Introduction: Early and exclusive breastfeeding is now recognized as one of the most effective interventions for child
survival particularly to address morbidity and mortality related to three major conditions i.e. neonatal infections, diarrhea
and pneumonia.
2. Aim: To study the infant and young child feeding practices among the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora of
Chandigarh.
3. Objectives:
a. To assess the prevailing breast feeding practices adopted by the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora.
b. To identify the barriers which lead to inappropriate breast feeding practices.
c. To examine the complementary feeding given to the infants and young children of the village.
4. Methodology: The study was conducted in the one of the randomly selected village Khuda Lahora of the “city beautiful”-
Chandigarh. The total population of the village is 3,476. There are 2,011 males and 1,456 females. There were 191
mothers who were registered in the sub centre of the village but only 167 participated in the study.
5. Results: The rate of exclusive breast feeding among the lactating mothers is found to be 22.7% and 46% of the mothers
have some prior knowledge of breastfeeding. It was found that 71% of the respondents started complementary feeding at
the age of 4-5 months. It is seen that 29% of the respondents gave diluted milk.
MRC/info4africa KZN Community Forum | June 2012info4africa
Ms Philippa Barnard, a Nutritionist at Zoe-Life outlined the Tshwane Declaration of 2011, which advocated breastfeeding as the best infant feeding choice for all babies, regardless of HIV status. This great change in policy created massive potential for decreasing infant and child mortality. Ms Barnard also highlighted some of Zoe-Life's practical insights gained whilst training lay counsellors in infant and young child feeding.
A discourse the ideal feeding practices from pregnancy to infancy with a closer look into malnutrition, breastfeeding, complementary feeding and related interventions.
MRC/info4africa KZN Community Forum | June 2012info4africa
Ms Philippa Barnard, a Nutritionist at Zoe-Life outlined the Tshwane Declaration of 2011, which advocated breastfeeding as the best infant feeding choice for all babies, regardless of HIV status. This great change in policy created massive potential for decreasing infant and child mortality. Ms Barnard also highlighted some of Zoe-Life's practical insights gained whilst training lay counsellors in infant and young child feeding.
A discourse the ideal feeding practices from pregnancy to infancy with a closer look into malnutrition, breastfeeding, complementary feeding and related interventions.
National Guidelines for Infant and Child Feeding and Infant Mortality RateDr. Ankit Mohapatra
National Guidelines for Infant and Child Feeding
Infant Mortality Rate
Early nutrition
Exclusive Breast feeding
Counseling during pregnancy
Complementary feeding
First food
Traditional food
Modified family food
Instant infant food
Protective foods
Feeding during illness
Feeding in exceptionally difficult circumstances
Integrated child development scheme
Reproductive and child health programme
Institutional promotion
International organaisations
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
A presentation I made for a graduate-level Maternal & Childhood Nutrition course. This PowerPoint focuses on the important role good nutrition can play in this age group, as well as nutrition programs for this age group.
[PDF]✔download⚡ Maternal and Child Nutrition The First 1 000 Days (74th Nestl...framvoksasntyuy
How to prevent and manage low birth weight Growth and nutrition during the fetal period and the first 24 months after birth are important determinants of development in early childhood. Optimal nutrition and health care of both the mother and infant during these first 1000 days of an infant's life are closely linked to growth learning potential and neurodevelopment in turn affecting longterm outcomes. Children with low birth weight do not only include premature babies but also those with intrauterine growth restrictions who consequently have a very high risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the future. Epidemiology epigenetic programming the correct nutrition strategy and monitoring of outcomes are thus looked at carefully in this book. More specifically two important nutritional issues are dealt with in depth The first being the prevention of low birth weight starting with the health
Does nutrition education improve complementary feeding practices and mothers nutrition knowledge? A case study of Western Kenya presented by Jacqueline Kipkorir PhD Student,, Kenyatta University
Find out more about this research:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/news/detail/improving-nutrition-through-local-agricultural-biodiversity-in-kenya/
In this Quotation Slide, i wished to summarise one chapter, in doing so i suggest this open source textbook for any medical students; Infant and Young Child Feeding
To evaluate traditional neonatal beliefs and care practices among urban and rural residents and assessing predictors of early initiation of breastfeeding, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts, Lahore and Rawalpindi of Pakistan. A total of 218 mothers having infants (< 2 years of age) were interviewed through collecting information through a questionnaire. In the logistic regression analysis, presence of professional birth attendant (P-value = 0.012, OR = 3.909), sterilization of feeding bottle (P-value = 0.013, OR = 3.280) and knowledge about reason of vaccination (P-value = 0.010, OR = 2.058) we re significantly associated with urbanization. Maternal education was significantly associated with correct timing to start weaning practice, breast milk was sufficient for infant, hand washing practice before breastfeeding, good cord care, vaccination status, reason of vaccination and knowledge about Jaundice in neonatal period (P <0.05). The results of multivariate ordinal regression showed that young literate mothers ((P < 0.001; OR = 3.192) started breastfeeding earlier than the elder and illiterate mothers. Furthermore, the women with normal delivery (P < 0.01; OR = 0.301) and low socioeconomic class (P < 0.10; OR = 0.339) started breastfeeding earlier. Among 218 mothers 44.5%, newborns were bathed immediately. A significant proportion of mothers 77.1% reported giving prelacteals as fi rst feed. Majority of mothers 30.7% apply oil on umbilical cord. also, 72.5% mothers administered gripe water to their infants. Traditional risky newborn care practices stress the need for promoting health education programs on improving newborn care practices.
