Volatile oils are oily liquids that are volatile without decomposition. They are also called essential oils. Volatile oils can be obtained through various methods like steam distillation, solvent extraction, enfleurage, and expressed oils. They are found in different parts of plants like leaves, flowers, seeds, bark and wood. Volatile oils have several uses like flavoring foods, perfumes, and medicines due to their therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. Some examples of volatile oils are peppermint oil obtained from Mentha piperita, lemon oil from Citrus limon, and rose oil from Rosa damascena.
Volatile oils and related terpenoids-Methods of obtaining volatile oils,
chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important
volatile oils used as drugs.
An introduction to glycosides By KNS & PDVPreeti Verma
The presentation is meant for academic purpose only and includes the definition, occurrence & distribution, classification, properties, chemical tests, general isolation techniques and importance of glycosides.
Volatile oils and related terpenoids-Methods of obtaining volatile oils,
chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important
volatile oils used as drugs.
An introduction to glycosides By KNS & PDVPreeti Verma
The presentation is meant for academic purpose only and includes the definition, occurrence & distribution, classification, properties, chemical tests, general isolation techniques and importance of glycosides.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
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This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Castor oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn., belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Castor oil
2. Biological Sources of Castor oil
3. Geographical Sources of Castor oil
4. Preparation of Castor oil
5. Description of Castor oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Castor oil
7. Chemical Test of Castor oil
8. Uses of Castor oil
Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs Jegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs. It includes Pharmacognosy of Agar, Acacia, Guar Gum, Honey ,Starch, Isapgol,Tragacanth,Sterculia Gum,Chitin and Pectin.
GPAT
Niper &
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the topic tannins include their introductory part, definition, physical properties, uses, importance, classification of tannins, identification test for tannins, and the drug containing tannins
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Castor oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn., belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Castor oil
2. Biological Sources of Castor oil
3. Geographical Sources of Castor oil
4. Preparation of Castor oil
5. Description of Castor oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Castor oil
7. Chemical Test of Castor oil
8. Uses of Castor oil
Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs Jegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs. It includes Pharmacognosy of Agar, Acacia, Guar Gum, Honey ,Starch, Isapgol,Tragacanth,Sterculia Gum,Chitin and Pectin.
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
For more posts, follow us on .... be
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
Also follow us on...
Facebook @ Pharma Helpers
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The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
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the topic tannins include their introductory part, definition, physical properties, uses, importance, classification of tannins, identification test for tannins, and the drug containing tannins
Definition
noun, plural: volatile oils
A substance of oily consistency and feel especially one that is derived from a plant tissue (in contrast to fatty oil that does not evaporate when exposed to air and saponifies)
Supplement
Volatile oils are oils that are characterized by their volatility and failure to saponify. They evaporate when they are exposed to the air and thus are capable of distillation. They are derived from plant tissues. Thus, they may be produced naturally by extraction, particularly by distillation, often by using steam. They may also be made synthetically.
As medicines, volatile oils are used as stimulants, stomach aches, correctives, and carminatives. Other use of volatile oil is for purposes of flavoring (e.g., peppermint oil). But the most common use of volatile oil is for the production of perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and the like.
Volatile oil is sometimes called an essential oil. An essential oil is known for being a concentrated hydrophobic liquid with plant-derived, volatile aroma compounds. It is referred to as essential since it contains what seems to be the essence of the plant’s fragrance.
Volatile oils are oils that are characterized by their volatility and failure to saponify. They evaporate when they are exposed to the air and thus are capable of distillation. They are derived from plant tissues. Thus, they may be produced naturally by extraction, particularly by distillation, often by using steam. They may also be made synthetically.
As medicines, volatile oils are used as stimulants, stomach aches, correctives, and carminatives. Other use of volatile oil is for purposes of flavoring (e.g., peppermint oil). But the most common use of volatile oil is for the production of perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and the like.
