A technique which uses water as a therapeutic modality. This therapy is usually used by Physiotherapist for healing wound, edema drainage, improving balance and posture and decreasing pain.
Hydrotherapy for physical therapy (lecture)Shahab Shah
This Lecture is Specially designed for Physical therapy students and as well as for general public.
In which general properties of water, temperature and specific exercises are presented.
Co-ordination Exercise,Definitions,Nervous control,Motor pathway,Cerebral cortex,Kinesthetic sensation,Causes of Incoordination,Flaccidity
Spasticity ,Cerebellar ataxia,Loss of kinesthetic sensation,Types of coordination,Posterior column,Test for Incoordination.
Hydrotherapy for physical therapy (lecture)Shahab Shah
This Lecture is Specially designed for Physical therapy students and as well as for general public.
In which general properties of water, temperature and specific exercises are presented.
Co-ordination Exercise,Definitions,Nervous control,Motor pathway,Cerebral cortex,Kinesthetic sensation,Causes of Incoordination,Flaccidity
Spasticity ,Cerebellar ataxia,Loss of kinesthetic sensation,Types of coordination,Posterior column,Test for Incoordination.
Joint mobilization refers to a technique of manual therapy by which a therapist applies a brief stretch of 30s or less through traction and gliding along a joint surface.
This Presentation is about Mitchell relaxation technique also known a physiological relaxation technique Mitchell’s physiological relaxation technique is based on reciprocal inhibition and involves diaphragmatic breathing and a series of ordered isotonic contractions.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
The manual muscle testing procedure was described in this power point, indications, contraindications, limitations of MMT was included. the MMT grading system (scale) was explained well in this PPT.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
suspension therapy in details with the principles, indications, benefits, advantages and disadvantages, materials required for performing activities using suspension techniques.
Elbow complex is designed to serve hand.
They provide MOBILITY for Hand in space by apparent shortening and Lengthening of upper extremity.
They provide Stability for skillful and forceful movements
Joint mobilization refers to a technique of manual therapy by which a therapist applies a brief stretch of 30s or less through traction and gliding along a joint surface.
This Presentation is about Mitchell relaxation technique also known a physiological relaxation technique Mitchell’s physiological relaxation technique is based on reciprocal inhibition and involves diaphragmatic breathing and a series of ordered isotonic contractions.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
The manual muscle testing procedure was described in this power point, indications, contraindications, limitations of MMT was included. the MMT grading system (scale) was explained well in this PPT.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
suspension therapy in details with the principles, indications, benefits, advantages and disadvantages, materials required for performing activities using suspension techniques.
Elbow complex is designed to serve hand.
They provide MOBILITY for Hand in space by apparent shortening and Lengthening of upper extremity.
They provide Stability for skillful and forceful movements
This presentation is complete about hydrotherapy and its role in medical care. How hydrotherapy helps patients to recover along with some precautions etc. Hydrotherapy has a lot of benefits, That why we prepare that presentation for those who are willing to learn about it. This presentation may helpful for you in your studies. I hope this will helps you a lot.
Brief description about hydrotherapy, types of hydrotherapy , constructions , it's uses, safety ,contraindications and indications etc
* this was for a class project so, I'm not accountable for some of pictures which I just downloaded from google*
Aquatic therapy refers to treatment and exercise performed in the water for relaxation and other therapeutic benefits.Typically a qualified aquatic therapist gives constant attendance to person receiving treatment in a heated therapy pool
JALA NETI
Neti is a process of cleansing and purifying the nasal passage.
Practices included in this category are : Jala neti and Sutra neti.
Materials Used : Neti pot, Luke warm with salt (one teaspoonful per half liter of water)
Previous Practice : Kapalbhati ,forceful and fast nasal sneezing (alternate nostril)
Indication :Cold
Sinusitis
Asthma, bronchitis etc.
Eye disorder like myopia etc.
Tonsillitis
Mouth breathing in children.
Epilepsy, migraine
Alleviates anxiety, anger and depression.
Hence balances both sides of nostril (Nadi)
HIP BATH
1. Definition : It is the treatment where hip region is immersed in water of required temperature to get desired effect.
2. Requirements : Hip bath tub, foot rest, wet cloth, water of required temperature.
Patient lowers the body inside the tub so that whole hip region is immersed in water.
In cold hip bath continuous friction on abdomen (clockwise direction) is given using a small towel.
In case of hot hip bath a small wet cloth is kept over head.
