This document provides an overview of seed saving and discusses various types of seeds including open pollinated seeds, hybrid seeds, genetically engineered seeds, and terminator seeds. It notes that open pollinated seeds have been developed by farmers over many years, while hybrid and genetically engineered seeds require purchase from companies each year. The document also summarizes the impacts and issues associated with the Green Revolution, including increased pesticide use, loss of biodiversity, and negative environmental and social consequences. It discusses concepts like seed sovereignty, intellectual property rights, biopiracy, and the pressures farmers face regarding what seeds they can grow.
A Guide to Seed Saving: You too Can be a Seed Saver
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Organic farming aims to achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. It uses techniques like crop rotation, composting, mulching and green manures to improve soil quality and control pests without using synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Organic farmers work with nature rather than against it to create a balanced system where crops and animals can thrive.
Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
This document discusses a student project on plant breeding tomatoes. It will involve growing tomatoes from two varieties, Marimar and Diamante, in controlled and experimental groups. The project aims to develop a new high-yielding tomato variety or observe differences in fruit yield between the groups. The document outlines the project activities, which include preparing planting materials and soil, planting the tomato seeds, and observing and caring for the young plants. It is hoped that the project will help address issues of malnutrition, food shortage, and poverty through improving tomato yields.
Organic plant breeding aims to develop crop varieties without using chemicals. It focuses on creating varieties that are well-adapted to organic farming systems and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses without the use of pesticides. Organic varieties are developed and tested exclusively under organic conditions. The objectives of organic plant breeding include improving competitiveness against weeds, quality over yield, biodiversity, and resistance to stresses. Common breeding techniques include selection, hybridization and plant introduction, but GMOs, radiation, and synthetic chemicals are prohibited.
Plant Domestication and selection in plant breeding SHWETA GUPTA
Plant domestication began around 10,000 years ago when humans began agriculture. Through domestication, humans brought wild plant species under human management by selecting for desirable traits. This led to changes in the physical characteristics of plants over many generations as domesticated plants became dependent on humans for propagation. The main purposes of domestication were to obtain food, clothing, shelter and medicines. The process involved natural selection, spontaneous mutations, and selective breeding to develop cultivated varieties that differed from their wild ancestors in traits like yield, germination rates, and disease resistance. Domestication made plants better suited for agriculture but also less resistant to stresses over time.
Introduction to On-farm Organic Plant Breeding provides farmers with an overview of basic genetics, farm-based experimental design, and breeding techniques appropriate for organic farms. - See more at: http://ofrf.org/blogs/new-tools-organic-farmers-teach-diy-plant-breeding#sthash.clHAu7FF.Fd4spHEW.dpuf
A Guide to Seed Saving: You too Can be a Seed Saver
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Organic farming aims to achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. It uses techniques like crop rotation, composting, mulching and green manures to improve soil quality and control pests without using synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Organic farmers work with nature rather than against it to create a balanced system where crops and animals can thrive.
Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
This document discusses a student project on plant breeding tomatoes. It will involve growing tomatoes from two varieties, Marimar and Diamante, in controlled and experimental groups. The project aims to develop a new high-yielding tomato variety or observe differences in fruit yield between the groups. The document outlines the project activities, which include preparing planting materials and soil, planting the tomato seeds, and observing and caring for the young plants. It is hoped that the project will help address issues of malnutrition, food shortage, and poverty through improving tomato yields.
Organic plant breeding aims to develop crop varieties without using chemicals. It focuses on creating varieties that are well-adapted to organic farming systems and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses without the use of pesticides. Organic varieties are developed and tested exclusively under organic conditions. The objectives of organic plant breeding include improving competitiveness against weeds, quality over yield, biodiversity, and resistance to stresses. Common breeding techniques include selection, hybridization and plant introduction, but GMOs, radiation, and synthetic chemicals are prohibited.
Plant Domestication and selection in plant breeding SHWETA GUPTA
Plant domestication began around 10,000 years ago when humans began agriculture. Through domestication, humans brought wild plant species under human management by selecting for desirable traits. This led to changes in the physical characteristics of plants over many generations as domesticated plants became dependent on humans for propagation. The main purposes of domestication were to obtain food, clothing, shelter and medicines. The process involved natural selection, spontaneous mutations, and selective breeding to develop cultivated varieties that differed from their wild ancestors in traits like yield, germination rates, and disease resistance. Domestication made plants better suited for agriculture but also less resistant to stresses over time.
Introduction to On-farm Organic Plant Breeding provides farmers with an overview of basic genetics, farm-based experimental design, and breeding techniques appropriate for organic farms. - See more at: http://ofrf.org/blogs/new-tools-organic-farmers-teach-diy-plant-breeding#sthash.clHAu7FF.Fd4spHEW.dpuf
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Objectives of plant breeding || Plant Breeding and Genetics || Chethan Emmadi...RB PG College ,Agra.
The document outlines the objectives of plant breeding, which include:
1. Developing varieties with higher yields, improved quality, and resistance to diseases and insects. This will make crops more profitable.
2. Adapting crops to different environments by modifying characteristics like maturity duration, photosynthetic responses, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
3. Breeding desirable agronomic traits like plant height, tillering, and growth habit to suit various growing conditions and agricultural systems. The overall goal is to breed well-balanced, high-yielding varieties suited to local growing conditions and farmer needs.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits that are economically and agronomically desirable for human benefit. The main objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, developing resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, altering maturity duration, and improving other agronomic characteristics. As cultivable land decreases, plant breeding is crucial to meet food demands by enhancing crop productivity through developing high-yielding varieties and stabilizing yields under varying environmental conditions. While plant breeding has led to major improvements, it also carries some risks such as reduced genetic diversity, narrow genetic bases of varieties, and increased susceptibility to minor issues.
The document discusses genetic engineering and transgenic crops. It provides benefits of genetic engineering such as producing higher yielding and more nutritious crops. However, it also notes risks such as transgenic crops developing into "super weeds" or introducing allergens into foods. The FDA checks transgenic foods to ensure allergen levels have not increased significantly. Some view genetic engineering as going against religious values and ethics.
This document discusses the breeding objectives of several important vegetable crops in India. It begins by defining breeding objectives as specific agronomic parameters that breeders aim to improve in a crop, such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality traits, and yield. It then provides some statistics on vegetable production and consumption in India. The rest of the document outlines the key breeding objectives for several crops, including high yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, quality traits, and maturity timing. Crops discussed include potato, pea, muskmelon, watermelon, onion, and radish.
This study compared ant diversity between a polyculture farm called Lick Run Farm and a monoculture farm growing transgenic corn called Michael Beahm Farm. Ants were collected using pitfall traps from both farms. Results showed higher ant species richness and diversity at Lick Run Farm compared to Michael Beahm Farm, likely due to the differing habitats created by polyculture versus monoculture agricultural practices.
This document summarizes research on integrated farming practices that involve growing fruit trees and rearing ruminant livestock in homesteads. It discusses how small-scale farmers face challenges in adequately feeding confined ruminants and maintaining soil fertility for fruit trees. The paper proposes adjustments to the traditional practices, including planting browse plants and pasture around fruit trees to provide fodder for animals, using prunings as mulch, and composting animal manure and plant waste to fertilize soil and improve yields. Further research is needed on the nutritional values of browse species and their performance in different seasons to help farmers select appropriate plants. The integrated practices aim to sustainably meet the needs of both ruminants and fruit trees using on
Vegetable Grafting Against Biotic and Abiotic StressUbaidAbdulKhaliq
Vegetable grafting is a very effective technique to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses that crop face during production period. Vegetable grafting results in improved crop yield.
