This document summarizes the classification and properties of three types of volatile oils: hydrocarbon, alcoholic, and ketonic/aldehydic. It provides details on the isolation, constituents, and uses of six specific volatile oils: cubeb oil, turpentine oil, peppermint oil, coriander oil, and cardamom oil. Cubeb oil and turpentine oil are hydrocarbon oils, while peppermint, coriander, and cardamom oils are classified as alcoholic volatile oils. The document explains how each oil is isolated and some of its main chemical constituents and traditional medical and culinary uses.

1. Hydrocarbon, alcoholic, Ketonic, aldehyde, phenolic,
phenolic ethers, oxides, esters and miscellaneous volatile oils
containing plants.
Classification of
volatile oils

2. Cubeb oil and turpentine oil
Hydrocarbon volatile oils

3. • Hydrocarbons occur practically in all volatile oils.
• “Limonene” is considered as most widely distributed of monocyclic
terpenes.
Hydrocarbon volatile oils

4. • SYNONYMS:
Java pepper
In Urdu, Kabab Cheeni
• BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Piper cubeba
• FAMILY:
Piperaceae
• PART USED:
Dried, fully grown but unripe fruit.
1) Cubeb Oil

5. • ISOLATION OF OIL:
oil is isolated from crushed, dried, unripe fruit by steam distillation.
• CONSTITUENTS:
Volatile oils including:
• Sabinene
• Beta-elemene
• Cubebol
• Epi-cubebol
In addition, it also contains:
• Cubebic acid
• Cubebin
• Cubeb resin
• USES:
i. As mild stimulant, expectorant and carminative.
ii. As a flavoring agent.
iii. To treat gonorrhea.
iv. Smoking cubeb helps to treat nasal catarrh and hay fever.

6. 2) Turpentine oil
• SYNONYMS:
Spirits of turpentine
• BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Pinus palustris
• FAMILY:
Pinaceae
• PART USED:
Volatile oil distilled from oleoresin obtained from all parts.

7. • Crude oleo resin is obtained by making incision in stem of trees.
• Oleoresin is purified by heating in steam.
• Oil is obtained by water distillation.
• Purified oleo resin is introduced in distilling chamber.
• It is subjected to heat until all volatile matter, both oil and water, are
condensed in condensing chamber.
• It is collected and then separated by separating funnel.
Isolation of oil

8. • CONSTITUENTS:
• Alpha pinene
• Beta pinene
• Camphene
• Limonene etc
• USES:
i. As counter-irritant and Rubefacient.
ii. Manufacture of insecticides, disinfectants, paints and varnishes
etc
iii. Rectified turpentine oil and turpentine hydrate is used as
expectorant.

9. Alcoholic volatile oils
Peppermint, coriander and cardamom

10. • They are classified into:
 Acyclic:
E.g. geraniol, linalool, citronellol etc.
 Monocyclic:
e.g. menthol, alpha-terpineol
 Dicyclic:
e.g. borneol
 Higher aliphatic alcohols:
e.g. zingiberol which is sesquiterpene.
Alcoholic volatile oils

11. • SYNONYMS:
Mint
In Urdu, Podena
• BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Mentha piperita
• FAMILY:
Labiatae
• PART USED:
Dried leaves and flowering tops
1) Peppermint oil

12. • ISOLATION OF OIL:
Oil is obtained by steam distillation of dried leaves or flowering tops.
• CONSTITUENTS:
• Volatile oil with active principle, menthol
• USES:
i. As analgesic, anesthetic, antiseptic, antispasmodic and astringent.
ii. Stimulant, carminative and stomachic properties.
iii. As a flavoring agent in syrups, lozenges, chewing gums, tooth pastes,
mouth washes and candies.
iv. To relieve pain and reduce headache and migraine.

13. 2) Coriander oil
• SYNONYMS:
Chinese parsley
In urdu, Dhanya
• BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Coriandrum sativum
• FAMILY:
Umbelliferae
• PART USED:
Dried, ripe fruits.

14. • ISOLATION OF OIL:
Oil is obtained by steam distillation of dried ripe fruits of coriander.
• CONSTITUENTS:
• Coriandrol and pinene
Also contains:
• Cineol
• Cymene
• Terpineol
• Terpinolol
• USES:
i. To relieve mental fatigue, migraine, and nervous weakness.
ii. As carminative and diuretic.
iii. As culinary spice.
iv. As a flavoring agent.

15. 3) Cardamom oil
• SYNONYMS:
Grain of paradise
In Urdu, Ilaychi
• BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Elettaria cardamomum
• FAMILY:
Zingiberaceae
• PART USED:
Dried, ripe seed.

16. • ISOLATION OF OIL:
Steam distillation of dried, ripe seed.
• CONSTITUENTS:
Volatile oils containing:
• Cineol
• Terpenyl acetate
• Limonene
Also contains:
• Fixed oils
• starch
• USES:
i. Aromatic, stimulant, stomachic, carminative and diuretic.
ii. Expectorant properties.
iii. As a condiment.
iv. As a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical syrups.