Abstract: Human values were considered the most important in ancient India. This country of rich culture believed to be created by God, has full of values and virtues. Even the battles in India was based on value. The war at kurukshetra was one of the fought at Dharmakshetram. Ancient human society followed certain basic human values in their life. Our Rushis of the ancient starting from Viswamitra to swamy Vivekananda and Sankaracharya to Sivananda taught their diciples morals and human values through their preachings and writings. Ramayana, Mahabharata, Sukaraneeti, Vidura Neeti, Neeti Satakam, Arthasastra of Chanukya and Tirukkural of Tiruvalluar contain morals and human values. Even modern world deals with several human values which includes business values, medical values, professional values, educational values and cyber values etc; according to the present social, cultural, religious and other sources to emphasis to the mankind in various ways.
Philippine Copyright 2014
All Rights Reserved. Portions of this manuscript may be reproduced with proper referencing and due acknowledgement of the authors.
ask permission before copying the contents :)
The means may change the concept of Dharma never changes. Dharma is to have Self Realisation as the main theme. The means vary according to our make up, strength, priorities and convictions.
Certain things or events, happens, that gets ingrained in the memory of not one person but of the whole race or population and then that information is passed on from one generation to the other thus becoming a legend. One such event was the great flood which got ingrained in the memory of humanity in a large scale as is evident from various legends not only from India but also from different parts of the world. The legend of the flood is one such memory of the humanity that is there in the legends of many tribes and civilizations, present and past, from Celtic in the north to India and also mentioned in the old testament. The mention of the great flood in also there in the Vedas
Philippine Copyright 2014
All Rights Reserved. Portions of this manuscript may be reproduced with proper referencing and due acknowledgement of the authors.
ask permission before copying the contents :)
The means may change the concept of Dharma never changes. Dharma is to have Self Realisation as the main theme. The means vary according to our make up, strength, priorities and convictions.
Certain things or events, happens, that gets ingrained in the memory of not one person but of the whole race or population and then that information is passed on from one generation to the other thus becoming a legend. One such event was the great flood which got ingrained in the memory of humanity in a large scale as is evident from various legends not only from India but also from different parts of the world. The legend of the flood is one such memory of the humanity that is there in the legends of many tribes and civilizations, present and past, from Celtic in the north to India and also mentioned in the old testament. The mention of the great flood in also there in the Vedas
Correlation between Hinduism and Corporate Social ResponsibilityMilton Kumar
This paper is a study about the correlation between Hinduism and Corporate Social Responsibility of an organization. The study emphasizes how Hinduism supports CSR for the betterment of the society and on the other hand development and growth of a company.
Ancient Indian values like spirituality, simplicity, pursuit of truth, dignity of labour, universal tolerance and acceptance – Eternal Values for a Changing Society.
Dr Ramesh Singh Pal is Scientist (Sr), Writter & Spiritual Motivator ...........................................................
Kindly visit the URL for latest book:........... https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O1d7DwAAQBAJ
www.amazon.in/dp/B07L7KW38J
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF HINDU PHILOSOPHY
This work by Mr. V. Srinivasan gives a comprehensive view of the Hindu Philosophy. It gives a brief introduction to the Hindu Philosophy, and covers topics such as, the Goal of the Religion, the Importance of Mind, Origin & Evolution, Routes to Achieve the Goal of the Religion, Bhakthi Marga, Karma Marga, Gnana Marga, Raja Yoga & Tantras, Vedas & Other Scriptures, Upanishads & Different Schools on Brahman, Gods & Prayers, Astronomy, Astrology & Festivals, and much more!
This work is an easy to understand guide for the people who want to understand Hindu Religion.
Read more about the Author here: https://vsrinivasan.com/about-the-author.htm
Check out 2 of his major works here:
Book on 'NEW AGE MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY FROM ANCIENT INDIAN WISDOM': https://vsrinivasan.com/about-the-book.htm
Video on 'FUNDAMENTALS OF HINDU PHILOSOPHY': https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp9OPPvgHfJfbBp8bNE_5jg/playlists
Partial notes on BBA 205 course for students of IP University (Delhi) and anyone who wants a beginner's level knowledge on business ethics.
Citations are reflected in the slides.
South Africa, the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court Implicati...paperpublications3
Abstract: The May 2015 pulsating development in South Africa’s international legal history has shown the world that for almost all African states, signing and ratifying statutes is one thing, and implementation is another. South Africa was the last state standing, all international hopes being on South Africa that the government would arrest Omar al Bashir if he sets foot in that country. Other African states that are signatories and ratifiers of the Rome Statute had flinched from arresting and surrendering Bashir to the International Criminal Court, such as Chad, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Malawi and Kenya. South Africa, which is regarded as a mature and stable democracy in Africa, astonishingly followed the African Union’s unity in defiance action by surreptitiously letting Omar al Bashir off the legal apocalyptic hook, violating its municipal and international legal provisions. Considering that the African Union had openly disassociated itself from the International Criminal Court, and South Africa speaking louder with actions rather than words, this paper moves that South Africa’s defiant action finally exposed Africa’s legal decadence and constituted a dreadful miscarriage of international justice. Politically, what the South African government did was commendable, but legally the government violated its municipal and international law provisions. This action has also finally led to the death of the International Criminal Court in Africa.
