Hybrid car technology
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The document discusses hybrid vehicle technology. It defines a hybrid vehicle as any vehicle that combines two or more power sources, such as gasoline-electric. There are two main types of hybrid structures: parallel hybrids, where the gasoline engine and batteries can power the transmission simultaneously, and series hybrids, where the gasoline engine charges a generator that powers the electric motor and transmission. Hybrid vehicles offer advantages like increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to gas-only vehicles, though they may be more expensive and require higher maintenance.
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Hybrid cars
The document discusses hybrid vehicles and provides details on their history, structure, types and technology. It defines a hybrid vehicle as one that combines two or more power sources, such as a combustion engine and electric motor. The document outlines the basic components of a hybrid, including batteries that store energy for the electric motor. It describes the three main types of hybrids: series, parallel and series-parallel. The document concludes that hybrids can help reduce fuel consumption and emissions while providing a transition to a future with lower dependence on fossil fuels.
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This document provides an overview of hybrid vehicles. It discusses that a hybrid uses both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor powered by batteries. It describes the different levels of hybrids from full to mild and the basic components. It also outlines the different types of hybrids including series, parallel, and series-parallel hybrids. The document discusses maintenance considerations and battery lifespan for hybrids. It addresses common questions around safety, submersion, and performance of electric vehicles. Finally, it provides pros and cons of owning a hybrid vehicle compared to a regular vehicle.
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Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. They work by using the electric motor for acceleration and braking and the gasoline engine for maintaining speed. This allows for regenerative braking that captures energy during braking to recharge the batteries. Hybrids get better gas mileage than conventional cars, with emissions reduced by 30-50%. Current hybrid models include the Toyota Prius, Honda Accord Hybrid, and Ford Escape Hybrid.
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The document provides an overview of the key components and systems of an automobile, including:
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- The power unit, typically an internal combustion engine.
- The transmission system, which includes the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential.
- Auxiliary components like the controls and superstructure that are mounted on the chassis.
It also discusses different suspension types, powertrain configurations like front-engine rear-wheel drive, and ways that automobiles can be classified.
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The document discusses hybrid vehicles and provides details on their history, structure, types and technology. It defines a hybrid vehicle as one that combines two or more power sources, such as a combustion engine and electric motor. The document outlines the basic components of a hybrid, including batteries that store energy for the electric motor. It describes the three main types of hybrids: series, parallel and series-parallel. The document concludes that hybrids can help reduce fuel consumption and emissions while providing a transition to a future with lower dependence on fossil fuels.
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Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. They work by using the electric motor for acceleration and braking and the gasoline engine for maintaining speed. This allows for regenerative braking that captures energy during braking to recharge the batteries. Hybrids get better gas mileage than conventional cars, with emissions reduced by 30-50%. Current hybrid models include the Toyota Prius, Honda Accord Hybrid, and Ford Escape Hybrid.
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Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and the result is a hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities, along with improved mileage.
The engine on the conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement, which is seldom required in actual practice. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, whose size is kept closer to the average power requirement rather than the peak power. A smaller engine is always more efficient due to the reason that it would run at its optimum capacity most of the time as compared to a bigger engine running at part load most of the time.
Electric motor helps in several ways:
1. Provides extra power when the car is accelerating or climbing a hill.
2. Starts the engine, eliminating the need for a separate starter.
3. Provide regenerative braking to capture energy during braking
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A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel.
Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor.
Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
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- In rear steer mode at low speeds, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction of the front wheels, greatly reducing the turning radius.
- Benefits of the four wheel steering system include improved vehicle handling, stability, and reduced driver fatigue over long drives due to the easier steering capability.
- The successful implementation of the system allows for increased maneuverability and stability of vehicles.
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Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and the result is a hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities, along with improved mileage.
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A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel.
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Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.
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A main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated.
The maximum operational braking torque is less than the maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a car.