Types :
Cold hip bath
Hot hip bath
Revulsive hip bath
Neutral hip bath
Kuhne’s friction Sitz bath
ARM AND LEG PACK
Definition : Hydriatic application made over arm and leg with wet cotton cloth over which a woolen flannel is wrapped.
Requirement : cotton cloth, woolen flannel, water of required temperature.
Each leg and arm should be wrapped separately with wet cotton sheet. Temperature should be 60* for the cold pack, and as hot as con be borne for hot pack. A linen sheet should be used for former, a blanket for the latter.Duration: 15-20 min.
Precautions: Empty stomach, wet cotton cloth should not be seen outside the woolen flannel.
LEMON JUICE
Taste – sour/ slightly bitter
Property – light, sharp or piercing
Potency – hot
Effect on doshas – Vata balancing, Pitta nourishing, Kapha balancing.
Nutrient content – Lemons are an excellent source of vitamin C, and are low calorie and relatively high in fiber. They provide minimal amounts of other vitamins and minerals such as thiamin, vitamin B6, calcium, and potassium.
Indication :
Scurvy
Kidney stones
Throat infection
Dental problem
Obesity
Respiratory disorder
Hypertension etc.
Contra indication :
Severe acidity
GERD
Ulcers
Cold etc.
These are the main plant compounds in lemons:
Citric acid. The most abundant organic acid in lemons, citric acid may help prevent the formation of kidney stones.
Hesperidin. This antioxidant may strengthen your blood vessels and prevent atherosclerosis — the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) inside your arteries.
Diosmin. An antioxidant which improves muscle tone and reduces chronic inflammation in blood vessels.
Eriocitrin. This antioxidant is found in lemon peel and juice.
D-limonene. Found primarily in the peel, d-limonene is the main component of lemon essential oils. In isolation, it can relieve heartburn and stomach reflux .
BLACK MUD
Mud found below the surface of sediments in lakes and rivers, the blackness is due to the occurrence of metal sulphides.
Mud baths may
A traditional manual therapy technique developed by John Upledger, involving bare hands and stretching the tension membrane so as to ease the tension within
Its a compilation of both traditional and recent advance techniques of not only assessing musculoskeletal but also cardiovascular and respiratory endurance as well as strength
Traction: a basic physiotherapy modality used for inducing space between the joints. this slideshow deals with various types of traction and its application to cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine.
the PPT Describes about various types of dysfunction in mechanical pattern as described by Janda's. it also describes about normal muscle slings prresent within the body and its compensation and decompensation patterns towards the adaptations of the body
this slideshow describes about the hip joint anatomy, biomechanics and its pathomechanics along with angles of hip joint. the slide show also briefs about the pelvic femoral rhythm in daily activities
Thoracic and rib cage anatomy, biomechanics, and pathomechanicsRadhika Chintamani
This slide show describes about thoracic and rib cage in detail with its anatomy, kinetics and kinematics along with force couple. the slideshow also describes about the pathology and pathomechanics related to the topic
Knee joint anatomy, biomechanics, pathomechanics and assessmentRadhika Chintamani
the knee complex complete anatomy, biomechanics, pathomechanics and its physical assessment in one single slideshow.a brief table given for easy understanding of what special test to be performed in which condition along with evidences of each special test.
small correction in slide number: 10
during flexion of tibia over femur in OKC; tibia glides and rolls posteriorly
during extension of tibia over femur in OKC: tibia glides and rolls anteriorly
A very old school of manual therapy which comprises of two main principle centralization and peripheralization thought given by Robin McKenzie. The slideshow explain theoretical and practical part of both entire spine and extremities as well
this is a slide show which gives in brief about anatomy and detailed description about biomechanics as well as pathomechanics of shoulder joint. various rhythms of shoulder complex are discussed as well along with the stability factors
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
Massage of therapeutic form is beneficial in many conditions like stroke, flaccidity, muscle tightness, spasm etc.
it has many physiological effects along with many types for different conditions as well as different body areas.
it is another taping technique which inhibits or control the movement. it is helpful in postural correction and movement pattern correction as well. usually used clinically
Sacroiliac joint biomechanics, dysfunctions, assessment and its manual therapyRadhika Chintamani
Sacroiliac joint: mostly commonly affected joint due to its smaller articular surfaces. this slideshow briefs about its anatomy, biomechanics i.e. movements and axis, muscles, ligaments around it, types of dysfunction of SI joints, its special test and manual therapy management of the dysfunctions.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Contents
• Definition
• History
• Physical properties of water
• Physiological effects
• Uses
• Contraindications
• Precautions
• Adverse effects
• Application techniques
• Types of hydrotherapy: whirlpool, hubbard tank, contrast
bath, non-immersion irrigation devices, exercise pool.
