccines introduce antigens to stimulate this immune response, protecting against disease. Major types include inactivated, live-attenuated, mRNA, and subunit/toxoid vaccines. Vaccination has helped reduce disease and mortality worldwide through innovations since Jenner's smallpox vaccine and ongoing efforts like polio and COVID-19 vaccine development.
The document discusses innate and acquired immunity. It defines innate immunity as genetic and non-specific, providing the body's first line of defense against infection through physical barriers, biochemical factors, cells, and genetics. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and involves lymphocytes and antibody production, resulting in long-lasting immunity through immunological memory. The document also distinguishes between natural and artificial active immunity, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity.
The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from pathogens. It consists of a complex network of cells, molecules, and pathways. The immune system recognizes and destroys pathogens through both humoral immunity involving antibodies, and cellular immunity mediated by T cells. Immunity can be active, induced by vaccination or infection, providing long-term protection, or passive, involving transfer of antibodies between individuals.
The document provides an overview of immune response properties and mechanisms. It discusses:
1) Innate immunity, which is non-specific and provides immediate defense mechanisms like anatomical barriers and phagocytosis.
2) Adaptive immunity, which is acquired and provides long-lasting, targeted defenses through humoral immunity using antibodies and cell-mediated immunity using T cells.
3) Key properties of adaptive immunity include specificity, diversity, and memory, allowing a tailored response to a wide range of pathogens.
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate or natural immunity which individuals are born with and includes species, racial, and individual immunity. Innate immunity acts as the first line of defense and is provided by the skin, mucous membranes, and phagocytic cells. Acquired or adaptive immunity develops after exposure to pathogens and includes both active and passive immunity. Acquired immunity has humoral components involving antibodies and cellular components involving T cells. Herd immunity is also discussed, where a community's immunity protects even unvaccinated individuals when a high percentage of the population is immune.
This document discusses various biologics including antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulins, immunity, and different types of vaccines. It provides details on antigens, the 5 major immunoglobulin classes in humans, natural and acquired immunity, and active vs passive immunity. The document also summarizes many common vaccines such as influenza, polio, measles, mumps, hepatitis B, and others, describing what each vaccine is used for, how it works, dosing recommendations, and potential side effects.
Vaccines work by exposing the body to antigens from pathogens to trigger an immune response. When first exposed, it takes time for the body to produce antibodies, but memory cells remain to allow faster response to future exposure. Vaccines introduce antigens to stimulate this immune response, protecting against disease. Major types include inactivated, live-attenuated, mRNA, and subunit/toxoid vaccines. Vaccination has helped reduce disease and mortality worldwide through innovations since Jenner's smallpox vaccine and ongoing efforts like polio and COVID-19 vaccine development.
The document discusses innate and acquired immunity. It defines innate immunity as genetic and non-specific, providing the body's first line of defense against infection through physical barriers, biochemical factors, cells, and genetics. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and involves lymphocytes and antibody production, resulting in long-lasting immunity through immunological memory. The document also distinguishes between natural and artificial active immunity, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity.
The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from pathogens. It consists of a complex network of cells, molecules, and pathways. The immune system recognizes and destroys pathogens through both humoral immunity involving antibodies, and cellular immunity mediated by T cells. Immunity can be active, induced by vaccination or infection, providing long-term protection, or passive, involving transfer of antibodies between individuals.
The document provides an overview of immune response properties and mechanisms. It discusses:
1) Innate immunity, which is non-specific and provides immediate defense mechanisms like anatomical barriers and phagocytosis.
2) Adaptive immunity, which is acquired and provides long-lasting, targeted defenses through humoral immunity using antibodies and cell-mediated immunity using T cells.
3) Key properties of adaptive immunity include specificity, diversity, and memory, allowing a tailored response to a wide range of pathogens.
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines for diseases like HIV.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts by organizations like WHO and NIAID to develop new vaccines.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
This document summarizes the key aspects of communicable diseases and their transmission cycles. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the natural history of diseases and how they are transmitted from reservoirs to hosts through various routes of exit and entry. It also covers the incubation period, types of disease occurrence, and the importance of epidemiological investigations in outbreaks. The goal is to understand disease transmission and implement appropriate prevention and control measures.