Volatile oil is sometimes called an essential oil. An essential oil is known for being a concentrated hydrophobic liquid with plant-derived, volatile aroma compounds. It is referred to as essential since it contains what seems to be the essence of the plant’s fragrance
The key difference between volatile oil and fixed oil is that volatile oils are essential oils that can vaporize easily, whereas fixed oils are nonvolatile oils. Volatile oils are also known as essential oils. These are highly volatile oils that can evaporate even at room temperature
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. TABLE OF CONTENT
■ DEFININTIONOFVOLATILE
■ SIGNIFICANCE
■ METHODOF OBTAINING
■ SOURCES
■ ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS
■ CHEMISTRY
■ CLASSIFICATION
3. INTRODUCTION
■ “Volatile oil may be define as oily liquids which are
entirely, or almost entirely, volatile without decomposition”
Volatile oil is also called ethereal oils or essential oils
The last term applied because volatile oils represent the “essences” or odoriferous
constituents
Volatile oil are colourless as rule, particularly when they are fresh, but on long
standing they may be oxidize and resinify, thus darkening in colour
4. ■ Depending on the plant, volatile oils may occur in specialized secretory structure
such as
– Glandular hairs (Labiatae)
– Modified parenchyma cells (Piperaceae)
– Oil-tubes called vittae (Umbelliferae)
– Lysigenous or schizogenous passage (Pinaceae)
5. ■ They may be formed directly by the protoplasm, by the decomposition of the
resinogenous layer of the cell wall, or by the hydrolysis of certain glycosides e.g
– Whole black mustard seeds are odourless, but upon crushing the seeds and
water to it a strong odor is evolved
6. ■ Essential oils occur in many parts of plant e.g root (vetiver), bark (cinnamon),
heartwood (sandal wood), leaves (peppermint), seed (nutmeg), flower (jasmine)
■ They are freely soluble in ether and chloroform and fairly soluble in alcohol and
they are insoluble in water
■ Exposed to air and light, many of the absorb oxygen and become what the term
ozonized oils which posses oxidizing properties
7. ■ Essential oils are derived from the
terpenes and their oxygenated
compounds
■ They are made up of isoprenes units
(C5H8)
8. SIGNIFICANCE
■ Volatile oil act as insect repellent, thus prevent the destruction of the flowers and
leaves
■ Or they may serve as insect attractive, thus aiding in cross fertilization of the
flowers
■ They are used for therapeutic action, for flavouring (lemon oils), carminative
(clove), in perfumery (rose oils), or as starting materials for the synthesis of other
compound (turpentine oil)
9. ■ Used as inhalation (eucalyptus oil),
■ orally (peppermint oil),
■ gargles and mouthwash (thymol)
■ Transdermally (lavender, rosemary)
■ Antimicrobial property (tulsi)
■ Note: oral use is minimized nowadays due to the irritation which are produce to
the mucous membrane
10.
11. Method of obtaining of volatile oil
■ There are many different ways to extract essential oils and they are listed below:
■ Enfleurage
■ Expressed Oils
■ Steam Distillation
■ Solvent Extraction
■ Fractional Distillation and Percolation
■ Carbon Dioxide Extraction
■ Phytonic Process
12. Enfleurage
■ Enfleurage is one of the oldest methods of
extracting essential oils and is rarely used these
days because of its high cost.
■ It involves placing the flower petals on a layer of
glass that is first spread with a thin layer of
fat called "chassis".
■ The volatile oil diffuses into the fat, then the fat
is collected and the oil is extracted from the fat
using alcohol.
13. ■ Once the alcohol evaporates what is left behind is called the absolute.
■ As you can imagine, this is a very time consuming process, but it was the only way
to extract delicate flowers like Jasmine for a very long time!
14. Expressed Oils
■ When oils are taken from the rind of fruits they are called "expressed oils".
■ This method is cold and does not involve any solvents or heat of any kind.
■ Most of the citrus oils are extracted in this manner including grapefruit, lime, orange
and lemon essential oils.
■ These are not technically considered essential oils for this reason, but they are still
definitely therapeutic oils.
15. ■ The most important thing to consider with cold pressed oils is the source of the
crop since citrus fruits are constantly sprayed with pesticides and it can be very
concentrated in the oil!
16. Steam Distillation
■ There are actually three different steam processes that are described further in
the distilling section.
■ But in all of the methods, steam is used to rupture the oil membranes in the plant
and release the essential oil.
■ The steam carries the essential oil to a condenser and then as it re-liquefies the
lighter essential oil floats on top.
17. ■ The water and oil is then separated and the water portion is referred to as
the hydrosol, hydrolat, or flower or floral water.
■ And the oil portion, of course, is the essential oil!
■ The essential oil distilling equipment including the condenser, separator and
cooking chambers can all have an enormous impact on the quality of the oil.
19. Solvent Extraction
■ Solvent extraction is a method of extracting essential oils that is dominated by the
perfume industry.
■ And technically does not produce therapeutic grade oils because chemicals such as
hexane, acetone, di-methylene-chloride and others are used in the process!
■ The oil particles are released when the concrete substance is then mixed with
alcohol.