Obstetric Fistula Community Based Assessment Tool (OF-COMBAT)paperpublications3
Abstract: Obstetric fistula is a childbirth injury associated with prolonged obstructed labour and is characterized by continuous leakage of urine and/or stool through the birth canal. Women living with fistula are often neglected by their spouse and family and many are ostracized by their community because of the smell and the myths associated with the condition. Women living with fistula often live in remote areas with weak health systems, making physical screening of all potential cases costly and logistically challenging. OF-COMBAT is an enhanced verbal screening tool that was developed to overcome this limitation. The tool was designed to minimize the number of clients referred to treatment centres with conditions other than obstetric fistula. OF-COMBAT helps health facilities to minimize the screening resources required and improves efficiency and cost-effectiveness of fistula programs by limiting transport and logistics costs for ineligible clients. Importantly, the tool enables the woman to receive a tentative diagnosis within the comfort of her home or community before she travels a very long distance, only to at times be turned back because her condition may not be covered through charitable fistula programs. OF-COMBAT is best used by a community outreach worker who has received basic training on verbal screening for fistula. The outreach worker is encouraged to listen to the client’s story before he/she takes the client through the set of up to 27 questions, depending on the type of injury described by the client. The responses are then tallied and rated on the given scale to provide a tentative diagnosis. The OF-COMBAT is unique in that in utilizes a set of confirmatory questions in order to improve the rates of correctly diagnosing a fistula case. The tool is currently being piloted in Kenya with five outreach organizations implementing the Action On Fistula Project In about 23 counties.
Aspiration for an ‘Ethnic’ Identity: Assessing Autonomy Movement in Karbi Ang...paperpublications3
Abstract: Movements for autonomy have marked the political discourse in North East India for the last decades. While some have resolutely expressed the need for more autonomy within the present set-up, other movements have evolved more militant, secessionist idea of political and geographical demarcation of territory. The aim and purpose of this autonomy movement is not only to bring change in the existing system, but also to augment legitimate expressions of aspirations by the people having a distinct culture, tradition and common pattern of living. The autonomy movement by the tribals of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam state in India is a result of continuous resentment and frustration of the hill tribal people, due to discrimination and oppression by the government of Assam and the plain people of Assam. Although, Autonomous District Council (ADC) existed in Karbi Anglong district since 1952 to give some sort of autonomy to the tribal people to administer themselves and take some developmental steps, much improvement could not be achieved due to limited power of the ADC and the state government’s apathy This very question of identity crisis of the ethnic groups impels them to resort to various sorts of ethnic movements demanding either autonomy or separation from the larger groups. The state of Assam itself has undergone several splits in the post-independence period only to satisfy the ethnic aspirations of the different ethnic groups of the region. As in the other parts of the region, among the Karbis of Karbi Anglong district of Assam, the question of ethnic identity is responsible for the ethnic movements of the Karbis demanding autonomy or statehood at different periods of times in the post-independence period of the country. This paper tries to focus on those aspects of politicization which is playing a pivotal role in making the identity question and also finding out the factors inherited with the autonomy movement among the Karbi community of Assam.
Correlation between Hinduism and Corporate Social ResponsibilityMilton Kumar
This paper is a study about the correlation between Hinduism and Corporate Social Responsibility of an organization. The study emphasizes how Hinduism supports CSR for the betterment of the society and on the other hand development and growth of a company.
Ancient Indian values like spirituality, simplicity, pursuit of truth, dignity of labour, universal tolerance and acceptance – Eternal Values for a Changing Society.
Dr Ramesh Singh Pal is Scientist (Sr), Writter & Spiritual Motivator ...........................................................
Kindly visit the URL for latest book:........... https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O1d7DwAAQBAJ
www.amazon.in/dp/B07L7KW38J
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF HINDU PHILOSOPHY
This work by Mr. V. Srinivasan gives a comprehensive view of the Hindu Philosophy. It gives a brief introduction to the Hindu Philosophy, and covers topics such as, the Goal of the Religion, the Importance of Mind, Origin & Evolution, Routes to Achieve the Goal of the Religion, Bhakthi Marga, Karma Marga, Gnana Marga, Raja Yoga & Tantras, Vedas & Other Scriptures, Upanishads & Different Schools on Brahman, Gods & Prayers, Astronomy, Astrology & Festivals, and much more!
This work is an easy to understand guide for the people who want to understand Hindu Religion.
Read more about the Author here: https://vsrinivasan.com/about-the-author.htm
Check out 2 of his major works here:
Book on 'NEW AGE MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY FROM ANCIENT INDIAN WISDOM': https://vsrinivasan.com/about-the-book.htm
Video on 'FUNDAMENTALS OF HINDU PHILOSOPHY': https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp9OPPvgHfJfbBp8bNE_5jg/playlists
Partial notes on BBA 205 course for students of IP University (Delhi) and anyone who wants a beginner's level knowledge on business ethics.
Citations are reflected in the slides.
South Africa, the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court Implicati...paperpublications3
Abstract: The May 2015 pulsating development in South Africa’s international legal history has shown the world that for almost all African states, signing and ratifying statutes is one thing, and implementation is another. South Africa was the last state standing, all international hopes being on South Africa that the government would arrest Omar al Bashir if he sets foot in that country. Other African states that are signatories and ratifiers of the Rome Statute had flinched from arresting and surrendering Bashir to the International Criminal Court, such as Chad, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Malawi and Kenya. South Africa, which is regarded as a mature and stable democracy in Africa, astonishingly followed the African Union’s unity in defiance action by surreptitiously letting Omar al Bashir off the legal apocalyptic hook, violating its municipal and international legal provisions. Considering that the African Union had openly disassociated itself from the International Criminal Court, and South Africa speaking louder with actions rather than words, this paper moves that South Africa’s defiant action finally exposed Africa’s legal decadence and constituted a dreadful miscarriage of international justice. Politically, what the South African government did was commendable, but legally the government violated its municipal and international law provisions. This action has also finally led to the death of the International Criminal Court in Africa.