Reverse vaccinology uses genomics and bioinformatics to identify antigens that could be used in vaccines, rather than relying on culturing pathogens. It sequences the genome of a pathogen and predicts potential antigens, allowing development of vaccines for pathogens that cannot be grown in culture. This approach was used to develop a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B, the first reverse vaccinology vaccine approved for use. Traditional vaccinology is limited by only being able to use antigens that are abundant during infection and that the pathogen can be cultured, whereas reverse vaccinology makes all antigens available for vaccine development.
1. The document discusses different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines.
2. It describes how saponins can be used as vaccine adjuvants to increase the immune response, with examples like Quil A that stimulate both Th1 response and cytotoxic T-cells.
3. Research into new vaccines is conducted by organizations like WHO and NIAID to develop vaccines for diseases like HIV/AIDS.
This document discusses different types of vaccines. It begins with an introduction to vaccines and their purpose. Then it discusses the history of vaccines, focusing on Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine. The main body outlines 7 different types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector. Recent research on vaccines for HIV, dengue, and diabetes is also mentioned. It concludes that vaccines are effective public health tools that induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to improve health.
The document provides an overview of the immune system. It discusses that the immune system consists of innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses like skin, mucus, cilia and phagocytes. The adaptive immune system has antigen-specific responses mediated by B cells, T cells and antibodies that provide long-lasting immunity. Major cells involved are macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells and plasma cells. The adaptive immune response involves processes like clonal selection, antibody production and immunological memory.
Vaccines provide immunity to diseases by exposing the immune system to agents that resemble disease-causing pathogens. The first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 to prevent smallpox. Since then, vaccines have been created to protect against many additional diseases. Newer vaccines continue to be developed using technologies like recombinant DNA. Vaccines are necessary public health tools that help prevent disease outbreaks in a cost-effective manner.
- Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens, stimulating the body's immune response without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, subunit/conjugate, and recombinant/DNA vaccines.
- Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology for his work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines through attenuating pathogens and the term vaccine comes from his work with the cowpox virus.
- Vaccine development involves pre-clinical testing in labs and animals followed by four phases of clinical trials to assess safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in humans. The goal is to license an effective
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from a pathogen. This stimulates the body to develop antibodies that recognize and fight the pathogen if exposed in the future. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. DNA vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines are experimental and involve introducing microbial DNA into cells to produce antigens and stimulate an immune response. Saponins from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree have shown promise as vaccine adjuvants by enhancing immune responses. Further research aims to develop safe and effective vaccines such as an HIV vaccine.
The document discusses the immune system and vaccination. It provides information on:
- The components and functions of the immune system in protecting the body.
- The differences between natural immunity present at birth and acquired immunity developed after exposure to pathogens.
- How the immune system of children is less developed than adults until around age 1.
- The definition of vaccination as administering a substance to prevent disease, typically using a killed or weakened pathogen.
- The early history of vaccination, including Jenner's pioneering use of the cowpox vaccine to prevent smallpox in the late 18th century.
This document provides an overview of immunology concepts and terminology. It begins with definitions of key terms like antigen, antibody, innate immunity and acquired immunity. It then describes in more detail:
- The cells and organs involved in the immune system like B cells, T cells, lymph nodes, spleen.
- Types of immunity like natural, artificial, active, passive.
- Mechanisms of innate immunity like epithelial barriers, mucus, cilia, antimicrobial peptides, inflammation, fever.
- Antigen-antibody reactions like precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, neutralization.
- Structure and properties of antibodies like IgG, IgM, IgA classes.
So
This document discusses immunity and defines the two main types as innate (native) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. It provides details on:
- Innate immunity is non-specific and includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, inflammation and fever responses. It is not affected by prior exposure and is genetically determined.
- Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific, develops diversity and memory, allows self/non-self discrimination. It includes active immunity from natural infection or vaccination and passive immunity from maternal antibodies.
- Active immunity is long-lasting and provides both cellular and humoral responses after a latent period. Passive immunity is short-term and provides immediate but
This document discusses different types of immunity, including innate immunity which provides the first line of defense, and acquired immunity which is adaptive and can be active or passive. Active immunity can be natural, resulting from infection, or artificial through vaccination. Passive immunity transfers ready-made antibodies either naturally from mother to child or artificially through administration of antisera. Local and herd immunity are also described.
