Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel that can power vehicles and devices through either electrochemical cells or combustion. It is the lightest element and does not naturally occur in large quantities on Earth, so it requires substantial energy to produce industrially, such as through electrolysis or steam reforming of methane. Hydrogen acts as an energy carrier by storing energy from other sources and delivering it to fuel cells or combustion engines to generate power and heat through reaction with oxygen to form water.

2. • Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells,
or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. It is also
used in the propulsion of spacecraft and might potentially be mass-produced and
commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft.
• Hydrogen lies in the first group and first period in the periodic table, i.e. it is the first
element on the periodic table, making it the lightest element. Since hydrogen gas is so
light, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore rarely found in its pure form, H2. In a
flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2)
to form water (H2O) and releases energy.
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
The energy released enables hydrogen to act as a fuel. In an electrochemical cell,
that energy can be used with relatively high efficiency. If it simply is used for heat,
the usual thermodynamic Carnot limits on the thermal efficiency apply.

3. Production
• Because pure hydrogen does not occur naturally on Earth in large quantities, it takes
a substantial amount of energy in its industrial production. There are different ways to
produce it, such as electrolysis and steam-methane reforming process. In
electrolysis, electricity is run through water to separate the hydrogen and oxygen
atoms. This method can use wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, fossil fuels, biomass,
nuclear, and many other energy sources. Obtaining hydrogen from this process is
being studied as a viable way to produce it domestically at a low cost. Steam-
methane reforming, the current leading technology for producing hydrogen in large
quantities, extracts the hydrogen from methane. However, this reaction causes a side
production of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, which are greenhouse gases and
contribute to global warming.

4. Energy
Once manufactured, hydrogen is an energy carrier (i.e. a store for energy first
generated by other means). The energy can be delivered to fuel cells and
generate electricity and heat, or burned to run a combustion engine. In each
case hydrogen is combined with oxygen to form water. The heat in a hydrogen
flame is a radiant emission from the newly formed water molecules. The water
molecules are in an excited state on initial formation and then transition to
a ground state; the transition unleashing thermal radiation. When burning in air,
the temperature is roughly 2000°C. Historically, carbon has literally been the
carrier of hydrogen as more hydrogen is packed in fossil fuels than pure liquid
hydrogen of the same amount. The carbon atoms have classic storage
capabilities and also adds more energy output when burned with hydrogen.
However, burning carbon base fuel and releasing its exhaust has produced, in
theory, too much global warming due to the greenhouse effect of carbon gases

5. Potentially, there is plenty of wind power to supply all of the world's electrical
demand. Once the construction cost of a windmill is paid off, very little maintenance
cost is required and the energy is practically free. Although electricity can be
delivered over long distances, large amounts of electricity cannot be stored and must
be generated as they are needed; this requires complex distribution networks and
management processes. This is where hydrogen can act as a good carrier. With
electrolysis, electricity can affect the extraction of hydrogen and oxygen from water
with a little loss of energy in process. Then the hydrogen can be conveyed over long
distances by means of the appropriate pipework and reconverted into electricity
afterwards. A greater quantity of hydrogen can be delivered while bonded to carbon
in fossil fuel form, whereby micro-leakage and metal embrittlement will be avoided.

6. MADE BY-SHUBHAM CHAND RAMOLA
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