Obstetric Fistula Community Based Assessment Tool (OF-COMBAT)paperpublications3
Abstract: Obstetric fistula is a childbirth injury associated with prolonged obstructed labour and is characterized by continuous leakage of urine and/or stool through the birth canal. Women living with fistula are often neglected by their spouse and family and many are ostracized by their community because of the smell and the myths associated with the condition. Women living with fistula often live in remote areas with weak health systems, making physical screening of all potential cases costly and logistically challenging. OF-COMBAT is an enhanced verbal screening tool that was developed to overcome this limitation. The tool was designed to minimize the number of clients referred to treatment centres with conditions other than obstetric fistula. OF-COMBAT helps health facilities to minimize the screening resources required and improves efficiency and cost-effectiveness of fistula programs by limiting transport and logistics costs for ineligible clients. Importantly, the tool enables the woman to receive a tentative diagnosis within the comfort of her home or community before she travels a very long distance, only to at times be turned back because her condition may not be covered through charitable fistula programs. OF-COMBAT is best used by a community outreach worker who has received basic training on verbal screening for fistula. The outreach worker is encouraged to listen to the client’s story before he/she takes the client through the set of up to 27 questions, depending on the type of injury described by the client. The responses are then tallied and rated on the given scale to provide a tentative diagnosis. The OF-COMBAT is unique in that in utilizes a set of confirmatory questions in order to improve the rates of correctly diagnosing a fistula case. The tool is currently being piloted in Kenya with five outreach organizations implementing the Action On Fistula Project In about 23 counties.
Aspiration for an ‘Ethnic’ Identity: Assessing Autonomy Movement in Karbi Ang...paperpublications3
Abstract: Movements for autonomy have marked the political discourse in North East India for the last decades. While some have resolutely expressed the need for more autonomy within the present set-up, other movements have evolved more militant, secessionist idea of political and geographical demarcation of territory. The aim and purpose of this autonomy movement is not only to bring change in the existing system, but also to augment legitimate expressions of aspirations by the people having a distinct culture, tradition and common pattern of living. The autonomy movement by the tribals of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam state in India is a result of continuous resentment and frustration of the hill tribal people, due to discrimination and oppression by the government of Assam and the plain people of Assam. Although, Autonomous District Council (ADC) existed in Karbi Anglong district since 1952 to give some sort of autonomy to the tribal people to administer themselves and take some developmental steps, much improvement could not be achieved due to limited power of the ADC and the state government’s apathy This very question of identity crisis of the ethnic groups impels them to resort to various sorts of ethnic movements demanding either autonomy or separation from the larger groups. The state of Assam itself has undergone several splits in the post-independence period only to satisfy the ethnic aspirations of the different ethnic groups of the region. As in the other parts of the region, among the Karbis of Karbi Anglong district of Assam, the question of ethnic identity is responsible for the ethnic movements of the Karbis demanding autonomy or statehood at different periods of times in the post-independence period of the country. This paper tries to focus on those aspects of politicization which is playing a pivotal role in making the identity question and also finding out the factors inherited with the autonomy movement among the Karbi community of Assam.
Abstract: Health, as we all think is a state of feeling well and not being ill. The concept of health varies across time and place. Historically and culturally, there have been many attempts to define health. Though the World Health Organization’s definition is accepted globally as the standard definition of health, it is found that the concept of health is associated with several components. The objective of this study is to define health through a holistic and integrative approach. An extensive review is done to give an integrated definition to the term health. After reviewing several definitions and theories of health, it is defined as a complete physical, mental, social and spiritual wellbeing across the life span right from the conception till the end of life filled with three gunas and covered by four ecological nested systems overflowing with energy, life and productivity without any infirmity.
Human Life in Patriarchal Society in Shashi Deshpande’s The Dark Holds No Ter...paperpublications3
Abstract: Everyone’s life is shaped by many kinds of external factors. But the one external factor, the patriarchal system has become such an important fact/ part of human life that human has forgotten his real existence in this world. Shashi Deshpande is renowned novelist in Indian Writing in English. She has discovered the real life behind the curtain of patriarchal society. She has described the human life in patriarchal society in many of her novels. Deshpande has described the human’s life’s main issues like profession, marriage, education etc. She has described how patriarchal structure affects human’s humanity and makes him/her the cultural product. The present paper makes a study of the human life in the patriarchal society in Shashi Deshpande’s The Dark Holds No Terror and A Matter of Time. This paper highlights the clash between modern and traditional life in the patriarchal society.
Effect of Communication Process and Mission on Project Implementation in Coun...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide research based information that will improve project implementation in County Governments in Kenya. The data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and documents analysis. The target population was the County Executive Committee Members, the County Representatives and the County Public Service employees. The findings from the analysis show that communication is pillar of projects implementation among the county government. The study therefore recommends that the County Governments should work towards achieving their goals by sharing information with its stakeholders and having clear project mission to promote goals achievement in the projects being undertaken.
Female Quest for Identity in Shashi Deshpande’s Novel: That Long Silencepaperpublications3
Novels of Shashi Deshpande abound in female quest for identity. Her novels are usually narrated by female protagonists
who strive to find out their own selves throughout the novels. Her heroines try to find out their identity through writing
and ultimately reach a resolution in their lives. They are haunted by memories of past and feel a kind of worthlessness,
but towards the end they realize their selves. This is one of the important needs and messages in today‟s world where
women are facing a void, vaccum in their lives. Though they appear to be successful outwardly, but they seem to lack
direction and feel a sense of futility. Shashi Deshpande‟s novels fit into such a scenario and help women realize their
potential in a positive manner. The quest for female identity has its roots in the patriarchal setup, where man is given
every kind of freedom.
Journalists Perception of Their Staff Welfare Package and Effective Journalis...paperpublications3
Abstract: The concern over the lamentation of several journalists in Nigeria on the poor welfare package given to them, coupled with the observation that so many journalists have resorted to receiving gratification to manipulate news reports so as to make ends meet informed the need for this study. Its objectives were to find out the effect of the staff welfare package on the journalists and to evaluate if whether or not the staff welfare package influences the quality of news reports in Nigeria. The survey research design was used to gather data from respondents of both The Guardian and Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). Some of the findings of this study were that majority of the respondents agreed that journalists had resorted to receiving gratification as a result of their poor pay and that adequate remuneration would give more balance and objectivity in news reporting. In conclusion based on the above findings, it can be said that journalists have a depleted perception towards their welfare packages. This research recommends after an intensive study that media owners should not stop at fulfilling its duties which is to motivate journalists through good and attractive welfare packages, so that this packages would encourage and drive them to stay on the side of truth, objective news reporting, fairness and give them courage to practice investigative journalism even in the face of intimidation and attacks.