The concept and purpose of plant breeding in the modern environmentPaul Gooderham
The concept of plant breeding has been in use since centuries. It is practised across the world by commercial enterprises and government institutions. The increasing requirement of food security has made breeding new crops important.
Introduction and History of Plant Breeding | Phases Evolved in Plant Breeding...RB PG College ,Agra.
Plant breeding has progressed through five phases: domestication of wild plants, selection to exploit natural genetic variation, hybridization to create new combinations of genes, creating novel genetic variation through induced mutations and polyploidy, and currently genetic engineering. The history began with prehistoric domestication of plants and selection of varieties suited to human needs. In later phases, hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology have allowed breeding of improved varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, and stress tolerance.
This document summarizes topics related to genetic engineering including the Green Revolution, genetic erosion, traditional crossbreeding, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production through high-yielding crop varieties but caused issues like pollution, soil erosion, and negative health effects. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic diversity, which can be caused by habitat loss or lack of breeding. Traditional crossbreeding techniques include selection and hybridization to transfer traits, while genetic engineering directly inserts genes between unrelated species. The document discusses both perceived benefits and concerns about GMOs.
This document discusses weed control methods for organic crop production. It begins by outlining general weed management factors like exclusion, elimination, and prevention of establishment. Specific exclusion techniques include field selection, preventing additions of weed seeds, and using organic mulches. Elimination involves preventing weed buildup through timely cultivation and purposeful plantings. Prevention of establishment can be achieved through preemergence "herbicides" like corn gluten meal, timely cultivation, cover crop management, and mulches. Weed removal methods include mechanical, manual, physical (flame/steam), and approved organic herbicides. The document emphasizes giving crops an edge over weeds through rapid growth, dense canopies, and nutrient management. It concludes with an
This document discusses modern farming methods and their drawbacks. It provides information on fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation techniques, harvesting, and storage used in modern agriculture. The text raises concerns that these intensive farming practices are depleting soils, polluting the environment, reducing nutrient levels in crops, and exposing consumers and farm workers to dangerous chemicals. Organic farming is presented as a more sustainable alternative that avoids these issues.
This document discusses improving crop production and animal husbandry to meet the food needs of India's growing population. It outlines that crop yields can be increased through variety improvement, better production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, and crop protection. Variety improvement is done through hybridization and genetic modification. Nutrient management involves the use of manure and fertilizers. Irrigation and different cropping patterns like intercropping are also described. The document also discusses animal husbandry practices for cattle, poultry and fish farming.
Introduction to plant breeding, History and Achievements SHWETA GUPTA
This presentation provides an overview of the history, objectives, and achievements of plant breeding. It discusses how plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years to improve crops for human benefit. The major activities of plant breeding include creating genetic variability, selecting elite varieties, testing genotypes, and distributing new varieties. Objectives include increasing yield, improving quality, eliminating toxins, and providing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some notable achievements highlighted are the development of semi-dwarf wheat varieties that enabled the Green Revolution and the identification of the dwarfing gene Dee Gee Woo Gen that revolutionized rice breeding. The future of plant breeding remains challenging but innovative techniques will help advance conventional methods.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
Analyzing Social Media Conversations in Agricultureevolve24
Jay Harrison shares how social media can be analyzed to identify the most pressing topics of conversation within an industry using agriculture examples, and how businesses can use these insights to get ahead of emerging issues.
Human pulp cells response to portland cement in vitroNelly Castro
Portland cement showed no cytotoxic effects on cultured human pulp cells, unlike other dental materials tested. Cells exposed to Portland cement attached and proliferated normally. Expression of osteonectin and dentin sialophosphoprotein, markers of mineralization, was induced in cells treated with Portland cement. The results suggest Portland cement is biocompatible and may promote reparative dentin formation making it a potential pulp capping material.
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic Vegetables
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Objectives of plant breeding || Plant Breeding and Genetics || Chethan Emmadi...RB PG College ,Agra.
The document outlines the objectives of plant breeding, which include:
1. Developing varieties with higher yields, improved quality, and resistance to diseases and insects. This will make crops more profitable.
2. Adapting crops to different environments by modifying characteristics like maturity duration, photosynthetic responses, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
3. Breeding desirable agronomic traits like plant height, tillering, and growth habit to suit various growing conditions and agricultural systems. The overall goal is to breed well-balanced, high-yielding varieties suited to local growing conditions and farmer needs.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits that are economically and agronomically desirable for human benefit. The main objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, developing resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, altering maturity duration, and improving other agronomic characteristics. As cultivable land decreases, plant breeding is crucial to meet food demands by enhancing crop productivity through developing high-yielding varieties and stabilizing yields under varying environmental conditions. While plant breeding has led to major improvements, it also carries some risks such as reduced genetic diversity, narrow genetic bases of varieties, and increased susceptibility to minor issues.
The document discusses genetic engineering and transgenic crops. It provides benefits of genetic engineering such as producing higher yielding and more nutritious crops. However, it also notes risks such as transgenic crops developing into "super weeds" or introducing allergens into foods. The FDA checks transgenic foods to ensure allergen levels have not increased significantly. Some view genetic engineering as going against religious values and ethics.
This document discusses the breeding objectives of several important vegetable crops in India. It begins by defining breeding objectives as specific agronomic parameters that breeders aim to improve in a crop, such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality traits, and yield. It then provides some statistics on vegetable production and consumption in India. The rest of the document outlines the key breeding objectives for several crops, including high yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, quality traits, and maturity timing. Crops discussed include potato, pea, muskmelon, watermelon, onion, and radish.
This study compared ant diversity between a polyculture farm called Lick Run Farm and a monoculture farm growing transgenic corn called Michael Beahm Farm. Ants were collected using pitfall traps from both farms. Results showed higher ant species richness and diversity at Lick Run Farm compared to Michael Beahm Farm, likely due to the differing habitats created by polyculture versus monoculture agricultural practices.
This document summarizes research on integrated farming practices that involve growing fruit trees and rearing ruminant livestock in homesteads. It discusses how small-scale farmers face challenges in adequately feeding confined ruminants and maintaining soil fertility for fruit trees. The paper proposes adjustments to the traditional practices, including planting browse plants and pasture around fruit trees to provide fodder for animals, using prunings as mulch, and composting animal manure and plant waste to fertilize soil and improve yields. Further research is needed on the nutritional values of browse species and their performance in different seasons to help farmers select appropriate plants. The integrated practices aim to sustainably meet the needs of both ruminants and fruit trees using on
Vegetable Grafting Against Biotic and Abiotic StressUbaidAbdulKhaliq
Vegetable grafting is a very effective technique to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses that crop face during production period. Vegetable grafting results in improved crop yield.
The concept and purpose of plant breeding in the modern environmentPaul Gooderham
The concept of plant breeding has been in use since centuries. It is practised across the world by commercial enterprises and government institutions. The increasing requirement of food security has made breeding new crops important.
Introduction and History of Plant Breeding | Phases Evolved in Plant Breeding...RB PG College ,Agra.
Plant breeding has progressed through five phases: domestication of wild plants, selection to exploit natural genetic variation, hybridization to create new combinations of genes, creating novel genetic variation through induced mutations and polyploidy, and currently genetic engineering. The history began with prehistoric domestication of plants and selection of varieties suited to human needs. In later phases, hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology have allowed breeding of improved varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, and stress tolerance.
This document summarizes topics related to genetic engineering including the Green Revolution, genetic erosion, traditional crossbreeding, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production through high-yielding crop varieties but caused issues like pollution, soil erosion, and negative health effects. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic diversity, which can be caused by habitat loss or lack of breeding. Traditional crossbreeding techniques include selection and hybridization to transfer traits, while genetic engineering directly inserts genes between unrelated species. The document discusses both perceived benefits and concerns about GMOs.