3. Definition and History
• Hydro means water and therapio means healing.
• Hydrotherapy means it is either application of
water externally or internally for the treatment of
physical or psychological dysfunction.
• Romans were the first ones to build the
therapeutic baths during 1st century.
• Hippocrates during 4th – 5th century suggested use
of hot and cold water for various diseases.
4. Physical Properties of Water
1. Specific Heat (4.19J/g/0C) and Thermal
Conductivity(0.0014Cal/sec):
• The heat or cold from water is transferred into
patients body through conduction principle.
• Patients limb is placed into the water during
therapy so that the conductivity occurs.
• Advantage: of this principle: heat is transferred
through water medium rapidly, hence it is one of
the best way for therapy.
5. 2. Buoyancy: it is the upward thrust on the body by the
water.
• According to Archimede’s principle: when the body is
entirely or partially immersed in the water at rest, it
experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the
fluid that displaces.
• Amount of fluid that it displaces depends on the density
of the immersed body relative to the density of the fluid.
• Density of human body<water: hence the human body
floats in water
• Density of human body=0.974
• Clinical uses: decreases stress and compression on WB
joints, muscles and connective tissue.
6. 3.Resistance: It is provided by the viscosity water.
• Viscocity of water is responsible for providing
resistance in the water to the motion of the
human body.
• Occurs against the direction of the motion of the
body.
• Resistance is directly proportional to speed of
motion
• Resistance is directly proportional to the frontal
area of body parts in contact with water
7. Remember:
• If the water flow is adjusted in the same direction of
movement: it assists in the movement.
• If water flow is adjusted against the direction of
movement: it resists the movement.
• Streamline water: no resistance.
• Flowing water: provides resistance.
Advantages:
• Velocity-Dependent resistance: safe and effective
strengthening and conditioning as Resistance is 0 when
movement stops.
• Variable resistance and thus pressure provided by
moving water helps in debriding and cleansing the
wounds.
8. 4. Hydrostatic Pressure:
• Pressure exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in
the fluid.
• According to Pascal: A fluid exerts equal pressure on
all surfaces of a body at rest at a given depth.
• Hydrostatic pressure is directly proportional to depth
of the immersion.
• In water: 0.73mm Hg pressure per cm of depth.
• Advantage: this gives an external pressure to the
human body which can assist in promoting
circulation or alleviate peripheral edema.
• Remember: vertical the body: greater the hydrostatic
pressure.
9. Physiological Effects
1. Cleansing effects: hydrating effects and friction of
water are used to soften and remove debries that is
lodged in the wound or adhered to the tissue. water
can quickly and easily get into and out of the
contoured areas of open wounds. Water is used
clinically both as a debriding agent, to remove
endogenous debris. Also, cleansing powders
(cleanses), antimicrobials (anti-infectious) or
surfactants(reduce surface tension thus reducing
adhesions) can be added to the water during
therapy.
10. 2. Musculoskeletal Effects:
• Unloading of the weight bearing joints allowing the
patients with load sensitive joints such as in
conditions like arthritis, ligamentous instability and
cartilage breakdown; to weight bear and perform
exercise.
• Buoyancy is also helpful in obese subjects to
perform exercises so that minimal stress is placed
on joints.
• Velocity dependent resistance provides a force
against which muscles work in order to gain or
maintain strength.
11. • The hydrostatic pressure exerted by water has also
been shown to increase resting muscle blood flow
( increases oxygen availability accelerating
removal of waste products promotes effective
muscular training) by 100%-225% during
immersion of the body up to the neck.
• This is the result of induced peripheral
vasoconstriction or increased venous return
produced by external compression by water.
12. 3. Cardiovascular Effects:
• These effects are primarily due to hydrostatic pressure.
• Hydrostatic pressure exerted on the distal extremities
with upright immersion in water displaces venous
blood proximally from the extremities and thus
increases the venous return by shifting blood from the
periphery to the trunk vessels.
• CVP rises with immersion till chest and continues to
increase till the full body immersion.
• Central blood volume increases by about 60% with
immersion till neck and cardiac volume by nearly
30%.
13. • When a subject is immersed in water the level of
perceived exertion is noted rather than heart rate
response.
• If warm water is used for the therapy: there is
natural decrease in heart rate and systolic blood
pressure.
• The velocity dependent resistance to motion
provided by water also increases the metabolic
rate and energy expenditure as measured by VO2.
14. 4. Respiratory Effects:
• Immersion of whole body in water increases the
work of breathing by 60%.