A Study of Betel Vine Cultivation and Its Market Crisis in Two Selected Block...paperpublications3
Abstract: The betel vine (piper betel) is a perennial climber, cultivated for its leaf. In the state of West Bengal it has been cultivated on an area of around 18690 hectare. Purba Medinipur has one of highest production of betel vine in West Bengal .In this district, the climber is cultivated in Ramnagar block-1, Ramnagar block-2, Tamluk, Contai-3, Nandakumar etc. This cultivation provides livelihood for numerous families for years. Two major varieties of betel vine grown are namely bangla; haldia etc .Betel vine is considered as highly labour intensive providing employment throughout the year both in the fields of production and marketing. The estimated annual net income of Ramnagar-I andRamnagar-II two blocks is Rs 36600 per 5 decimal lands.
Almost 60% people of these two blocks are engaged as farmers, labours and traders of betel vine. The present study is an attempt to study the cultivation process and market crisis of betel vine in these two blocks.
There is a clear indication that the profitability of crop can be further exported in the interest of the nation but country there is in this district lack of proper facilities of marketing of betel leaves.
MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AND EGYPTIAN POLITICS (1954-2010) (A Lesson for Nigeria in...paperpublications3
Abstract: Religion and Politics play very important roles in the life of every individual and society, directly or indirectly, willingly or unwillingly. This is an indication that both are inevitable aspects of human existence. In the course of human history, however, there have been exaggerations of their influence in the polity. Sometimes, these roles have been translated into fundamentalism, violence, and fanaticism. Examples abound, and I like to use two countries to buttress my argument in this paper: the wrong interpretation and application of religion and politics in Egypt (where I lived and studied for two years, 2006-2008) and Nigeria where I am born and bred. It is a glaring fact that in Africa and in Nigeria particularly, Christianity and Islam have shown various faces of the above-mentioned ‘translations’ associated with religion and politics. Sometimes, they have allowed themselves to produce religious and political disorders – a complete opposite of what they are supposed to achieve in human society. It is my intention in this paper to consider the role of a particular group called the ‘Muslim Brotherhood’ in shaping the religious and political history of an African country called Egypt, and to use the development and possible misuse of the same and similar group in Nigeria to remind the citizenry of the dangers of religious extremism in the practice of democracy in a secular state. In the light of this, one cannot but mention the most recent ugly incident perpetrated by the Boko Haram sect in Northern Nigeria since 2009. It would therefore not be an exaggeration to maintain that if Boko Haram was a Brotherhood, it was simply an anomaly. At best, one can refer to it as a secret cult, detrimental to both religion and society. The world has witnessed its havoc in the last six years. Thus, it is my candid opinion that honest and genuine co-existence rooted in love and mutual acceptance of one another would enhance progress and development in Nigeria, and in the world as a whole. The globalized world cannot but co-operate to eradicate religious violence and fanaticism.
The Organization and Direction of Human Resources for Set Goals: A Public Adm...paperpublications3
Abstract: Eventual development of the society at large depends on proper organization and direction of human factors with a view to promoting set goals. This underscores the fact that of all resources required for the advancement and promotion of public administration viz: capital resources, natural resources, material resources and technology. This study finds out that the most effective resources is that of human factor. The study employs the use of secondary source of data collection solely to drive home its argument.
Role of work life balance on employee productivity: a survey of commercial ba...paperpublications3
Abstract: Motivation of employees has always been quantified in financial attributes. For productivity to occur then there is need for using non-financial motivational initiatives. The banking industry has produced best trading results although characterized by lack of flexibility, high work pressure and longer working hours. This study purposed to analyze the role of motivational initiatives on employee productivity with specific reference to commercial banks in Bungoma County. The study was guided by the objective: to establish the role of Work life balance on employee productivity. The study adopted a survey design with a focus on 536 bank employees drawn from the different job cadres. A sample size of 229 was obtained using Yamane’s formula. Stratified sampling technique was employed with six strata’s obtained from six job cadres from top management to clerical staff. Structured questionnaires were the main data collection tools upon which analysis was undertaken using Statistical Program for Social Scientist (SPSS) where descriptive and inferential statistics was applied and thereafter presentations of findings was done using tables. The findings of the study indicated that effective work life balance leads to employee productivity r= .538 which was significant at p (0.00) < α (0.05). The study concluded that the non-financial motivation strategies influence employee productivity in commercial banks. The study recommends use of surveys and other evaluation methods to better understand the different needs of different employees to enable provision of customized work life balance.
Getting Smart About Smart Homes - MLS Tech Fair - 10.06.16Chad Curry
From MLS Technology Fair - MLS Long Island
Thursday, 10.06.16
The Internet of Things will transform how we do business on a daily basis. This presentation aims to cover the scope of this market and its impact real estate to items that make great closing gifts to what NAR's Center for REALTOR Technology is working on to help you in your business.
For more information, please visit https://crtlabs.org/. You can also follow us on twitter with the handle @crtlabs and Facebook at https://facebook.com/crtlabs - Office Hours on Facebook every Friday at 2p Eastern/1p Central.
Over the years, as we grow up, we often wonder about the purpose or reason of our existence. Is life simply a matter
of obtaining food and shelter? In fact, animals are mostly occupied in activities related to survival. But surely human
existence must have a greater purpose. This has been the basic concern in the Indo-Eastern perspective on human nature.