This document discusses weed control methods for organic crop production. It begins by outlining general weed management factors like exclusion, elimination, and prevention of establishment. Specific exclusion techniques include field selection, preventing additions of weed seeds, and using organic mulches. Elimination involves preventing weed buildup through timely cultivation and purposeful plantings. Prevention of establishment can be achieved through preemergence "herbicides" like corn gluten meal, timely cultivation, cover crop management, and mulches. Weed removal methods include mechanical, manual, physical (flame/steam), and approved organic herbicides. The document emphasizes giving crops an edge over weeds through rapid growth, dense canopies, and nutrient management. It concludes with an
This document discusses modern farming methods and their drawbacks. It provides information on fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation techniques, harvesting, and storage used in modern agriculture. The text raises concerns that these intensive farming practices are depleting soils, polluting the environment, reducing nutrient levels in crops, and exposing consumers and farm workers to dangerous chemicals. Organic farming is presented as a more sustainable alternative that avoids these issues.
This document discusses improving crop production and animal husbandry to meet the food needs of India's growing population. It outlines that crop yields can be increased through variety improvement, better production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, and crop protection. Variety improvement is done through hybridization and genetic modification. Nutrient management involves the use of manure and fertilizers. Irrigation and different cropping patterns like intercropping are also described. The document also discusses animal husbandry practices for cattle, poultry and fish farming.
Introduction to plant breeding, History and Achievements SHWETA GUPTA
This presentation provides an overview of the history, objectives, and achievements of plant breeding. It discusses how plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years to improve crops for human benefit. The major activities of plant breeding include creating genetic variability, selecting elite varieties, testing genotypes, and distributing new varieties. Objectives include increasing yield, improving quality, eliminating toxins, and providing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some notable achievements highlighted are the development of semi-dwarf wheat varieties that enabled the Green Revolution and the identification of the dwarfing gene Dee Gee Woo Gen that revolutionized rice breeding. The future of plant breeding remains challenging but innovative techniques will help advance conventional methods.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
Analyzing Social Media Conversations in Agricultureevolve24
Jay Harrison shares how social media can be analyzed to identify the most pressing topics of conversation within an industry using agriculture examples, and how businesses can use these insights to get ahead of emerging issues.
Human pulp cells response to portland cement in vitroNelly Castro
Portland cement showed no cytotoxic effects on cultured human pulp cells, unlike other dental materials tested. Cells exposed to Portland cement attached and proliferated normally. Expression of osteonectin and dentin sialophosphoprotein, markers of mineralization, was induced in cells treated with Portland cement. The results suggest Portland cement is biocompatible and may promote reparative dentin formation making it a potential pulp capping material.
Nearly 20 Years of Bt Hybrids: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go from Here?
The document summarizes the lessons learned from nearly 20 years of using Bt corn hybrids in the midwestern US corn belt. It discusses the initial benefits of Bt corn in reducing pesticide use and increasing yields. However, it also notes that western corn rootworm has now evolved resistance to some Bt proteins. Additionally, excessive use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and prophylactic soil insecticides threatens the sustainability of current pest management approaches. The future of pest management will require re-emphasizing integrated pest management principles like scouting and economic thresholds over insurance-based overuse of chemicals
Custom low-profile keypad assemblies with the right combination of material and construction choices can provide high reliability user interface keypads. Prepare to discover the differences between high reliability custom keypad assemblies and those keypad assemblies which fail prematurely.
There are a number of factors that adversely affect keypad reliability.
Astrocyte pVHL and HIF- isoforms are required for embryonic-to-adult vascul...Melissa Henrie
Astrocyte-targeted deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (Vhl) gene in mice induces accelerated regression of the hyaloidal vessels, the embryonic blood vessel network in the eye. This is followed by massive secondary outgrowth of new blood vessels. Combinatorial deletion of Vhl and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) genes revealed that HIF-2α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling induces the secondary outgrowth in Vhl mutants. In contrast, HIF-1α regulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor to promote macrophage infiltration, which accelerates hyaloidal vessel regression. The phenotype observed in Vhl mutants resembles human persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous cases and provides
Major companies producing GMOs have several things in common: they prioritize industrial interests over adapting technology to nature. GMOs provide no consumer benefits like lower prices, better taste, or improved nutrition. Research shows potential health risks from GMOs including damage to organs, immune system failure, and holes in the digestive tract of sheep that consumed Bt cotton. Genetic modifications could also lead to unpredictable mutations and new toxins or allergens due to uncontrolled gene interactions in plants. Overall, there is a lack of research on the long term impacts of GMOs and gene transfer to bacteria and human cells.
A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN DROUGHTShoaib Ur Rehman
Drought stress tolerance research in wheat has identified several important morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms. At the morphological level, traits such as osmotic adjustment and stomatal conductance have shown positive correlations with drought tolerance. At the molecular level, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses have discovered regions on chromosomes 4A and 5B that are associated with drought tolerance. Proteomic and gene expression analyses have revealed genes involved in important biological pathways, such as reactive oxygen species scavenging, that correlate with drought tolerance. Overall, research has provided information on QTLs and genes that could be utilized to develop new wheat varieties with improved drought stress tolerance.
This presentation explores the issue of phosphorus in stormwater runoff, including what it is, where it comes from, and common phosphorous treatment practices.
FIRST PLASTIC CELL WITH WORKING ORGANELLE AND MODIFIED PROTEINS AS VACCINES A...LaurisMonto
Scientists developed artificial cells using polymers that were able to perform the same chemical reactions as natural cells. They created organelles like membranes, ribosomes, and mitochondria in the artificial cells. Using fluorescence, they confirmed that the planned cascade of intracellular reactions took place as intended. Separately, researchers identified the Pru p 3 protein as the cause of peach allergies. They developed two modified versions, Pru p 3.02 and Pru p 3.03, for use in immunotherapy to treat patients with peach allergies. While more animal trials are still needed, this research establishes a new approach for immunotherapy and has potential applications for treating other food allergies and autoimmune diseases.
The document discusses how the environment and life interact in several ways:
1) The environment includes all living and non-living things that surround us and with which we interact, such as other organisms, land, air, water, and human-built structures.
2) Human activities negatively impact the environment through increased pollution, ecosystem destruction, and effects of pesticides and pollution on other organisms. The main types of pollution are solid waste, air, and water pollution.
3) Various technologies can have both positive and negative effects on the environment. While providing benefits, energy/power, production, and bio-related technologies may overuse resources and generate pollution, requiring solutions around sustainable development, conservation, and pollution control
Tissue culture is the growth of plant tissues or cells in a sterile medium separate from the organism. It has several applications, including the large-scale commercial production of identical plants, conserving rare species, screening plant cells for desirable traits, and producing valuable compounds from plant cells in liquid culture. Tissue culture also allows for crossing distantly related plant species and producing clean plant material free of viruses. Its advantages include producing many copies of plants with beneficial properties, allowing plant production anytime regardless of climate, and eliminating plant infections. However, its disadvantages are the high costs of equipment for large-scale production and the need for careful, trial-and-error work that depends on the plant species.
Bharat Biotech is an Indian biotechnology company that specializes in developing and manufacturing vaccines and biotherapeutics focused on public health in developing nations. It supplies vaccines to the Indian government and over 65 other countries. Bharat Biotech has large manufacturing facilities in Hyderabad, India that meet stringent international standards. The company is a leader in innovation and research and development, with a focus on diseases prevalent in developing market populations.
Is genetic engineering the answer to ending global hunger sample paper - essaySamples.assignmentlab.com
Genetic engineering aims to solve world hunger by creating foods with better nutrition and disease resistance through biotechnology techniques like transferring genes between organisms that cannot naturally crossbreed. However, eliminating poverty is also necessary to truly end hunger. While genetic engineering promises more effective and faster breeding of crops with desirable traits, some argue it may not fully address the root causes of hunger related to poverty and access. Overall the document discusses the potential for genetic engineering to boost food supplies but recognizes limitations without also tackling economic and social factors contributing to hunger.
