this topic is about hybrid fuel . which is so important for engineering student . i make this presentation according to future views and real world . when we entre new era , than we also known about hybrid fuel and vehicle use.

1. HYBRID FUEL
PRESENTED BY
MD TAUSEEF IMAM
B.TECH(ME, 4th YEAR)
ROLL No-4915445
GEETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ,NAULTHA
HARYANA-132107
SEMINAR -ⅠⅠ

2. INTRODUCTION
• A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as
internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator that
powers an electric motor e.g. in diesel-electric trains using diesel
engines to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor,
and submarines that use diesels when surfaced and batteries when
submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid
in hydraulic hybrids.
• The basic principle with hybrid vehicles is that the different motors
work better at different speeds; the electric motor is more efficient
at producing torque, or turning power, and the combustion engine
is better for maintaining high speed (better than typical electric
motor). Switching from one to the other at the proper time while
speeding up yields a win-win in terms of energy efficiency, as such
that translates into greater fuel efficiency, for example.

4. TYPE OF HYBRID VEHICLE
1. Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles-
Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a
hybrid, powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider's
muscles.
2. Heavy vehicle-
Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway
locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and
ships. A diesel/turbine engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump,
which powers electric/hydraulic motor(s) - strictly an electric/hydraulic
transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside. With
large vehicles conversion losses decrease, and the advantages in distributing
power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements become more
prominent, especially when powering multiple drives — e.g. driven wheels or
propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy
storage, e.g. batteries/hydraulic accumulators — excepting non-
nuclear submarines, one of the oldest production hybrids, running on diesels
while surfaced and batteries when submerged. Both series and parallel setups
were used in WW2 submarines.

5. Type of Hybrid engine
1. Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles
2. Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle (COREV)
3. Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
4. Fluid power hybrid
5. Electric-human power hybrid vehicle

6. 1. Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles
In 1899, Henri Pieper developed the world's first petro-electric hybrid automobile. A
petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (using a
variety of fuels, generally gasoline or Diesel engines) and electric motors to power the
vehicle. The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engine and
an electric battery set . For example -the Saturn Vue, Toyota Prius, Toyota Yaris, Toyota
Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda
Civic Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h and 450h, Hyundai Ioniq and others.
2. Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle (COREV)
Some battery electric vehicles (BEVs) can be recharged while the user drives. Such a
vehicle establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the
highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanism (see Conduit
current collection). The BEV's batteries are recharged by this process—on the
highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is
discharged. For example, some of the battery-electric locomotives used for
maintenance trains on the London Underground are capable of this mode of
operation.

7. 3. Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some
also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types ("fuels") using
the same engine to be hybrids.
4. Fluid power hybrid
Hydraulic hybrid and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure
accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic (liquid) or pneumatic (compressed air)
drive units. In most cases the engine is detached from the drivetrain, serving solely to
charge the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Regenerative braking
can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the accumulator.
5. Electric-human power hybrid vehicle
Another form of hybrid vehicle are human power-electric vehicles. These include such
vehicles as the Sinclair C5, Twike, electric bicycles, and electric skateboards.

9. DRIVETRAIN
• A drivetrain is the collection of components that deliver power from a
vehicle’s engine or motor to the vehicle’s wheels. In hybrid-electric cars,
the drivetrain’s design determines how the electric motor works in
conjunction with the conventional engine. The drivetrain affects the
vehicle’s mechanical efficiency, fuel consumption, and purchasing price.
• Hybrids that use a series drivetrain only receive mechanical power from
the electric motor, which is run by either a battery or a gasoline-powered
generator. In hybrids with parallel drivetrains, the electric motor and
internal combustion engine can provide mechanical power
simultaneously. Series/parallel drivetrains enable the engine and electric
motor to provide power independently or in conjunction with one
another.
• Both conventional hybrids and plug-in hybrids have models with series,
parallel, and series/parallel drivetrains. Since battery-
electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles don’t have internal combustion
engines, they utilize different drivetrain assemblies (though some
components are shared).