The Indian approaches tell us that many of the problems that we face in life are due to faulty ways of thinking and
understanding the world. Therefore, the concern in the Indian perspective is on removal of faulty knowledge which keeps us
in a state of ignorance (avidya). Once we have realized this, it is possible to live life with a new kind of freedom. In this state
we come to experience a deep and complete joy. This happiness or state of bliss is present in each of us. We only have to
unfold and experience it. Such a state enlarges the human consciousness in such a manner that a person’s goal becomes
recovering the experience of beingness or existence that is common to everybody.
Spiritual;
Social;
Hinduism;
Know Hinduism;
What is Hinduism?;
Sanatana Dharma;
Why sanatana Dharma?;
What is special in Sanatana Dharma?;
Special @ Sanatana Dharma;
Why adopt Hinduism?;
Why adopt Sanatana Dharma? ;
Philosophy of Sanatana Dharma;
Philosophy of life;
Spiritual answers;
Yogeshwar;
Yoga;
Sanatana Dharma;
Why sanatana??
Know- Sanatana
Freedom in Sanatana dharma
unique features-sanatana ; dharma;
What are the special features of Sanatana Dharma? Why should one adopt sanatana dharma?
This summarizes the existing modern theories of moral development and then looks into a part of our past and cultural heritage and reviews the traditional Hindu concepts of morality and their contribution to development of one's personality and their relevance in the current times.
INTRODUCTION **
This paper does not in the least pretend to constitute a “teaching” on a particular path of spiritual realization compared to the many present in the history of human culture. Instead, the main intention is to research, beyond any particular "philosophy" and/or "psychology" that contribute to defining the cosmos, the world, the history and destiny of man, the fundamental and general canons of an "experiential" way that transforms man himself and elevates him to higher levels of consciousness, awareness and knowledge.
The path of investigation derives from a progressive and comparative study of various parascientific and spiritual currents: Parapsychology, Hypnosis, Western religious and esoteric traditions (Alchemy, Western Esotericism, Christian Mysticism and the Anthroposophical current of Maximus Scaliger) and Eastern ( Tai-Chi, Qi Gong, the teachings of Ramana Maharshi and Tibetan Buddhism).
“The fundamentals of science of living may be defined as” the body of knowledge consisting of certain principles which define the style of life, show the problems and solutions and present the path for the betterment of way of life. The modern and contemporary culture is having an impact on education. Education is more understood to be a training for getting some skills to earn and live luxuriously than to improve knowledge and inculcate culture to have a journey for truth. When the education and training are endowed with the value s then the system becomes more a path for perfection. Such education backed by training can make the man to observe, analyse, synthesise and interpret the actions of his bodymind complex and make him potential enough to do a thing, pragmatic enough to be efficient and wise enough to have a hunt for peace and bliss. In his hunt for peace and bliss he finds out the first hurdle in his mind.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp: (120-126), Month: October - December 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 120
Paper Publications
Human Values in Sastra Literature
M.S. BHAVA NARAYANA
1. INTRODUCTION
Human values were considered the most important in ancient India. This country of rich culture believed to be created
by God, has full of values and virtues. Even the battles in India was based on value. The war at kurukshetra was one of
the fought at Dharmakshetram. Ancient human society followed certain basic human values in their life. Our Rushis of
the ancient starting from Viswamitra to swamy Vivekananda and Sankaracharya to Sivananda taught their diciples
morals and human values through their preachings and writings. Ramayana, Mahabharata, Sukaraneeti, Vidura Neeti,
Neeti Satakam, Arthasastra of Chanukya and Tirukkural of Tiruvalluar contain morals and human values. Even modern
world deals with several human values which includes business values, medical values, professional values, educational
values and cyber values etc; according to the present social, cultural, religious and other sources to emphasis to the
mankind in various ways.
Human values mainly deals which seeks to decide norms, ideals, standards or other values. Three important human
values in our day-today life are truth, beauty and goodness, thinking feeling and willing Satyam, Sivam and Sundaram.
Kautilya says that Artha is the most important, Dharma and Karma are both dependent on it. Which is followed by
several human values like Truth, Non-violence, Brahmacharya, Secularism, Sambhavava in the life.
2. HINDU DHARMA
The concepts of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha are very ancient Hindu concepts. They are also known as
Purusharthas. Vedas and Upanishads described about the Dharma and Dharmic duties to be undertaken by the people.
Ramayana and Mahabharata are among them. Rama was the personification of Dharma (रामो विग्रहिान् धममः).
Tirukkural, means “Holy Kural”. It is the work of the great saint of South India, named Tiruvalluvar. He preached
many human values in his work. His work deals with moral human values of Dharma, Artha and Kama leaving Moksha
to attain automatically. The great saints of that time were very fond of discussing or preaching human values with
ethical or moral ideals.
3. SIKSHA SASTRA
सदयं हृदयं यस्य भावितं सत्यभूवितम्।
कायः ऩरहहते यस्य कलऱस्तस्य करोतत ककम्।।
It means what can the evil effects of Kali age do to a man whose heart is filled with compassion, whose every utterance
is truth, and whose body is dedicated to the service of others.
In Sanskrit “Siksha” is a particular sastra of the Sutra literature, which has six branches called Siksha, Chandas,
Vyakarana, Nirukta, Jyotisha and Kalpa. Among them, Siksha denotes the concept of Human values, characteristics of
human values, Need for valuation, Sources of values and value properties. Hence, there exists a great relationship
between human values and value education in the modern society. According to Swamy Vivekananda, “Siksha is the
manifestation of perfection already in man”. The major purpose of Siksha is to make a person a better learner, worker,
not only in terms of knowledge, understanding and skills but also in terms of human values and motives which give
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meaning and significance to all his behaviour. It is the work of supplying the conditions which will ensure the
psychological functions to mature in the freest and fullest manner to emphasize much on human values.
Value Properties of Siksha Sastra: Siksha is based on the conception of human values, the task of moral and social
theory is to find a combination of laws which will have three basic properties.
Stability: Once the principles are present in the society, it should be in the personal interest of the individuals in the
society to support the principles so that they will tend to perpetuated by the society.