The biotechnology industry in India is expected to grow significantly by 2017 due to factors such as growing demand from India's large population, increasing government support and investments, and a favorable policy environment. The government has steadily increased funding for biotechnology over the years through various five-year plans and aims to spend $3.7 billion in the current 12th five-year plan compared to $1.1 billion in the previous plan. Various segments within the biotechnology industry such as bio-pharmaceuticals, bio-services, and bio-agriculture have also experienced growth in recent years. The biotechnology sector represents a major area of focus and priority for the Indian government in order to support the country's healthcare needs and development
This document is a resume for Marwin Ko that outlines his education and experience. It summarizes that he received his M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from UC Merced in 2015 and B.S. in Bioengineering from UC Merced in 2013. It also lists his extensive engineering coursework, research experience including publications, technical skills, teaching experience, awards and affiliations.
A procedure for high yield spore production by bacillus subtilisSiamak Alizade
This document summarizes a study on optimizing culture conditions to increase Bacillus subtilis spore production. The researchers investigated the effects of pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, and media composition in batch cultures. They achieved a maximum spore concentration of 5.6 × 109 spores/mL by maintaining pH at 7.5 and optimizing other conditions. They then developed a fed-batch process using an exponential feeding profile, achieving a maximum spore concentration of 7.4 × 109 spores/mL, representing a 3-fold increase over previous studies.
Art science practices and collaborations in bangalore, indiaHLab14
Open Source ArtScience practices and collaborations in Bangalore, India
Yashas Shetty presents on open source ArtScience practices and collaborations happening in Bangalore, India. These include events at the Indian Institute of Science, Srishti School of Art, Design and Technology, National Center for Biological Sciences, and projects like Teenage Gene Poems, DIY lab equipment, Autonomous Public Lab, Searching for Genetically Engineered Machines, and collaborations between LifePatch, ArtScienceBLR, and EPFL on projects like Metamap.in, SeasonWatch.in, and Migrantwatch.in. The talk acknowledges contributions from Dr. Mukund Thattai, Dr. Geeth
Food and Nutrition Management (FDNM) at Georgian College, CanadaAlka Bhise
The document summarizes the Food and Nutrition Management (FDNM) program at Georgian College in Canada. The 1-year graduate certificate program trains students in managing food services departments and applying nutritional and business principles. Coursework covers topics like human resources, finance, clinical nutrition, and food modification. Students complete practical hands-on training and 10 weeks of job placement. Graduates find entry-level positions managing food services in healthcare, education, and other community settings. Admission requires a bachelor's degree in fields like home science, culinary arts, or hospitality.
Today's portable devices, intelligent power management is mandatory as the combination of wireless communication, navigation, touch screens and other technologies require increased power consumption.
The document summarizes the impacts of the Green Revolution from the 1940s-1970s, which aimed to increase global agricultural production through new technologies. It led to increased cereal crop yields through high-yielding varieties, irrigation infrastructure, and chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This boosted food availability and reduced famine in countries like India and Mexico. However, it also had negative consequences like groundwater depletion, increased monocultures, and worsening inequality as small farmers struggled with high input costs. The document then discusses the introduction of GE crops and notes both arguments for reducing world hunger but also concerns about the impacts on bees, weeds, and Indian farmer suicides.
Seed Production and Seed Sources of Organic VegetablesSeeds
This document provides guidelines for organic seed production in Florida. It discusses the increasing demand for organic vegetables and seeds due to regulations requiring organic seed sources. Commercial seed production typically occurs in western states with ideal climates, but demand is increasing production in other regions. Selection of crops suitable for the local environment is important. Organic seed production requires following guidelines for land selection, soil preparation without chemicals, planting, and managing weeds, insects and diseases organically. Harvest and post-harvest handling depends on the specific crop and whether it produces wet or dry seeds. Biological controls can help manage pests organically.
This document discusses the importance of seed diversity for ensuring resilient and nutritious food production in the face of climate change. It outlines how agricultural biodiversity has declined dramatically due to the loss of traditional seed varieties and knowledge. However, reviving seed diversity through supporting local seed systems, networks, and farmers' rights is key to building climate resilience. The document presents case studies from countries taking innovative approaches to enhancing seed diversity and agriculture through collaboration with small-scale farmers.
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES CHAPTER 15 NCERTARJUN T
This document discusses various methods for improving food resources in India, including sustainable agriculture practices like organic farming, improved crop yields through genetic manipulation and crop management techniques. It covers different crop seasons, the use of manure and fertilizers, irrigation methods, cropping patterns, weed control, plant diseases and grain storage. It also discusses animal husbandry practices like cattle farming, poultry, fish production, and bee-keeping to increase food production.
Sustainable agriculture techniques allow farmers to achieve high crop yields while preserving natural resources and the environment. These techniques include crop rotation, cover crops, enhancing soil quality, and using natural pest predators. Farmers can minimize the use of pesticides and fertilizers by employing integrated pest management and taking advantage of biological pest control methods. Sustainable agriculture is economically viable, socially supportive of farm communities, and ecologically sound.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of vegetable production. It discusses how vegetable production has increased over time due to technological advances like mechanization, fertilizers, pesticides, and cultivar improvements. It defines what constitutes a vegetable and explores the domestication of early vegetable crops in places like the Middle East around 10,000 years ago. The text also examines how the vegetable industry has become more global and consolidated in recent decades but faces challenges around sustainability and food safety.
Open Source Seed Systems ~ Centre for Sustainable AgricultureSeeds
The document discusses open source seed systems as an alternative to the commercial proprietary seed model. It proposes applying open source principles of free sharing and reuse to seed varieties, so that farmers are not restricted in saving, selecting, exchanging, and selling seeds. Key points:
1. Open source seeds would be freely available and farmers could reuse seeds through saving, selecting, and sharing with others.
2. This could help conserve traditional seed varieties and encourage participatory plant breeding to develop new varieties suited to farmers' needs.
3. An open source seed network and community seed banks would help coordinate open source variety development and seed distribution.
The document discusses the author's experience growing and saving seeds from a variety of beans called the "Melbourne Mini". Seed saving allows plant varieties to evolve and adapt to local conditions, but many older varieties are becoming extinct as commercial seed companies focus on varieties suited for mass production and marketing. The Heritage Seed Library works to preserve older non-commercial varieties by lending seeds to gardeners and having some volunteer as "Seed Guardians" to replenish stocks. The author is characterizing the Melbourne Mini bean variety as part of preserving it for future generations.
This document discusses many issues related to sustainable agriculture, including organics, GMOs, biotechnology, plant nutrition, and environmental impacts. It argues that the debate should primarily focus on ensuring complete and safe plant nutrition that caters to the plant's requirements in an environmentally friendly way. Both organic agriculture and practices from the Green Revolution have flaws if plant nutrition is not managed properly. Modern science has developed nutrient inputs that do not harm the environment while allowing for efficient use of genetic potential to feed a growing population sustainably.
All living organisms have the ability
to improve themselves through
natural means in order to adapt to
changing environmental conditions.
However, it takes hundreds of years
before any detectable improvement
is obtained. Man then learned how
to domesticate and breed plants
in order to develop crops to his
own liking and needs using various
means including biotechnology.
Biotechnology is defined as
a set of tools that uses living
organisms (or parts of organisms)
to make or modify a product,
improve plants, trees or animals,
or develop microorganisms
for specific uses. Agricultural
biotechnology is the term used in
crop and livestock improvement
through biotechnology tools. This
monograph will focus only on
agricultural crop biotechnology.