The battery pack in a HEV has a much higher voltage than the SIL automotive 12 Volts battery, in order to reduce the currents and the I2R losses.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running. Especially in long haul trucks, electrical power steering saves a lot of energy.
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Hybrid vehicles
Hybrid vehicles combine two different propulsion systems, such as gasoline/electric. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have both a combustion engine and an electric motor to achieve better fuel economy than conventional vehicles. Hybrids provide benefits like increased fuel efficiency, decreased emissions, and reduced dependency on fossil fuels. Early hybrids from the early 20th century included the Lohner-Porsche in 1899 and the Woods Gas-Electric Car in the United States. Modern hybrids include models from Toyota, Ford, BMW and other automakers.
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A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
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The document describes the fabrication of a four wheel steering system for a Maruti 800 vehicle. Key points:
- The rear wheels were modified to allow for steering capability by adding a second rack and pinion steering gearbox connected to the original front gearbox via transfer rods and bevel gears.
- In rear steer mode at low speeds, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction of the front wheels, greatly reducing the turning radius.
- Benefits of the four wheel steering system include improved vehicle handling, stability, and reduced driver fatigue over long drives due to the easier steering capability.
- The successful implementation of the system allows for increased maneuverability and stability of vehicles.
Automobile chassis,types of automobile
There are different types of automobile bodies depending on usage and vehicle type. Bodies are divided into passenger and commercial bodies. Vehicle bodies must meet certain requirements like being light, having sufficient space, withstanding vibrations and providing good visibility. The chassis, frame, and body are the main components of a vehicle. The chassis carries the load and withstands forces from braking, acceleration, and road conditions. Chassis frames can be conventional, integral, or semi-integral depending on their design and construction.
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Hybrid cars offer financial and environmental benefits compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. They have two engines - an electric motor and a gasoline engine - which work together efficiently. This dual-engine system improves fuel economy and reduces emissions, saving owners money on gas costs over time while helping the environment. As more people purchase hybrids to save money, this new market segment in the automotive industry continues to grow in popularity.
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Best ppt for seminar on hybrid electric vehicle AND TYPE OF HYBRID VEHICLE by...
Best ppt for seminar on hybrid electric vehicle AND TYPE OF HYBRID VEHICLE by...
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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Hybrid car technology
- 1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE HYBRID CAR TECHNOLOGY
- 2. 2 WHAT IS A HYBRID VEHICLE? Any vehicle which combines two or more sources of power. Examples: Diesel – electric Nuclear – electric Gasoline - electric
- 3. HYBRID STRUCTURE The two power sources found in hybrid vehicles may be combined in different ways, either in parallel or series
- 4. 4 PARALLEL HYBRID • Gasoline motor • Batteries which powers an electric motor • Both can power the transmission at the same time • Electric motor supplements the gasoline engine
- 5. 5 SERIES HYBRID • Gasoline motor turns a generator • Generator may either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission • At low speeds is powered only by the electric motor
- 7. Motives for Hybrid Vehicles • Overcome energy storage (range) and power (fuel rate) problems. • Good designs yield double the fuel economy. • In principle, it might be possible to triple the fuel economy. • The overall efficiency is similar to thermal electric power plants. • Exhaust emission management is simplified.
- 8. ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID CAR * ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY:- RUNS ON TWIN POWERED ENGINE THAT CUTS FUEL CONSUMPTION AND CONSERVE ENERGY. *LESS DEPENDENCE ON FOSSIL FUELS:-IT IS MUCH CLEANER AND REQUIRES LESS FUEL TO RUN. *BUILT FROM LIGHT MATERIALS:- MADE UP OF LIGHT MATERIALS WHICH MEANS LESS ENERGY. *REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM:- EACH TIME YOU APPLY BRAKE WHILE DRIVING HELPS YOU TO RECHARGE YOUR BATTERY A LITTLE.
- 9. DISADVANTAGES *LESS POWER *CAN BE EXPENSIVE *POORER HANDLING *HIGHER MAINTENANCE COSTS
- 13. THANK YOU