Behaviour Compliance: Although there may be occasional violations, it should be generally in the interest of the
individuals to respect the established norms.
Maximum Human Satisfaction: Within the above constraints, the principles are to be chosen so that individuals
within the society can find the maximum level of satisfaction.
Human values cannot be forced, even if conveyed with good intentions. Siksha is the deliberate and systematic
influence exerted by the mature person upon the immature, through instruction, discipline, and harmonious
development of physical, intellectual and social powers of human beings. Human values are raised knowledge to
wisdom, is provided real education to the every individual. Therefore, value-centered education is must developed to
the human values to each individual.
4. YOGA SASTRA
Yoga is of great relevance to mind-body medicine because of the way it looks at life. The yogic way of life is the best
prescription even written for lasting peace and joy, which are independent of external events and circumstances.
Yoga sastra plays an eminent role as the ancient Indian healing art. Classical yoga is a science of human psychology. It
works on three-face as mental, physical and social states resulting in improved health, lesser greed for possession and
efficient management of human life.
Yoga sastra can impart real education for retaining the human health and values in the way of peaceful life, various
claims of traditional yoga which is an essence of Indian culture-need systematic verification. Values are the concepts
that describe human behavior. The importance of human values of truth, co-operation, non-violence, peace, love,
respect for parents, elders, authority and hard work is leading in the history of civilization.
When human values are inculcated through curriculum to transcend cognitive level for conducive development of
individual, social, national and international understanding, it is called value education. Infact, Dhyan-Yoga and
Karma-Yoga lead to wisdom and proper spiritual development that makes individuals to understand real values in
human. Infact, yoga is a bridge between body, mind and spirit. It trains the attitude and human values to give mental
peace. It is, perhaps, the substitute of moral, spiritual and human values.
Yoga sastra identifies is the major dimensions of human health and values. It evaluates as traditional yoga as a system
of health and as a process of value education. Patanjali Yoga would be more useful than Hathayoga to promote health
in tackling and establishing human values. This study may highlight the real significance of “traditional Yoga‟ in every
age of life for promoting human values for social peace.
Dimensions of Human Values:
Literature suggested some yoga practices to enrich the values are :
a) Reading holy books e.g., Puranas, Vedas, Bhagavadgita, Quraan, Bible etc, and implementing the principles in day
to day life.
b) Observing Yamas & Niyamas in social life.
c) Listening religious lectures, spiritual activities, etc.
d) Attending collective prayers etc.
e) Practicing Omkar recitation, Dhyana etc.
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5. KALPASUTRA
Vedic religion involves complex ritualistic Karmakanda which is system of prescribed acts and sacrifices. A detailed
understanding of this karmakanda became necessary in due course of time, and this gave rise to a vast literature of
Kalpasutra. Kalpa means that which is understood or justified in respect of sacrifices and other prescribed acts and
rituals.
Kalpa sastra, which are connected with sacrifices laid down in Sruti or Veda. Gruhya-sutras, which are related to
various rituals connected with the life of the householder.
Dharma-sutras, which are related to social, political and other benevolent duties and human values.
Baudhayana Sutra : Which is stressed across the diagonal of a square produces an area doubled the size of the
original square and improves human values.
Katyayana Sutra : Which is the source of implementing the importance of human values. Kaatyayana Srautasutra is
related to the Sukla-Yajur-Veda; Vaitaana sutra is related to the Atharva-veda, and this sutra is also related to Gopatha
Brahmana and Kaatyayana Srauta-sutra of Yajurveda. Vedic altars had to be built very precisely towards human-
values.
6. JYOTHISHA SASTRA
It is the study of the movements of the stars and planets and their influence on people‟s lives. Jyothisham is simply a
system of thought concerning the connections between external reality and internal reality. The educational value of
astrology centers in the fact that, more than any other sicence, it reveals man to himself. Material science has
determined to some extent the physical effects of the rays of the Sun and the Moon.
The human value of astrology lies in its capacity to reveal the hidden causes at work in our lives. It discovers spirit. It
demonstrates reality. It touches every walk of life. It counsels the adult in regard to vocation, the parents in the
guidance of children, the teachers in management of pupils, the judges in executing sentence, the physician in
diagnosing disease, and in similar manner lends aid to each and all, in whatsoever station or enterprise they may find
themselves. The destiny of every human Ego is to rule his or her stars; knowledge and obedience are the means of the
stellar forces and obedience to their perfect pattern.
Astrology is at once a science, a philosophy, and a religion. Its elements may be checked in one‟s own life with
sufficient exactness to demonstrate the truth of its claim beyond all possibility of disbelief. Real astrologers, like true
saints, are few and far between. Wisdom comes, not from memory knowledge, but from an age-long extract of
experience. It charts invisible forces. It combines the seen and the unseen, body and soul, form and spirit. Astrology
links the fundamental elements of science and religion. It emphasis much on human values.
The subjective values of mind and soul can only express themselves in the concrete areas of life-the filed of all relative
life experiences- e.g., the body, the field of our profession, the filed of our relationships, our financial situation, etc.
Jyotisha sastra refers to the special effect that the objective human values of existence have in hiding the mental and
spiritual values of existence. Jyotisha indicates that it is the birthright of every human being to live this experience
through all the thick and thin of life.
7. DHARMASHASTRA
Dharma gets different meanings as “ordinance, usage, duty, right, justice, morality, virtue, religion, good works,
function or characteristic”. Studies in the Dharmashastra of Manu is an attempt to present Manusmruti as an
outstanding sociological work of ancient India with an unusually comprehensive outlook and to evaluate its impact on
the organization of the Hindu society. The main object in this work is to lay bare what is living and what is dead in the
Dharmasastra fo Manu. Indian culture is rooted in Veda. And, it is only natural that every form of its expression may be
traced to Veda. The Dharmasutras go by the name of Smruti which for all purposes may be treated as the sources of
Hindu Law.