Biotechnology encompasses a
number of tools and elements of
conventional breeding techniques,
bioinformatics, microbiology,
molecular genetics, biochemistry,
plant physiology, and molecular
biology.
The biotechnology tools that
are important for agricultural
biotechnology include:
- Conventional plant breeding
- Tissue culture and
micropropagation
- Molecular breeding or marker
assisted selection
- Genetic engineering and GM
crops
- Molecular Diagnostic Tools
This document discusses genetically modified crops and their potential impact. It begins by introducing how GM crops could help address the problem of chronic hunger by increasing yields and environmental stress resistance. It then provides definitions of GM crops, examples of GM crops grown in India including Bt cotton, corn, and golden rice. It discusses the history and development of GM crops. It also outlines some objectives and benefits of GM crops, as well as potential problems associated with them including health and environmental risks. Finally it discusses future applications of GM crop technology.
Food resources by prof. shashank chaurasiyashashankc10
Food is essential for human survival and development. Historically, humans obtained food through gathering, hunting, and early forms of agriculture. With advances in science and technology, agricultural production has increased through practices like mixed farming, irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yielding crop varieties. However, population growth, climate issues, and lack of infrastructure still contribute to food problems globally and in India. Modern industrial agriculture has benefits but also drawbacks like nutrient imbalance, eutrophication, reduced biodiversity, waterlogging, and salinity.
This document discusses conventional plant breeding techniques used over thousands of years by farmers and more recently by plant breeders to develop improved crop varieties. It describes how early farmers selected desirable traits from local varieties to save and replant, while modern plant breeders use genetics knowledge to cross plants with desired traits. The result is either open-pollinated varieties that breed true, or hybrid varieties produced by crossing pure parent lines to yield high-performing first generation offspring, though hybrid seeds must be repurchased annually. Conventional breeding has significantly increased global food production but has limitations; new techniques like mutation breeding and biotechnology further expand options.
Food provides energy and nutrients for human growth and physiological processes. Historically, humans obtained food through gathering and hunting, but most modern societies rely on agriculture, animal domestication, and fishing. Agricultural advances like mixed farming, irrigation, fertilizers, and high-yielding seeds contributed to increased global food supply, though population growth and land degradation still threaten food security in some areas. India faces food problems due to issues like poverty, population growth, and lack of infrastructure and technology, which modern agricultural methods and distribution systems aim to address.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Rice is a staple crop for over half the world's population and is primarily grown and consumed in Asia and other developing countries. While the Green Revolution led to increased rice yields, it also caused environmental and social problems through practices like monocropping and excessive pesticide use. Current issues in rice production include stagnating yields, pest resistance, and debates around genetically modifying rice. Efforts are underway to improve sustainability through crop rotation and reducing post-harvest losses.
This document summarizes Kumar Aksh's project on improving food resources. It discusses several topics related to sustainable and organic agriculture including crop seasons, cropping patterns like mixed cropping and intercropping, nutrient management through manure and fertilizers, animal husbandry, poultry, fish, and bee keeping. The document emphasizes utilizing natural resources effectively to meet changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving resources.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered using biotechnology. This allows genes to be transferred between species in a way that does not occur naturally. The document outlines both potential advantages and disadvantages of GMOs. Advantages include increased resistance to pests and environmental stresses, higher yields, and helping address issues like food scarcity. Disadvantages include possible allergic reactions and concerns about environmental impacts. The document concludes by arguing that GMOs can help improve food security and that with proper regulation, their benefits can outweigh risks to human health and the environment.
Transgenic plants are plants that have had their genomes modified through genetic engineering by adding or removing genes. Genetic engineering can make plants resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, or environmental stresses. Some applications of transgenic plants include producing insect-resistant crops using Bt genes, virus-resistant crops, increasing crop yields, improving nutrition by adding essential amino acids, and using plants to produce industrial compounds. Commercially grown transgenic crops include herbicide-resistant soybeans and insect-resistant corn and cotton.
Similar to You too Can Be a Seed Saver: A Guide to Seed Saving (20)
Marthe Cohn was a Jewish French spy who risked her life to gather intelligence for the French resistance during WWII. She infiltrated Nazi Germany using her fluent German and managed to discover key military information. As a result, the French army was able to achieve an important victory. Cohn went on to have a long career as a nurse and nurse anesthetist. She has received numerous honors for her wartime heroism and courageously fights to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive.
This document provides links to resources about organic gardening techniques, urban farming, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, straight vegetable oil vehicles, garden therapy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, solar energy training, and eco-friendly coffee beans. It discusses how organic gardening technologies can increase plant yields by 400% and provides catalogs and manuals about topics such as city farming, backyard farming, rain gardens, and aquaponics systems. The links provide free information for organic and sustainable living practices.
Ruth Jones, a Christian teacher without a master's degree or administrative experience, was unexpectedly named principal of a struggling inner city elementary school in Grand Rapids, Michigan that was on the verge of closure due to poor academic performance. Through prayer, addressing students' practical needs, and recruiting volunteers, Jones led a dramatic turnaround of the school over 20 years. Test scores and graduation rates increased sharply, and the school now has a waiting list despite originally facing closure. Jones attributes the school's success to aligning herself with God.
- Coconut oil may help slow or prevent Alzheimer's disease in some people by providing an alternative fuel for brain cells in the form of ketones. Dr. Mary Newport put her husband Steve, who had Alzheimer's, on a diet supplemented with coconut oil, which led to improvements in his symptoms and cognitive abilities.
- Researchers have developed a ketone ester that is more potent than coconut oil, but it is very expensive to produce. Coconut oil remains a viable alternative source of ketones. Taking coconut oil may also help with other neurological diseases due to its ability to increase ketone levels and good cholesterol while reducing bad bacteria.
A teacher in Baltimore transformed the lives of students from the slums. In the 1920s, college students evaluated 200 boys from the slums and said they had no chance of success. Twenty-five years later, it was found that 176 of the 180 boys who could be located had achieved success as lawyers, doctors, and businessmen. The professor interviewed each man and they all credited their success to a teacher who had loved and believed in them. When interviewed, the elderly teacher said her simple method was that she loved those boys.
Robert Raikes witnessed the poor conditions of children in Gloucester, England in the late 18th century due to the Industrial Revolution. This inspired him to create the first Sunday school to educate and reform street children. The Sunday school used the Bible as its textbook and proved hugely successful in improving behavior and civic responsibility. Raikes' idea then spread across Britain and to other parts of Europe and America, revolutionizing religious education of children and community outreach efforts of churches. Late in life, Raikes had a profound spiritual experience witnessing a young girl reading the Bible that gave him a new understanding of faith.
The document discusses using Groasis Waterboxx devices to help plant and grow trees in dry environments like the Sahara Desert. It describes how the author and a colleague tried using 10 Waterboxx devices to plant trees in M'hamid, Morocco but their luggage containing the devices was initially lost. They were eventually found and the devices were used to plant tamarisk trees to compare growth with traditional planting methods. The document provides details on how the Waterboxx works, collecting condensation and directing water to tree roots, and hopes the experiment will help increase tree survival rates in the dry climate.
The Groasis Waterboxx is a low-tech device that helps seeds and saplings grow into strong trees in dry environments. It collects and stores rainwater and condensation to slowly water the roots daily. In tests, 88% of trees grown with the Waterboxx survived compared to only 10.5% without it. The inventor believes using this technology could reforest billions of acres and offset humanity's carbon emissions by capturing CO2 in new tree growth.