20. ■ Once it is separated out, the chemicals remain in the oil and the oil is used by the
perfume industry.
■ These are perfume or aromatherapy grade oils and are not therapeutic grade!
■ Are these the oils that are used in bath oils and gels, candles, shampoos, toothpaste,
fly spray, and air fresheners?
■ Yup, you got it!These are also the 98% of the oils sold in health food stores, retail outlets
and aromatherapy suppliers!
21. Percolation and Fractional Distillation
■ Fractional distillation separates the
volatile oil in different fractions or
portions at various boiling points.
■ This is used in oil refineries for
distillation of petroleum products and
is not suited for therapeutic grade
essential oils.
22. ■ Percolation is one of the newer methods of extraction
essential oils.
■ It is similar to normal distillation but the equipment is
literally upside down!
■ It has been used successfully in France; however
sometimes an emulsion is produced that can not be
separated out,
23. Super Critical Fluid Extraction
(Carbon Dioxide Extraction)
Super critical fluid extraction or carbon dioxide extraction is
also a fairly new solvent extraction process that uses carbon
dioxide at very high pressure.
The carbon dioxide is injected into the tank where the plant
material is contained and acts as a solvent to extract the oil.
24. ■ The carbon dioxide is colorless and odorless liquid and can be completely removed
which is a good thing; however,
■ There is no research at this point to verify if there are any effects of using this
procedure.
■ Additionally, the distilling equipment is extremely expensive.
■ So until more is known about this process, it is advised to use only steam distilled
and expressed oils!
34. Cardamom
■ Botanical origin Elettaria cardamomum
■ Family: Zingiberaceae
■ Chemical constituents: 3-6 volatile oil along the fixed oils,
■ Salt of potassium
■ Colouring principles
■ Nitrogenous mucilages
■ Acrid resin
■ Starch
■ Ligenous fiber
35. ■ The oil is colourless when fresh, but become thicker, more yellow and less aromatic
storage
■ It is soluble in alcohol and readily in four volumnes of 70 % alcohol, producing
■ Its specific gravity at 25C is 0.924-.0927
36. Uses
■ It is used as in aromatic
■ Carminative , Respiratory disorder like asthma,Cough, nausea, vomiting
■ Stimulant
■ Stomachic
■ Expectorant
■ Diaphoretic
■ Digestive appetizer
■ Flavouring
38. Uses
■ Aromatic carminative stimulant, antispasmodic diaphoretic, flavouring agent
■ Refrigent, tonic appetizer, diuretic, aphrodisiac and stomachic rheumatism and painful
joints
■ The infusions or decoction of dried fruit of cardamom is useful in treatment of
sorethroat, indigestion vomiting, flatulence
39. Peppermint oil
■ Botanical origin: Mentha piperita
■ Family: Labiatea
■ Chemical constituents: Menthol, Methyl acetate, isovalerate, menthone, cineol,
inactive pinene, limonene
■ Menthol are separated on cooling it to a low temperature
41. Bitter orange oil
■ Botanical origin: bitter orange peel is the dried rind of nearly ripe fruits of
Citrus aurantium Family: Rutaceae
■ Geographical source; Native to Pakistan, india. It is grow near Mediterranean sea,
spain, westindies, florida and malta.
■ Chemical contituents: 1-2.5% vitamin C, Flavonoid glycoside, hesperidine,
neohesperidine, naringin, aurantiamaric acid, acrid resin, gum and tannins
42.
43. Uses of bitter orange peel
■ Bitter orange peel is also used to improve appetite, and, in surprising contrast, it is
also used for weight loss.
■ Other uses for the fruit and peel are upset stomach, nasal congestion, and chronic
fatigue syndrome (CFS). ...
■ In foods, bitter orange oil isused as a flavoring agent.
44. Sweet orange peel
■ The orange is the fruit of the citrus species Citrus × sinensis in the family Rutaceae.
45. Lemon
The lemon, Citrus limon (L.)
Species of small evergreen tree
Flowering plant family Rutaceae,
Native to Asia.
Volatile oil obtained from the whole lemon
47. Uses
■ The fruit, juice, and peel are used to
make medicine.
■ Lemon is used to treat
■ scurvy, a condition caused by not
having enough vitamin C.
■ kidney stones.
■ common cold and flu,
■ H1N1 (swine) flu,
■ Ringing in the ears (tinnitus),
■ Meniere's disease(inner ear
disorder characterized by tinnitus,
vertigo, hearing loss & fullness of
ear )