• Immersion in water up to the neck has been shown
to decrease expiratory reserve volume by about
50% and to decrease vital capacity by 6-12%.
• Also, exercise induced asthma which occurs after
land based exercises is less when done in water.
15. 5. Renal effects
• Immersion of the subject till neck increases urine
production, urine, potassium and nitrogen
excretion.
• These effects are due to increased renal blood flow
and reduced Antidiuretic Hormone and aldosterone.
• This effect is used in treatment of hypervolemia,
hypertension and peripheral edema.
6. Psychological effects:
• Warm water: relaxation
• Cold water: energizing
16. Uses
1. Superficial heating or cooling
• Warm and cold water transfer heat and coolness by
conduction, whereas warm and cold whirlpools transfer
heat and coolness by conduction and convection.
2. Wound Care:
• Hydrotherapy is used in wound care because of its
cleansing property, facilitates rehydration, softening and
debridement of necrotic tissues and removal of
exogenous debries.
• Hydrotherapy can also be given with addition of
antimicrobial products to remove the infection of the
wound.
18. 3. Pain control:
• Warm water: relaxation effect release of
endorphins and encephalins pain reduction.
Vasodilation waste product drainage
reduction in pain.
• Cold water: blockage of pain pathway towards the
spinal column release of endorphins and
encephalins reduction of pain.
19. 4. Edema Control:
• Because of hydrostatic pressure of the
hydrotherapy, acting as externally applied pressure
on the limb reduces the edema.
• Also, if the exercises are performed in the warm
water, it helps in drainage of edema easily.
• Dependent position and cold water has a
disadvantage on the edema because of which it
increases.
20. 5. Water exercises:
• Types of water exercises: swimming, walking,
running with or without vest or belt, cycle ergometer
and other forms of upright exercises.
• Uses of water exercises: increase circulation, muscle
strength, joint viscoelasticity, flexibility and joint
ROM, improve ambulation, coordination, respiratory
and cardiovascular conditioning, decrease muscle
spasm, pain and stiffness.
• Specific uses of water:
a. Orthopedic problems: decreases weight bearing on the
joints because of buoyancy, velocity dependent
resistance: helps in strengthening exercises, can
perform both closed and open chain kinetic exercises.
21. b. Neurological problems: proprioceptive input: due to
hydrostatic pressure, improves balance.
c. Cardiac and respiratory conditioning.
d. Exercise in water during pregnancy (I and II
trimester): decreased weight bearing on joints, less
elevation of heart rate with exercise.
e. Exercise induced asthma.
22. Contraindications
Absolute
• Bleeding wound
• Acute systemic illness
• Acute vomiting or diarrhoea
• Medical instability
• Resting angina
• Shortness of breath at rest
• Uncontrolled cardiac failure
• Open infected wound
Relative
• Open wounds
• Poorly controlled epilepsy
• Oxygen dependency
25. Application technique
Evaluate the patient, set the goal
determine whether hydrotherapy is most effective
check for contraindication
select the appropriate type of hydrotherapy
explain the procedure and reason being applied
therapy
assess outcomes of the therapy
document the therapy.
26. Whirlpool
• It is composed of a tank that
hold water and a turbine
that agitation and aeration
that produces movement of
the water in the tank.
• The tank is made up of
either steel or plastic or
fiberglass.
• Two types of tanks:
extremity tank: for the
extremities and low or high
tank: for lower body and
upper body till neck.
27. • Whirlpool turbine is composed
of motor bracketed to its side
and pipes for air and water
circulation suspended in the
water.
• The height and direction of the
turbine can be adjusted to
project the water pressure
toward or away from the
involved area.
• Towards the area: achieves
maximum stimulation, to
control pain.
• Away from the area: in case of
hypersensitivity or presence of
granulation tissue
28. Application technique whirlpool
Equipments required
• Hot and cold water mixing valves
• Thermometer for checking the temperature of the water
in the tank
• A turbine to agitate and aerate the water
• Seat or stretcher for the patient to sit either in or out of
the water, depending on the area being treated and the
configuration of the whirlpool
• Gravity drain
• Heated, well-ventilated space
• Towels and blankets
29.
30. Procedure
• Fill the tank with the water. Select the appropriate
temperature range according to the condition and
treatment objectives.
• Undress the area to be treated and provide a gown
• Remove wound dressings if any are present and if they
easy to remove without causing pain or damage to the
tissue.
• Position the patient comfortably, with the affected area
immersed in the water.
• Adjust the direction of the turbine and turn it on.