The document discusses the Groasis Technology, a planting method that uses a Waterboxx and other techniques to plant trees in dry areas with 90% less water. It summarizes that the technology (1) improves soil, maps planting areas, harvests rainfall, and uses the right planting techniques to help trees grow deep roots in the first year to survive independently. It also describes how the technology terraces slopes to harvest and direct rainfall to trees, uses 3D imaging to map ideal planting lines, and a capillary drill to quickly plant thousands of trees per day.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities due to lack of income from farming dry areas.
The document provides planting instructions for using a Waterboxx planting device. It outlines 6 main steps:
1. Preparing the soil by digging holes and adding compost/fertilizer or just watering.
2. Assembling the Waterboxx by placing the wick, mid-plate, lid, and siphons.
3. Preparing plants by pruning roots to encourage deep growth.
4. Planting in holes aligned east-west within the Waterboxx hole.
5. Placing the assembled Waterboxx over the planted area.
6. Watering the plants and filling the Waterboxx for the first time.
This document provides instructions for growing vegetables using the Groasis Waterboxx system. It details recommendations for greenhouse design, soil preparation, planting methods, plant spacing, watering schedules, and pest and disease management. Proper installation and maintenance of the Waterboxx system is emphasized to ensure healthy plant growth and high crop yields. Close monitoring of climate conditions and plant needs is also advised.
The document is a report on the Groasis waterboxx, a device that aims to allow farming without irrigation. It provides an overview of the waterboxx's history and development, describes its components and how it works, reviews testing that has been done, and evaluates its suitability for organic farming. In the conclusion, the report recommends that the cooperative discussed in the document not use the waterboxx yet, as more data is still needed, but could consider conducting their own tests with support from their technical services.
The document summarizes an invention called the Groasis that helps plants survive in arid climates by collecting and storing rainfall to provide steady watering to seedlings. It notes that most rainfall in deserts occurs within one week but is then unavailable, and that the Groasis uses evaporation-proof containers and wicking to deliver water to young plants over longer periods, allowing their roots to develop and access deeper groundwater reserves. Large-scale projects have used the Groasis in countries like Kenya to aid reforestation efforts and combat desertification.
The document summarizes the work of the Sahara Roots Foundation in Morocco and their use of the Groasis Waterboxx to help plant trees and reduce desertification. The Sahara Roots Foundation was established to implement development projects to conserve the Moroccan Sahara through activities like tree planting, irrigation, education, and desert cleaning. They have started using the Groasis Waterboxx, an "intelligent water battery" developed by AquaPro, to improve the survival rate of newly planted trees. The Waterboxx produces and captures water through condensation and rain, allowing trees to be planted in dry areas like rocks and deserts with a 100% success rate.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities.
Groasis Technology is compared to drip irrigation over a 50-year project for a 500-hectare tree plantation. Key financial indicators show that using Groasis Waterboxes results in a higher net present value (NPV) of €26.62 million compared to €21.15 million for drip irrigation, and a slightly higher internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.1% versus 23.4% for drip irrigation. Waterboxx also has a longer payback period of 7 years compared to 5 years for drip irrigation. The document provides assumptions and calculations for costs and revenues for both systems over the 50-year period.
A new technology called the Groasis Waterboxx shows promise for reclaiming desert landscapes and increasing plant survival rates. The simple device regulates temperature and moisture levels around young plants, allowing trees and crops to grow with little watering even in dry conditions. Initial trials in Africa found tree survival rates increased to 88% with the Waterboxx compared to only 10% without it. Researchers in Kenya are optimistic this technology could significantly reduce desertification and help transform the country's deserts into productive, economic areas through increased vegetation.
More from School Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
You too Can Be a Seed Saver: A Guide to Seed Saving
1. You too can be a Seed Saver! A Guide to Seed Saving
2. Seed
In traditional Indian agriculture the seed is the source of life. It is both the source of grain, and all future seeds. The seed is a free resource which farmers save and exchange amongst one another. It is inseparable from the community‘s culture and traditional knowledge. The seed, and the plant it produces are storage containers of community values-the new seeds are worshipped before they are planted and new crops are worshipped before being consumed.
Open Pollinated Seeds
Open pollinated seeds have been developed over many years through nature‘s evolution process and careful breeding by farmers. The indigenous seeds fulfill the farmers‘ ecological, nutritional and medicinal needs, while also providing staple food, fodder and fuel for the farming community. Farmers‘ varieties are bred for quality, taste, nutrition, resilience and diversity. Therefore, in the face of climate change they are able to adapt and produce quality grains for the farmers and their communities. Farmers‘ seeds are open-pollinated varieties assessable to everyone, free of charge. These seeds are sometimes called ―landraces‖ or ―germplasm,‖ terms which serve to devalue the contributions that the farmer makes towards the evolution of their seeds through selective breeding. They are also derogatorily called ―primitive cultivars,‖ in contrast to ―elite cultivars‖, names evolved by scientists. Local farmers‘ varieties should more accurately be called kudarti (natural) or desi (local); they should be referred to as dharti ke bija (seeds of the earth), or as paramparik or nate (traditional and timeless). They should be called ―open source seeds‖ or ―open source software‖. High Yield Variety Seeds (HYV) The name ‗High Yield Variety‘ implies that the seeds are high yielding in and of themselves. However, the term HYV is misleading, as the notable characteristic of these seeds is that they are highly responsive to chemicals and water, and are in reality ―High Response Varieties‖. Agronomist Francis Chaboussou‘s empirical evidence clearly demonstrates that pests and disease organisms grow and multiply faster when the plant contains more soluble free nutrients. In other words, the biochemical and physiological state of the plant is strongly affected by the method of cultivation and this controls whether pests can invade; one can therefore avoid pests and diseases by methods of cultivation that limits the accounts of soluble nutrients in the plant (Francis Chaboussou, Healthy Crops: A New Agricultural Revolution)
3. Problems Associated with High Yield Varieties (HYV) Seeds Intensive use of chemical fertilizers makes HYV seeds highly susceptible to insect pests. The increase in use of chemical pesticides causes illness and death in humans, animals, and other beneficial insects. It also requires large (and steadily increasing) amounts of chemical fertilizers. This intensive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers eliminates much of the organic matter from the soil, compromising the soil fertility. Pesticide and fertilizer runoff into waterways is also linked to the contamination of water and the harming of aquatic life.
No HYVs have been developed that can withstand flood, drought or salinity, which are the three primary limiting factors of crop production in marginal lands. Moreover, HYV seeds require massive amounts of water, making heavy investments in mechanized, fossil-fuel dependent irrigation systems a necessity . While these seeds can be saved by farmers, they are non-sustainable, because their vulnerability to diseases and pests means they need to be replaced every few years.
Hybrid Seeds
Hybrid seeds are first generation seeds produced through crossbreeding two genetically dissimilar parents. The technique of hybridization can be done by means of controlled hand-pollination, although it also occurs naturally. The offspring of the two parent types produce a new variety with specific characteristics from both parents. New seeds may be bred for traits such as yield, nutrition, or salinity resistance. Hybrid seed cannot be saved because they do not ‗breed true‘, the offspring is not identical to the parent. Hybrid seeds have to be bought every year, thus increasing the farmers‘ dependence on the seed industry.
Genetic Engineered Seed
A seed that is developed using the technology of genetic engineering is an engineered seed (GM). Genetic engineered seeds are created by introducing one organism to another biologically unrelated organism. Genetically engineered seed uses a gene gun or a plant cancer as a ‗vector‘, an antibiotic resistant marker to select successful introduction of the new gene and a viral promoter. Genetically engineered cells are then mass propagated through tissue culture methods to produce thousands of new life forms with new characteristics.