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Dharmasastra moves away from the usual emphasis on symbols and theoretical formulations of dharma as a religious
and moral norms to evaluate human values. The sense of Adharma gives an interesting reading material for scholars of
Hinduism, historians of religion, and Indian socialogists and anthropologists.
Dharmasastra, a social system that is rooted in the assumption that wealth is evil, and that those who are rich
monsters, will have a system of regulations what will differ violently from that one which begins with the
presuppositions about wealth is true; that each does violence to human reality, for neither is suggested human facts
themselves; that money, wealth is neither evil, nor the greatest good, but simply an essential attribute of human living.
Dharmasastra is true also of the other differences of polity in the different societies of the world, which clearly arise
from the kind of presuppositions each has concerning sex, collective memories, history, space and time, law, authority,
power and the end of life. It looks at the historical and philosophical perspectives, especially these pertaining to the
basic and universal concepts which served as the infrastructure of the civil and criminal code, formation of the state,
social satisfaction, economic compartmentalization, the rules of individual and social behaviour.
Alamkara – Sastra : This alamkara-Sastra has several definitions of beauty “Saundarya”, „Charuta‟, „Ramaniyata‟,
„Saubhagya‟, „Sobha‟, „Lavanya‟, „Kanti‟, „Vichchitti‟ and so forth. But the most frequently adopted keyterm of
aesthetics is Alamkara. That is why Alamkara sastra should be translated as the science of beauty. Its widest meaning is
adequately stressed by Vamana who aphoristically states – Saundaryam alamkaraha. Since „Alamkara‟ can also mean a
means of beauty, it can denote poetic and artistic devices alos.
Alamkara is the body of all art whose guna or invariable property is beauty discernible to a man of taste. Beauty is a
value discovered in Nature or refashioned by a gifted artist. It is a value like truth and goodness because it is an aspect
of reality and well worth man‟s quest after it and without which is life would be less than perfect. Faith in man‟s ability
to attain perfection, emotional as well as intellectual, is a singular characteristic of the Indian mind down the ages.
Alamkara sastra consists in aesthetic experiences, which eliminates the human values.
Manudharma Sastra : The Manusmruti also known as Manav Dharma Sastra, is the earliest metrical work on
Brahmanical Dharma in Hinduism. According to Hindu mythology, the manusmruti is the word of Brahma and it is
classified as the most authoritative statement on Dharma. The sastra consists of preaching and teachings of human
values. While defending Manusmruti as divine code of conduct for all including women, where women are provided
place of honor, gods are pleased and reside there in that household, but they deliberately forget all those verses that are
full of prejudice, hatred and discrimination against women.
Manudharma sastra gave much importance to women and her value as यत्र नायमस्तु ऩूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देिताः। यत्रैतास्तु
न ऩूज्यन्ते सिामस्तत्रापऱाः कियाः।। means, where women are honoured, divinity blossoms there; and where they are
dishonoured, all action remains unfruitful.
Here are some of the celebrated derogatory comments about women in the Manusmruthi:
It is the nature of women to seduce men in this world; for that reason the wise are never unguarded in the company
of females.
Men may be lacking virtue, be sexual perverts immoral and devoid of any good qualities, and yet women must
constantly worship and serve their husbands.
In case a women, proud of the greatness of her excellence or her relatives violates her duty towards her husband, the
king shall arrange to have her thrown before dogs at a public place.
It is the duty of all husbands to exert total control over their wives. Even physically weak husbands must strive to
control their wives.
The husband, after the conception of his wife, becomes the embryo and is born again of her. This explains why
women are called Jaya.
While performing namakaranam and jatakarma, vedic mantras are not to be recited by women, because women are
lacking in strength and knowledge of vedic texts. Women are impure and represent falsehood.
Wise man should not marry women who do not have a brother and whose parents are not socially well-known.
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Food offered and served to Brahman after shradh ritual should not be seen by a chandal, a pig, a cock, a dog, and a
menstruating women.
Thus Manudharma sastra had given much stress on human values and the systems of the ancient customs.
8. VEDANTA – SASTRA
Human values are mainly emphasis on Vedanta sastra. Human values for living the vision of oneness is the theme
mainly discussed very much in Vedanta sastra. According to Vedanta, today‟s world is fraught with challenges in
multiple areas of life-political, economic, social and personal. The success of any individual or society as a whole
depends upon the extent which we are able to diagnose the sources of present day, accurately assess the opportunities
and decide a right course of action for building healthy and holistic societies.
Upanishads contains immortal truths realized by a pure and sense-free mind, in a transcendental state. They were
revelations (communications) to the seers. These truths are universal and will always inspire humanity to rise higher in
search of perfection through spiritual realization, by shedding ego. The barriers that are projected by the ego, the mind
and the sense of organs are pulled down. And consciousness begins to flow out, flow on and flow through. This what
Upanishads call attainment of the self, which is the ultimate absolute value. Upanishads also dilate upon the means to
attain the objective.
9. VIDURA NITI SASTRA
Human values in Vidura Niti by Mahatma Vidur is one of the prominent Niti sastras containing ethical and human
values, having relevance (suitable) even today. He, who has a knowledge of the customs of different countries, but
never exults at his own happiness, nor delights in another‟s misery, and who repents not after giving charity is said to
be a man of good nature and conduct. The man whose well-planned and spoiled works are never known to others,
whose counsels are well-kept and became known to others only when they are carried out into practice, his works are
never spoiled – he succeeds in all his objects.
From that perusal of the above advice given by Mahatma vidura to kind Dhritarashtra, it will be observed that many
gems of human values are contained in the Vidura Niti, which are still relevant in the modern times. Commencing from
to whom sleep evades, the characteristic of wise men and the traits of foolish persons, Vidura has spread a wide
spectrum of variegated rules of conduct, which though meant for Dhritarashtra, are relavent to all of us even in the
present times when the degradation of human values has become rampant all around the world. His teachings are aimed
at kings, ordinary citizens as well as ascetics.