This document discusses different types of immunity, including innate immunity which provides the first line of defense, and acquired immunity which is adaptive and can be active or passive. Active immunity can be natural, resulting from infection, or artificial through vaccination. Passive immunity transfers ready-made antibodies either naturally from mother to child or artificially through administration of antisera. Local and herd immunity are also described.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines for diseases like HIV.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts by organizations like WHO and NIAID to develop new vaccines.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
This document provides an overview of vaccines, including their history, types, and uses. It discusses how Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and how Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax in the 1880s. The document outlines seven main types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. It also discusses saponins' potential as vaccine adjuvants and research efforts to develop vaccines, such as for HIV.
This document summarizes the key aspects of communicable diseases and their transmission cycles. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the natural history of diseases and how they are transmitted from reservoirs to hosts through various routes of exit and entry. It also covers the incubation period, types of disease occurrence, and the importance of epidemiological investigations in outbreaks. The goal is to understand disease transmission and implement appropriate prevention and control measures.
Reverse vaccinology uses genomics and bioinformatics to identify antigens that could be used in vaccines, rather than relying on culturing pathogens. It sequences the genome of a pathogen and predicts potential antigens, allowing development of vaccines for pathogens that cannot be grown in culture. This approach was used to develop a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B, the first reverse vaccinology vaccine approved for use. Traditional vaccinology is limited by only being able to use antigens that are abundant during infection and that the pathogen can be cultured, whereas reverse vaccinology makes all antigens available for vaccine development.
1. The document discusses different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines.
2. It describes how saponins can be used as vaccine adjuvants to increase the immune response, with examples like Quil A that stimulate both Th1 response and cytotoxic T-cells.
3. Research into new vaccines is conducted by organizations like WHO and NIAID to develop vaccines for diseases like HIV/AIDS.
This document discusses different types of vaccines. It begins with an introduction to vaccines and their purpose. Then it discusses the history of vaccines, focusing on Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine. The main body outlines 7 different types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector. Recent research on vaccines for HIV, dengue, and diabetes is also mentioned. It concludes that vaccines are effective public health tools that induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to improve health.
The document provides an overview of the immune system. It discusses that the immune system consists of innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses like skin, mucus, cilia and phagocytes. The adaptive immune system has antigen-specific responses mediated by B cells, T cells and antibodies that provide long-lasting immunity. Major cells involved are macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells and plasma cells. The adaptive immune response involves processes like clonal selection, antibody production and immunological memory.
Vaccines provide immunity to diseases by exposing the immune system to agents that resemble disease-causing pathogens. The first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 to prevent smallpox. Since then, vaccines have been created to protect against many additional diseases. Newer vaccines continue to be developed using technologies like recombinant DNA. Vaccines are necessary public health tools that help prevent disease outbreaks in a cost-effective manner.
- Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens, stimulating the body's immune response without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, subunit/conjugate, and recombinant/DNA vaccines.
- Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology for his work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Louis Pasteur later developed vaccines through attenuating pathogens and the term vaccine comes from his work with the cowpox virus.
- Vaccine development involves pre-clinical testing in labs and animals followed by four phases of clinical trials to assess safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in humans. The goal is to license an effective
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from a pathogen. This stimulates the body to develop antibodies that recognize and fight the pathogen if exposed in the future. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. DNA vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines are experimental and involve introducing microbial DNA into cells to produce antigens and stimulate an immune response. Saponins from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree have shown promise as vaccine adjuvants by enhancing immune responses. Further research aims to develop safe and effective vaccines such as an HIV vaccine.
The document discusses the immune system and vaccination. It provides information on:
- The components and functions of the immune system in protecting the body.
- The differences between natural immunity present at birth and acquired immunity developed after exposure to pathogens.
- How the immune system of children is less developed than adults until around age 1.
- The definition of vaccination as administering a substance to prevent disease, typically using a killed or weakened pathogen.
- The early history of vaccination, including Jenner's pioneering use of the cowpox vaccine to prevent smallpox in the late 18th century.
This document provides an overview of immunology concepts and terminology. It begins with definitions of key terms like antigen, antibody, innate immunity and acquired immunity. It then describes in more detail:
- The cells and organs involved in the immune system like B cells, T cells, lymph nodes, spleen.
- Types of immunity like natural, artificial, active, passive.
- Mechanisms of innate immunity like epithelial barriers, mucus, cilia, antimicrobial peptides, inflammation, fever.
- Antigen-antibody reactions like precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, neutralization.
- Structure and properties of antibodies like IgG, IgM, IgA classes.
So
This document discusses immunity and defines the two main types as innate (native) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. It provides details on:
- Innate immunity is non-specific and includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, inflammation and fever responses. It is not affected by prior exposure and is genetically determined.
- Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific, develops diversity and memory, allows self/non-self discrimination. It includes active immunity from natural infection or vaccination and passive immunity from maternal antibodies.
- Active immunity is long-lasting and provides both cellular and humoral responses after a latent period. Passive immunity is short-term and provides immediate but
This document discusses different types of immunity, including innate immunity which provides the first line of defense, and acquired immunity which is adaptive and can be active or passive. Active immunity can be natural, resulting from infection, or artificial through vaccination. Passive immunity transfers ready-made antibodies either naturally from mother to child or artificially through administration of antisera. Local and herd immunity are also described.
This document discusses different types of immunity, including innate immunity which provides the first line of defense, and acquired immunity which is adaptive and can be active or passive. Active immunity can be natural, resulting from infection, or artificial through vaccination. Passive immunity transfers ready-made antibodies either naturally from mother to child or artificially through administration of antisera. Local and herd immunity are also described.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
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2. Immunology
• the study of the human immune
system.
• word "immunity" derives from
the Latin immunis, meaning exemption
from military service, tax payments or
other public services.
• Here it means free from burden. In this
case burden refers to disease caused
by microorganisms or their toxic
products.
• Study of cells, organs and chemical
components of the immune system
which fight against the infectious
agents.
3. Immunity
• Ability of body to specifically counteract with foreign
organisms.
• State of resistance or insusceptibility exhibited by the host to
toxic chemicals,mos and foreign cells.
5. Thucydides
➢ The earliest known mention of immunity
was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC
by Thucydides.
➢ He was dubbed the father of "scientific
history" due to his strict standards of
evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of
cause and effect without reference to
intervention by the gods.
➢ He noted that people who had recovered
from a previous bout of the disease could
nurse the sick without contracting the
illness a second time.
6. Chinese-smallpox
➢ The Chinese practiced the oldest documented use of
variolation, dating back to the fifteenth century.
➢ They implemented a method of "nasal insufflation"
administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually
scabs or pus , up the nostrils.
7.
8. Edward Jenner
scientist who pioneered the concept of
vaccines including creating the smallpox
vaccine, the world's first vaccine.
Born 17 May 1749
Berkeley,
Gloucestershire, England
Died 26 January
1823 (aged 73)
Berkeley,
Gloucestershire, England
Nationality British
Known for Smallpox vaccine
Vaccination
Scientific career
Fields Medicine/surgery,
natural history
Academic advisors John Hunter
9. In 1796, he carried out his now famous
experiment on eight-year-old James Phipps.
Jenner inserted pus taken from a cowpox
pustule and inserted it into an incision on the
boy's arm.
He was testing his theory that milkmaids who
suffered the mild disease of cowpox never
contracted smallpox, one of the greatest killers
of the period, particularly among children.
Jenner subsequently proved that having been
inoculated with cowpox Phipps was immune to
smallpox.
He submitted a paper to the Royal Society in
1797 describing his experiment, but was told
that his ideas were too revolutionary and that
he needed more proof.
Undaunted, Jenner experimented on several
other children, including his own 11-month-old
son.
In 1798, the results were finally published and
Jenner coined the word vaccine from the Latin
'vacca' for cow.
Dr Jenner performing his first
vaccination on James Phipps, a boy
of age 8. 14 May 1796
10. Louis Pasteur- Chicken cholera
• In the summer of 1880, Pasteur found a
vaccine by chance, after forgetting one
of his cultures.
• With the help of a colleague Charles
Chamberland, he showed that Chicken
cholera germs from an old culture that
had been around for some time lost
their ability to transmit the disease.
• The inoculated chickens did not die.
• Pasteur repeated what he had done but
with a fresh culture of chicken cholera
germs.
• Pasteur reasoned that a new culture
would provide more potent germs.
11. • Two groups of chickens were
inoculated; one that had been
given the old culture and one
group that had not.
• Those chickens that had been
given the old culture survived,
those that had not died.
• The chickens that had been
inoculated with the old culture
had become immune to chicken
cholera.
• Pasteur believed that their bodies
had used the weaker strain of
germ to form a defence against
the more powerful germs in the
fresher culture.
• Pasteur had found a way of
producing the resistance without
the risk of the disease.
13. Innate or Natural immunity
• Immunity with which an individual is born is
called innate or natural immunity.
• Innate immunity is provided by various
components such as Skin, Mucus membrane,
Phagocytic cells etc.