This type of seed is in no way superior to farmers‘ varieties. Its yields come from the hybrid seeds into which the GM trait is introduced, not from genetic engineering. It is not true that GMOs increase yield. By their very nature they are monocultures, and are therefore highly vulnerable to diseases and pests. Only two traits have been commercialized on a significant scale- herbicide tolerant crops and Bt toxin crops. The former are supposed to control weeds, the latter to control pests. However, they have created super weeds and super pests as reported in the Navdanya‘s study ―The GMO Emperor has no Clothes‖.
4. Patents and Genetically Modified Seeds
A patent is a monopoly granted to a person or company that has invented a new product or article, made an improvement on an existing product, or invented a new way of making a product. In the case of patents placed on seeds and plants, this means that the company taking the patent is able to exclude others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented product. The majority of GM seeds are produced by Multinational Corporations who also make chemicals and thus are patented. A patent prevents the producer from saving and exchanging seeds, therefore undermining the farmers‘ right on seeds. The producer has to buy fresh seeds for every cultivation season. In effect, the producer loses seed sovereignty and becomes dependent on Multinational Corporations. GM seeds also increase the cost of production, as patented seeds carry a considerable amount in the form of royalty fees which increases their market price.
Terminator Seeds
Terminator seeds are genetically modified to kill their own embryos, making them sterile at harvest. This means that if farmers save the seeds of these plants at harvest for future crops, the next generation of plants will not grow. Farmers would thus need to buy new seeds every year.
After studying these seeds, molecular biologists warned of the possibility of terminator seeds spreading to surrounding food crops or to the natural environment—the gradual spread of sterility in seeding plants would result in a global catastrophe that could eventually wipe out higher life forms, including humans. Since 2001 there has been a de facto worldwide moratorium on the use of terminator technology.
The Green Revolution
Introduction
‗Green revolution‘ is the name given to the science based transformation of Third World agriculture. It was based on the assumption that technology is a superior substitute for nature and natural processes, able to produce limitless growth unconstrained by natures‘ limit.
Until the 1960s India was successfully and independently developing policies of land reform based on strengthening the ecological base of agriculture and self-reliance. In 1951, a detailed farming strategy was initiated which recognized the need to plan from the bottom which achieved major success—the rate of growth of total crop production was higher during this period than in the years following the introduction of Green Revolution agriculture.
5. In 1961, the Ford Foundation launched its Agricultural Development Program with the
introduction of modern intensive chemical farming. But native varieties of wheat tend to
―lodge‖, or fall over, when subject to intensive fertilizer applications. Therefore the new Green
Revolution ‗dwarf ‘ variety developed by American agronomist Norman Borlaug were
specifically designed to overcome this problem: shorter and stiffer stemmed, they could absorb
chemical fertilizer, to which they were highly receptive, without lodging. The new so-called
High Yield Varieties used in Green Revolution agriculture were therefore in reality High
Response Varieties, as they required heavy doses of chemical fertilizer and water.
Consequences of the Green Revolution
The first years of the Green Revolution were marked by great enthusiasm as tremendous gains
in wheat and rice production were realized. However it
soon became clear that HYV crops did not really
contribute to high productivity. When there is a
shortage of inputs (i.e. lack of irrigation or shortage of
chemical fertilizers) due to drought, social unrest, or
supply network disruption, ―modern [HYV] crops
typically show a reduction in yield. The farms‘ need to
increase the land used for mono cropping rice and
wheat meant that the production of pulses, vegetables
and oils decreased considerably. With the decline in
production of pulses, vegetables and coarse grains,
Indian nutrition also became deficient. For farmers in
poorly-producing regions the failure of their now single crop would mean the loss of the
villages‘ food supply and disastrous financial debt.
In addition to these profound economic and social costs, farmers who adopted Green
Revolution agriculture were soon forced to deal with catastrophic ecological consequences due
to increased use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Moreover, HYV seeds required massive
amounts of water and mono cropping caused soil erosion and further reduced the land‘s water-holding
capacity. Heavy investments in mechanized, fossil-fuel dependent irrigation systems
were required. Water logging and saline soils occurred in these canal-irrigated tracts, while
areas dependent on well irrigation experienced drought and desertification.
Conclusion
―Historically, the Green Revolution represented a choice to breed seed varieties that produce
high yields under optimum conditions. It was a choice not to start by developing seeds better
able to withstand drought or pests. It was a choice not to concentrate first on improving
traditional methods of increasing yields, such as mixed cropping. It was a choice not to develop
that, that was productive, labor intensive, and independent of foreign input supply. It was a
choice not to concentrate on reinforcing the balanced traditional diets of grains and legumes‖
(Lappe & Collins, Violence of the Green Revolution).
6. Pesticides and the Pesticide Treadmill
The Green Revolution drastically changed the agricultural landscape
of India. It replaced the mixed and rotation crops of millets, pulses,
oilseeds and more with monocultures of High Yielding Variety wheat
and rice. As mentioned earlier, HYV seeds are more susceptible to
insect pests when compared to desi varieties. The large scale of
chemical pesticides, along with chemical fertilizers and large amounts
of water, spelled devastation for local ecosystems – the soil and
water, as well as many beneficial insects, birds, and mammals were
damaged and destroyed.
According to the ICAR sources, only one percent of applied pesticides actually reaches the
target pests, the rest goes to non target sectors. It has also been estimated that despite heavy
pesticide use, pests are now causing damage to some 35% of the crops as against the pre-pesticide
era of 5-10% damage.
This is largely due to the change in the insects‘ ecology (change in insect lifestyle and the way
they interact with plants, other organism etc).Within a few years of introduction of HYV seeds,
the farmers noted that pests that were obscure or relatively harmless prior to the introduction
now thrived. Moreover, many of these pests gradually became resistant to most of the
pesticides, leading to increased dependence on pesticides.
The genetically modified crops with inherent pest resistance, like Bt cotton, were introduced as
a solution to this situation. However, the story was more or less similar with the GM crops. For
instance, consider the case of Bt cotton which is resistant to bollworms, the major pest causing
significant damage to cotton plantations in India. The proprietors argued that Bt cotton would
significantly reduce the pesticide application.
However, within a few years of introduction of the Bt
cotton, sucking pests- which were not a major threat
before- had emerged as a prominent pest species. A
recent study in Maharashtra found that 45% of sprays
were for sucking pest (vs 24% for bollworms) and in
Gujrat 76% were for sucking pests (vs only 7% for
bollworms).
The above experiments clearly indicate that methods
such as genetic modification and HYVs are not long term solutions for pest control. Instead,
they create a pesticide treadmill, in which farmers cannot escape the use of pesticides, inflicting
serious harm on the entire ecosystem.
Seed Sovereignty
Seed sovereignty is the right to own, sow, breed, save and exchange seeds. This makes seed the
common property of the community. Farmers in India have been following this tradition for
thousands of years. Sadly, the arrival of commercial seed industries have changed the entire
7. picture. These Multinational Corporation have successfully taken away the ownership of the seed from the hands of the farmer in the form of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).
Today, the basic premise of the Intellectual Property Rights regime is to safeguard what it considers industrial property. The IPR regime has become a means of protectionism for MNCs. It flourishes in and for the paradigm of the market economies. It seeks to provide for the protection of ideas and/or information that has apparent commercial value. The rights jurisprudence in the context of intellectual property is in favor of the ‗inventor‘ or ‗creator‘. But more often than not it is the investor rather than the inventor who is rewarded.
One of the common ways of implementing IPRs is through patents. As mentioned earlier, a patent is a monopoly granted to a person or company that has invented a new product or article, has made an improvement on an existing product, or has invented a new way of making a product.
The Criteria for a Patent is: Novelty Inventiveness (non-obviousness) Utility Reproducibility
In the case of patents placed on seeds and plants, this means that the company taking the patent is able to exclude others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented product. Patents prevent the free exchange of seeds and make it a private commodity.