10. CHANAKYA NITISATRA
Chanakya applied his teachings of Niti-sastra that has made him stand out as a significant historical figure. According
to the views of chanakya, lofty ideals are mainly emphasized much on human values. He preached some human values
and ethics as follows; one should save his money against hard times, save his wife at the sacrifice of his riches, but
invariably one should save his soul even at the sacrifice of his wife and riches. Do not reveal what you have thought
upon doing but by wise council keep it secret being determined to carry it into enforcement.
“Wise men should always bring up their sons in various moral ways, for children who have knowledge of Niti-sastra
and are well behaved become a glory to their family. A brahmana‟s strength is in his learning, a king‟s strength is in his
army, a vaishya‟s strength is in his wealth and a shudra‟s strength is in his attitude of service”. Fondle a son until he is
five years of age, and use the stick for another ten years, but when he has attained his sixteenth year treat him as a
friend.
11. GITA SASTRA
The Gita contains the supreme spiritual mystery and secret. It contains the essence of all the four vedas. There is not a
single word in the Gita, which may be described as flattering. The Mahabharata also says : The Gita contains all the
sastras. The divine sage Vedavyasa himself says : The Gita is superiors unfathomable ocean of wisdom.
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Gita Sastra emphasizes much human values as on total renunciation of prohibited acts. This consists in entirely
abstaining, in thought, word and deeds from vile deeds prohibited by the sastras, such as thieving, adultery, lying,
duplicity, violence, taking forbidden food etc. One can abandon the above actions motivated by desires.
Human values from Bhagawad Gita : Human and ethical values have been the very foundation of Indian scriptures,
including Bhagawad Gita. It is hoped that these values, if sincerely pay into practice, will manifest attitudinal change in
the mind of the modern day manager. Knowledge is not anything created by absence of self-egotism, but only
discovered in the wake of loss of ignorance. The world is filled with wonderful opportunities. Let us recapitulate
(review) these qualities or human values in the Bhagawad Gita as.
Complete renunciation of thirst for worldly objects.
Renunciation of the practice of taking service from others with a selfish motive.
Absolute renunciation of sloth and the desire for fruit in respect of all one‟s duties.
Total renunciation of the sense of attachment with regard to all worldly objects and activities.
Complete renunciation of latent desire and self identification with regard to the world, one‟s own body and all
actions.
Equanimity is the dominant note of the Gita.
Even-mindedness towards men in general.
Even – mindedness towards men and animals.
Even – mindedness towards all beings.
Commandment to avoid the gates of hell in the shape of lust, anger and greed; and admonition to perform duties
sanctioned by the sastras.
Glory of Dharma nature of truth, compassion, Tranquility and non-violence.
Gita preaches the human values as :
श्रेयान्स्िधमो विगुणः ऩरधमामत्स्िनुष्ठितात्।
स्िधमे तनधनं श्रेयः ऩरधमोभयािहः।।
One‟s own duty, through devoid of merit, is preferable to the duty of another well performed. Even death in the
performance of one‟s own duty brings blessedness; another‟s duty is fraught with fear.
विद्या विनयसम्ऩन्ने ब्राह्मणे गवि हष्स्ततन।
शुतन चैि श्िऩाके च ऩष्डिताः समदलशमनः।।
The wise look with the same eye one a Brahmana endowed learning and culture, a cow, an elephant, a dog, and a pariah
too.
a) “Amanitvam” : Absnece of self-worship-fullness.
b) “Adambhitvam” : Absence of pretence/self-Glorification.
c) “Ahimsa” : Non-harmfulness or injury value.
d) “Kshanti” : Attitude of accommodation.
e) “Arjavam” : Straight – forwardness.
f) “Acharyopasanam” : Service to the teacher.
g) “Saucham” : Internal and external cleanliness.
h) “Sthairyam” : Steadfastness.
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i) “Aatmavannigrahaha” : Mastery over the mind.
j) “Indriyartheshu Vairagyam” : State of Dispassion towards the objects of sense gratification.
k) “Anahankara” : Absence of self-egoism.
l) “Anasakti” : Non-attachment etc.
Basically, a human being seems to find himself to be a wanting person, with all compelling desires turn upon this
human sense of want. As a human being, there will be no end to longing and struggle for Artha and Kama, so long as
both insecure and incomplete and think that artha and kama can make a complete and insecurity. Vairagya is a state of
mind brought about by understanding, not compelled by a commitment to self-denial or also deprivation. A manager
should necessarily have this complete mastery of his/her mind by imbibing this golden value of “aatamavinigraha”.
Being endowed with spontaneous thinking where universal human values become personal and assimilated accepted
values he/she is shorn of personal likes and dislikes to have a dispassionate view of all the emerging situations and deal
with the problems effectively.
In the management context, a manger with a serene state of mind characterized by total objectivity towards the things
of the world, including the objects of the senses, can have the dispassionate view through non-attachment with artha
and kama, to steer clear of all the ethical dilemmas faced by him. Such examples at the corporate level, both wi th India
and abroad, abound to show how passion of the senses have brought bad name both to the individuals and the
institutions concerned.
12. CONCLUSION
Thus, the attitudes and ways of thinking called jnanam values, as specified above, have relevance for everyone,
including the present day manager. Such values enhance the quality of life, whatever one‟s activities may be.
Bhagawad Gita speaks about efficiency in action yogah karmasu kausalam. These are the human values the business
world should possess in order to achieve profitability, productivity and prosperity. The ethics and human values can
find solution for the modern problems like competitive corruption, cut throat competition and excessive consumerism.
Moral human values are most important for mankind. The quality of human action is the manifestation of one‟s
behaviour which in turn is a product of culture and values. In the modern world we need to inculcate ethical practices in
order to maintain the quality of life and perfection.