• Innate immunity acts as first line of defense to
particular microorganisms.
14. Mechanism of innate immunity
• Anatomical barrier
• Physicochemical barrier
• Phagocytic barrier or Phagocytosis
• Inflammatory barrier or Inflammation
15.
16. Types of innate immunity
• Species immunity
• Racial immunity
• Individual immunity
17. 1. Species immunity
• If one species is resistant to certain infection and the other
species is susceptible to the same infection then it is called
as species immunity.
• Anatomic, physiological and metabolic differences between
species determine species immunity.
• Eg- Birds are resistant to anthrax but Human are
susceptible. It is simply because higher body temperature
of birds kills Bacillus anthracis.
• Anatomic differences between species also determine
species immunity. Eg- Human are more susceptible to skin
infection whereas Cattles are more resistant to the same
skin infection. It is because of tough and hairy skin (hides)
of Cattles.
• Entire human species is resistance to the plant pathogens.
18. 2. Racial immunity
• If one race is susceptible while other race is resistant to
same infection, then it is called Racial immunity.
• Eg-certain African race are more resistant to malaria and
yellow fever where are Asian or Americans are susceptible
to same infection.
• Similarly Orientals (East Asia) are relatively resistant to
syphilis.
• Algerian sheep, for example, are immune to anthrax, a
disease commonly fatal to other breeds of sheep
• Racial immunity is determined by difference in Socio-
economic status, habitat, culture feeding habits,
environments, genetic, etc.
19.
20. 3. Individual immunity
• If one individual of certain race or cast is resistant while other
individuals of same race or cast are susceptible to certain infection,
then it is called as individual immunity
• Individual immunity is determined by various factors such as health
status, nutritional status, previous illness, personal hygiene, genetic
differences etc.
• For examples; Individual with genetic deficiency of glucose-6
phosphate dehydrogenase are resistant to Malaria.
21.
22.
23. Acquired or Developed immunity:
• Immunity which is developed later in life after microbial infection in
host is called as Acquired or developed immunity.
• If an individual is infected with chicken pox virus, he/she become
resistant to same virus in later life.
• Acquired immunity is provided by
– Antibodies and certain T-lymphocytes.
• Components of acquired immunity such as Antibodies and T- cells
are specific to particular microorganism.
Therefore acquired immunity is also known as Specific
immunity.
Characteristics of Acquired immunity
• Specificity
• Self/non-self recognition
• Immunological memory
• Diversity
24. • Types of acquired immunity:
• Active immunity
• Passive immunity
25. 1. Active immunity:
• The immunity induced by exposure to a
foreign antigen is called active immunity.
• the resistance developed by an individual
after contact with foreign antigens, e.g.,
microorganisms. This contact may be in
the form of:
• clinical or subclinical infection,
• immunization with live or killed
infectious agents or their antigens,
or
• exposure to microbial products, such as
toxins and toxoids.
• If host itself produces antibodies, it is
called active immunity.
• It is of two types
• Naturally acquired active immunity:
• immunity provided by natural infection.
• Artificially acquired active immunity:
• Immunity provided by vaccination.
Vaccination
26. 2. Passive immunity:
• When immunity is conferred by
transfer of serum or lymphocytes
from a specifically immunized
individual, it is known as passive
immunity.
• If host does not produce antibodies
itself but antibodies produced in
other host provides immunity, than
it is known as Passive immunity.
It is of two types
– Naturally acquired passive
immunity: IgG antibody produced
in mother cross placenta and
protects fetus.
– Artificially acquired passive
immunity: if preformed antibody
are injected into host for immunity.
Eg. Anti-venom, Rabies vaccine (*it
is not a vaccine, it is preformed
anti-rabies antibody)
30. What is herd immunity?
• When most of a population is immune to an infectious disease, this provides
indirect protection—or population immunity (also called herd immunity or herd
protection)—to those who are not immune to the disease.
• For example, if 80% of a population is immune to a virus, four out of every five
people who encounter someone with the disease won’t get sick (and won’t
spread the disease any further).
31. • Vaccination programs create herd immunity by
greatly reducing the number of susceptible
individuals in a population.
• Even if some individuals in the population are not
vaccinated, as long as a certain percentage is
immune (either naturally or artificially), the few
susceptible individuals are unlikely to be exposed
to the pathogen.
• However, because new individuals are constantly
entering populations (for example, through birth
or relocation), vaccination programs are
necessary to maintain herd immunity.