Beginning in 1990, with meetings regarding plant genetic resources, discussions regarding intellectual property rights within this context were brought to trade negotiations where they had ever been seen before.
Why Patents and Intellectual Property Rights?
The need to provide for Intellectual Property Rights protection is also felt for attracting foreign enterprise. In the absence of intellectual property protection, it becomes more difficult to acquire technology. Companies selling newer technologies are reluctant to market their products for fear of having them unfairly copied.
Therefore it is a misnomer that it encourages invention. A patent does not protect each and every inventor who conceives an invention, it is the first to apply for a patent, rather than the first to invent it, that the law protects. More often than not is not the scientist who is getting rewarded, but the capital that has gone into it.
“In the rush to turn life forms into global commodities, there is no regard for the community- held knowledge, the religious rights or the human rights of indigenous people.” The introduction of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPs) of WTO has accelerated the spread of patented genetically engineered seed.
8. Article 27.3(b) of the TRIPs treaty in GATT states: Parties may exclude from patentability plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non- biological and micro-biological processes. However, parties shall provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by any combination thereof. This provision shall be reviewed four years after the entry into force of the Agreement establishing the WTO (World Trading Organization). A representative of Monsanto, a leading GM seed corporation, later said, ―In drafting these agreements we were the patient, diagnostician and physician all in one.‖ The extension of patents to living organisms, as is granted by several developed countries ignores: The value of nature‘s work in evolution and adaptation The contribution of farmers, especially women to selecting, breeding, evolving, saving, sharing a rich biodiversity of crops
The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and Indian Laws
What is Sui Generis?
Sui Generis implies that it is up to the individual countries to design their own system of protection for plant varieties in their country, keeping in view their specific socio-economic conditions.
The developing world is being forced to adopt the UPOV model, rather than the sui generis option. The UPOV system does not serve either biodiversity or the farmers of the developing world. It seeks to grant monopoly rights over the results of plant breeding.
The UPOV does not provide for the protection of plant varieties, instead it is designed to protect the rights that it confers on plant-breeders and their market shares. Under the UPOV 1991 Act, a much higher level of protection is provided to breeders.
The law on plant variety protection is pro-UPOV. Thus it does not provide for the protection of farmers‘ rights.
It must be noted that India is not a party to UPOV. But Asian countries, such as India are under enormous pressure to complete the legislative processes and make laws in favor of corporate breeders such as the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers‘ Rights Act, 2000. This act aims to provide for the establishment of an effective system for the protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants. But in reality, the Act protects the plant breeders and biotech industries above the
9. farmer.
A matter of particular concern is the extension of the patent debate to life itself. This debate surfaces as ―products of nature‖ versus ―products of the mind‖. Living organisms and life forms that are self-creating cannot be redefined as machines and artifacts that have been ―invented‖ and allowed to be patented by their ―inventor‘‘. What is Biopiracy?
Biopiracy is the appropriation of indigenous knowledge of the use of biological resources through patents. Such appropriation is most visibly evidenced when scientists and large corporations use the indigenous knowledge of farmers, local health practitioners and traditional communities. The innovations of the pharmaceutical and agricultural researchers are not ‗new‘ as to qualify as an invention, they are based on centuries of knowledge of the traditional societies.
Ironically, the current IPR regimes only recognize and provide protection to industrial innovators, not to the ecological or indigenous. Although it is the latter that are more vulnerable and require real protection through the law. Today neither the national nor the international law adequately provide for the protection of indigenous knowledge systems.
Biopiracy can be prevented by formal recognition of the rights of the people and the contribution of farmers to the breeding of biodiversity providing for the realization of those rights as community rights
Navdanya’s Efforts to Protect Seed Sovereignty
The Battle for Basmati
On July 8th 1994 RiceTec, a Texas-based corporation filed for a patent with 20 broad claims designed to create a complete rice monopoly patent which included planting, harvesting collecting and even cooking of Basmati rice. On September 2nd 1997, the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) granted RiceTec the patent. The introduction of this patent (No. 5663484) basically denies the prior breeding by farmers and thereby denies the role of farmers as breeders. On April 27th, 2000 due to mass protests and a case filed by the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology before the Supreme Court of India, the government of India filed a petition in the USPTO to re-examine the patent granted to RiceTec. On April 28th 2001 all claims came to be reconsidered. RiceTec has been forced to give up its far reaching and false claims to having invented a very broad range of Basmati rice.
10. Keeping Neem Native The Azadirachta Indica, commonly known as the Neem Tree is indigenous to India and has been used for its beneficial properties for over 2000 thousand years. The method to produce the extracted Neem oil is a standard method which has been state of the art for many decades. Thus when the United States Department of Agriculture filed a patent (No. 436257 B1) with the European Patent Office (EPO) in 1990, opposition immediately began, led by Dr. Vandana Shiva, Ms. Magda Alvoet of the European Green Party, and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. After the help of thousands of participants in a signature campaign and relentless efforts, a hearing was held on May 10th, 2000 at which the EPO revoked the patent. Winning Wheat Back The next major victory against biopiracy for Navdanya came in 2004 when the European Patent Office in Munich revoked Monsanto‘s patent on the Indian wheat variety, Nap Hal. Monsanto, the biggest seed corporation was assigned the patent (No. EP 0445929 B1) on wheat on May 21st, 2003 by the EPO under the simple title, ―plants‖. On January 27th, 2004 The Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology along with Greenpeace and Bharat Krishak Samaha filed a petition at the EPO challenging the patent rights given to Monsanto, leading to the patent being revoked. Justice for Atta Atta, a staple food and ingredient within India, is currently under threat from the corporation ConAgra who filed a “novel” patent claiming the rights to an atta processing method, and was granted the patent on August 8th, 2000. The method that ConAgra is claiming to be novel has been used throughout South Asia by thousands of atta chakkis, and so cannot justly be claimed as a novel patent. Who are the Seed Savers? In order to resist the imposition of unjust patent laws on the global seed supply, and to protect India‘s hard working farmers who grow and feed us with their seed, seeds must be saved. Who can save seeds? Anyone, anywhere can save seeds and contribute to the Seed Freedom campaign. Seed saving is not just the job of farmers, but people everywhere who are concerned about the future of our seed and food sovereignty. Whether you have a garden or simply a balcony or window sill you can begin planting your own open-pollinated, organic seed and begin saving. By saving seeds, you are taking a stand against corporations taking over the seed supply, and defending the rights and freedoms of farmers everywhere who have for generations worked to develop the varieties we now know and love. You can be a Seed Keeper. Make your Garden of Hope a Seed Sanctuary. Plant and save seeds of freedom. Please find below a Growing Calendar to help you begin planting and saving seed. Choose your favorite variety, plant the open-pollinated organic seed, and start saving!
11. To further your seed education, here are additional resources from Navdanya:
Books
1. Violence of the Green Revolution
2. The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge: Biopiracy
3. Monocultures of the Mind
4. Biopiracy of Climate Resilient Crops: Gene Giants Steal Farmers’ Innovation
5. Corporate Hijack of Biodiversity
6. Trainer’s Manual for Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation of Traditional Knowledge
7. Neem: Fight Against Biopiracy and Rejuvenation of Traditional Knowledge
8. No Patents on Seeds: A Handbook for Activists
9. The GMO Emperor has no Clothes
10. The Seed and Spinning Wheel
11. Health per Acre: Organic Solutions to Hunger and Malnutrition
12. Manifesto on the future of seeds
Videos
1. Seed Wars
2. Seeds of Freedom
3. Seeds and Seed Multinational
4. Cotton from my Shroud
For more Information Please Contact us at:
Navdanya Office A-60, Hauz Khas New Delhi - 110 016
Phone: 91-11- 26968077 / 26532561/ 26532124
E-mail: seedsofhope@navdanya.net