This document discusses hybrid vehicles. It describes three types of hybrid systems - series, parallel, and series/parallel - and explains the components that make up a hybrid vehicle, including the gasoline engine, electric motor/generator, power control unit, inverter, hybrid battery, hybrid transmission, and power split device. The advantages of hybrid vehicles are also mentioned, such as greater operating efficiency through regenerative braking and better fuel efficiency from less fuel consumption compared to conventional vehicles.

1. HYBRID VEHICLES
BY
BHARATH KUMAR.B

2. Contents:
• Introduction.
• Types of hybrid vehicles.
• The components of hybrid vehicles.
• Advantages.
2

3. Introduction:
A hybrid car is an vehicle which uses two or more
sources of power. A hybrid cars are also an
example, using both gasoline and electric power.

4. Different Types of Hybrid Vehicles:
• 1. Series hybrid system.
• 2. Parallel hybrid system.
• 3. Series/parallel hybrid system.

5. 1. Series Hybrid System.
• The engine drives a
generator, and an electric
motor uses this generated
electricity to drive the
wheels. This is called a
series hybrid system
because the power flows
to the wheels in series,
i.e., the engine power and
the motor power are in
series.

6. 2. Parallel Hybrid System.
• In a parallel hybrid
system, both the engine
and the electric motor
drive the wheels, and the
drive power from these
two sources can be
utilized according to the
prevailing conditions. This
is called a parallel hybrid
system because the
power flows to the
wheels in parallel.

7. 3. Series/Parallel Hybrid System.
• This system combines the
series hybrid system with
the parallel hybrid system in
order to maximize the
benefits of both systems. It
has two motors, and
depending on the driving
conditions, uses only the
electric motor or the driving
power from both the
electric motor and the
engine, in order to achieve
the highest efficiency level.

8. The Components of a Hybrid
Vehicles:
1. Gasoline Engine.
2. Electric motor / Generator.
3. Power Control Unit.
4. Inverter and Converter.
5. Hybrid Battery.
6. Hybrid Transmission.
7. Power Split Device.

9. Gasoline Engine:
• A gasoline engine is a
type of internal
combustion engine that
burns gasoline for fuel.
It uses a spark ignition
system to generate an
electrical charge with
spark plugs that ignites
the fuel and air inside a
cylinder resulting in fuel
combustion.

10. Electric Motor / Generator:
• Generator is a device
which converts
mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The
type of motor used
hybrid vehicle is
brushless, three-phase
motor.
•

11. Power Control Unit :
• Power, which expresses
the work performed by
electricity within a given
amount of time, is
calculated by
multiplying voltage by
current.
• Power (P) = Voltage (V)
x Current (I)

12. Inverter and Converter:
An inverter is an
electrical device that
converts direct current
to alternating current.
The converted AC can
be at any required
voltage and frequency
with the use of
appropriate
transformers, switching,
and control circuits.

13. Hybrid Battery:
• Nickel metal hydride battery is
a new type of battery invented
in 1992. Unlike alkaline
batteries, nickel metal hydride
(Ni-MH) batteries can be
recharged up to 1000 times. A
nickel cadmium (Ni-Cad)
battery can also be recharged,
but it would not last as long. A
Ni-MH battery can last up to
three times longer than a Ni-
Cad battery. Ni-MH batteries
also do not suffer from
memory loss .

14. Hybrid Transmission:
• The hybrid transmission
consists of the power split
device, the generator, the
electric motor and the
reduction gears, etc. The
power from the engine is
split into two by the
power split device. One of
the output shafts is
connected to the motor
and the wheels while the
other is connected to the
generator.

15. Power Split Device:
• The power split device
uses a planetary gear. The
rotational shaft of the
planetary carrier inside
the gear mechanism is
directly linked to the
engine, and transmits the
motive power to the
outer ring gear and the
inner sun gear via pinion
gears.

16. Advantages:
• Hybrid electric vehicles have several
advantages over conventional vehicles.
• Greater operating efficiency because of
regenerative braking.
• Better fuel efficiency because hybrid vehicles
consume less fuel .