10. TYPE OF DRIVETRAIN
1. Series drivetrain
2. Parallel drivetrain
3. Series/parallel drivetrain

11. SERIES DRIVETRAIN
• Series drivetrains are the simplest hybrid configuration. In a series hybrid,
the electric motor is the only means of providing power to the wheels. The
motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a
generator run by a gasoline engine. A computer determines how much of
the power comes from the battery or the engine/generator. Both the
engine/generator and the use of regenerative braking recharge the battery
pack.
• Series hybrids perform at their best during stop-and-go traffic, where
gasoline and diesel engines are inefficient. The vehicle’s computer can opt
to power the motor with the battery pack only, saving the engine for
situations where it’s more efficient.
• The engine is typically smaller in a series drivetrain because it only has to
meet certain power demands; the battery pack is generally more powerful
than the one in parallel hybrids in order to provide the remaining power
needs. This larger battery and motor, along with the generator, add to the
vehicle’s cost, making series hybrids more expensive than parallel hybrids.

12. PARALLEL DRIVETRAIN
• In vehicles with parallel hybrid drivetrains, the engine and electric
motor work in tandem to generate the power that drives the
wheels. Parallel hybrids tend to use a smaller battery pack than
series drivetrains, relying on regenerative braking to keep it
recharged. When power demands are low, parallel hybrids also
utilize the motor as a generator for supplemental recharging, much
like an alternator in conventional cars.
• Since the engine is connected directly to the wheels in parallel
drivetrains, the inefficiency of converting mechanical power to
electricity and back is eliminated, increasing the efficiency of these
hybrids on the highway. This reduces, but does not eliminate, the
efficiency benefits of having an electric motor and battery in stop-
and-go traffic.

13. SERIES/PARALLEL DRIVETRAIN
• Series/parallel drivetrains merge the advantages and complications
of the parallel and series drivetrains. By combining the two designs,
the engine can both drive the wheels directly (as in the parallel
drivetrain), and be effectively disconnected, with only the electric
motor providing power (as in the series drivetrain). The Toyota Prius
helped make series/parallel drivetrains a popular design.
• With gas-only and electric-only options, the engine operates at near
optimum efficiency more often. At lower speeds it operates more
as a series vehicle, while at high speeds, where the series drivetrain
is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is minimized.
• This system incurs higher costs than a pure parallel hybrid since it
requires a generator, a larger battery pack, and more computing
power to control the dual system. Yet its efficiencies mean that the
series/parallel drivetrain can perform better—and use less fuel—
than either the series or parallel systems alone.

14. HYBRID CAR FEATURES
• The addition of a battery-powered electric motor increases the fuel
efficiency of hybrids in a number of ways.
• Like the switch that turns off your refrigerator's light bulb when the
door is closed, "idle-off" is a feature that turns off your car's
conventional engine when the vehicle is stopped, saving fuel. The
battery provides energy for the air conditioner and accessories
while the vehicle idles at stoplights or in traffic, and the electric
motor can start the vehicle moving again. If needed, the
conventional engine will reengage to provide more power for
acceleration.
• "Regenerative braking" is another fuel-saving feature. Conventional
cars rely entirely on friction brakes to slow down, dissipating the
vehicle's kinetic energy as heat. Regenerative braking allows some
of that energy to be captured, turned into electricity, and stored in
the batteries. This stored electricity can later be used to run the
motor and accelerate the vehicle.

15. • Having an electric motor also allows for more efficient engine
design. This "power assist" feature helps reduce demands on a
hybrid’s gasoline engine, which in turn can be downsized and more
efficiently operated. The gasoline engine produces less power, but
when combined with electric motors, the system’s total power can
equal or exceed that of a conventional vehicle.
• The most efficient hybrids utilize "electric-only drive," allowing the
vehicle to drive entirely on electricity and use less fuel. In hybrids
that can't be plugged-in, electric-only drive is typically only utilized
at low speeds and startup, enabling the gas or diesel-powered
engine to operate at higher speeds, where it’s most efficient.. Most
plug-in hybrids—which tend to have larger batteries and motors—
can drive entirely on electricity at relatively high speeds for
extended distances (typically 10 to 30 miles).
• Different hybrids also use different types of "drivetrains," the
mechanical components that deliver power to the driving wheels.

16. Plug-in hybrid vehicles combine a gas engine with an
electric motor and battery.

17. THANK YOU