• Stay with the patient throughout the hydrotherapy to
monitor the vitals
31. • Exercises to be performed if indicated
• Duration=10-30min
• After completion, remove the limb from the
water dry the intact skin thoroughly, and
inspect the treated area.
• Clean the area and dry it. If open wound: then
cover the area with the dressing again
• Drain, rinse and clean the whirlpool.
32. Advantages
• Used for heat transfer, for
cleansing and debriding
open wounds, or for
exercises.
• Patient can be positioned
securely and comfortable
• Weaker muscles can move
freely than on dry land.
• Allow movement while
heat is being applied,
unlike HMP or SWD.
Disadvantages
• Size of tank limits the
amount of exercise and
the size of the area to be
treated.
• Large quantity of water
used.
• Risk of infection
• Costs associated with
cleaning and heating
water
• Time expended assisting
the patient to dress and
undress
34. Hubbard tank
• Named after the engineer who invented it.
• It is a large whirlpool intended for full body immersion.
• Dimensions: 8 feet long, 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep.
Holds approximately 425 gallons of water.
• The tank is equipped with turbines, a stretcher, and a
hoist to raise and lower the stretcher.
• Suitable for debridement of burns covering large areas of
the body and for the treatment of other painful conditions
that affect large areas of the body. Also, used for ROM
exercises, ambulation if a walking trough is added.
35. Application technique
• Equipment required:
• Hot and cold water mixing valves
• Thermometer for checking the temperature of the water
in the tank.
• A turbine to agitate and aerate the water
• Seat or stretcher for the patient to sit either in or out of
the water depending on the area being treated and the
configuration of the whirlpool
• Gravity drain
• Heated, well-ventilated space
• Towels and blankets
36. Procedure
• Similar manner as whirlpool, except that the water temperature is
generally kept in the slightly lower range of 36-39deg C, because
patients cannot dissipate the increase in tissue temperature as
effectively when heat is applied to such a large area.
1. Place the patient on the stretcher next to the tank with the
patients weight equally distributed.
2. Attach the hoist to the ring on the four corners of the stretcher
3. Remove dressings if present
4. Raise the hoist to lift the patient. Gently swing the patient on
the stretcher over the water and then slowly lower the patient to
just above the water level.
5. Attach the head end of the stretcher to the support bracket.
6. Slowly lower the hoist until the foot end of the stretcher touches
the bottom of the tank.
37. 7. Remove the hoist
8. Adjust the force and direction of the agitators.
9. Stay with the patient throughout the therapy
10. Duration=20min
11. Reattach the hoist to the stretcher, once the therapy is over and
remove the patient from the water.
12. Dry the patient quickly and thoroughly.
13. Wrap or cover the patient immediately to avoid hypothermia.
38. Advantages
• Can treat large areas or
multiple areas of the body.
• Can be used for heat
transfer, for cleansing and
debriding open wounds,
or for water exercise.
Disadvantages
• Cost ineffective
• Uses large amount of
warm water
• Time-consuming to fill,
empty and clean tank and
to place patient in the tank
• Requires extra caution
with regard to possible
systemic effects of
overheating with large
body areas exposed.
39. Contrast bath
• Applied alternately
immersing an area,
generally a distal
extremity first in warm
or hot water (3min) and
then in cold water
(1min)
40. Advantages
• May promote a more
vigorous circulator effect
than heat or cold alone.
• Provides good contact with
contoured distal extremities
compared with other
thermal agents.
• May help to provide pain
control without aggravating
edema.
• Allows movement in water
for increased circulatory
effects.
Disadvantages
• Limb is in dependent
position, which may
aggravate edema
• Some patients do not
tolerate cold immersions
41. Non-immersion irrigation devices
• Handheld showers, syringes and purpose-designed
pulsatile irrigation units can apply hydrotherapy
without immersion of the area to be treated.
• These devices apply water by spraying it on the area
to be treated.
• Electric pulsatile irrigation devices both deliver fluid at
a controlled pressure and provide suction to remove
contaminated fluid. Hence beneficial in the treatment
of open wounds. This type of treatment is called as
pulsed lavage.
43. Exercise pool
• To optimize the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal or
psychological benefits of hydrotherapy, the use of an
exercise pool, which allows full body immersion and
exercise, is recommended incase where immersion in
dependent position is avoided.
• Dimensions: 100 feet long, 25 feet wide and have a
maximum depth of 8 feet with a slopping background having
gradual descent.
• Pool temperature: 26-36 deg C.
• Warmer the temperature low intensity exercises.
• Cooler the temperature: high intensity exercises.