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching...ijtsrd
Background Diarrhoea as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual . Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhoea among the mothers at selected urban community in Thatipur GwaliorM.P. Methods In this study quasi experimental with one group pre test post test design was adopted.30 Mothers of under five children was taken by Purposive sampling technique. Structured interview developed to measure the knowledge of mother regarding the diarrhoea. Data was collected by administering structured interview before and after the administration of STP. Result It revealed that post test score24.5 82.22 which is higher than pretest score 16.86 56.20 , the actual gain of knowledge score is 26.02 and computed ‘t’ value t29 =15.41 is more than tabled value t29 =2.05 at the level of 0.05.Therefore it indicated highly significant difference and effectivness of structured teaching programme through lesson plan and booklet, in increasing the knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding diarrhoea. Conclusion The study can be concluded that the Structure teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of the mothers under five children. Raj Amit Singh Gurjar | Harish Nagar | Bhoori Singh "A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Diarrhea among the Mothers at Selected Urban Community in Thatipur Gwalior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42399.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42399/a-quasiexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-diarrhea-among-the-mothers-at-selected-urban-community-in-thatipur-gwalior/raj-amit-singh-gurjar
National Guidelines for Infant and Child Feeding and Infant Mortality RateDr. Ankit Mohapatra
National Guidelines for Infant and Child Feeding
Infant Mortality Rate
Early nutrition
Exclusive Breast feeding
Counseling during pregnancy
Complementary feeding
First food
Traditional food
Modified family food
Instant infant food
Protective foods
Feeding during illness
Feeding in exceptionally difficult circumstances
Integrated child development scheme
Reproductive and child health programme
Institutional promotion
International organaisations
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
A presentation I made for a graduate-level Maternal & Childhood Nutrition course. This PowerPoint focuses on the important role good nutrition can play in this age group, as well as nutrition programs for this age group.
[PDF]✔download⚡ Maternal and Child Nutrition The First 1 000 Days (74th Nestl...framvoksasntyuy
How to prevent and manage low birth weight Growth and nutrition during the fetal period and the first 24 months after birth are important determinants of development in early childhood. Optimal nutrition and health care of both the mother and infant during these first 1000 days of an infant's life are closely linked to growth learning potential and neurodevelopment in turn affecting longterm outcomes. Children with low birth weight do not only include premature babies but also those with intrauterine growth restrictions who consequently have a very high risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the future. Epidemiology epigenetic programming the correct nutrition strategy and monitoring of outcomes are thus looked at carefully in this book. More specifically two important nutritional issues are dealt with in depth The first being the prevention of low birth weight starting with the health
Does nutrition education improve complementary feeding practices and mothers nutrition knowledge? A case study of Western Kenya presented by Jacqueline Kipkorir PhD Student,, Kenyatta University
Find out more about this research:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/news/detail/improving-nutrition-through-local-agricultural-biodiversity-in-kenya/
In this Quotation Slide, i wished to summarise one chapter, in doing so i suggest this open source textbook for any medical students; Infant and Young Child Feeding
To evaluate traditional neonatal beliefs and care practices among urban and rural residents and assessing predictors of early initiation of breastfeeding, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts, Lahore and Rawalpindi of Pakistan. A total of 218 mothers having infants (< 2 years of age) were interviewed through collecting information through a questionnaire. In the logistic regression analysis, presence of professional birth attendant (P-value = 0.012, OR = 3.909), sterilization of feeding bottle (P-value = 0.013, OR = 3.280) and knowledge about reason of vaccination (P-value = 0.010, OR = 2.058) we re significantly associated with urbanization. Maternal education was significantly associated with correct timing to start weaning practice, breast milk was sufficient for infant, hand washing practice before breastfeeding, good cord care, vaccination status, reason of vaccination and knowledge about Jaundice in neonatal period (P <0.05). The results of multivariate ordinal regression showed that young literate mothers ((P < 0.001; OR = 3.192) started breastfeeding earlier than the elder and illiterate mothers. Furthermore, the women with normal delivery (P < 0.01; OR = 0.301) and low socioeconomic class (P < 0.10; OR = 0.339) started breastfeeding earlier. Among 218 mothers 44.5%, newborns were bathed immediately. A significant proportion of mothers 77.1% reported giving prelacteals as fi rst feed. Majority of mothers 30.7% apply oil on umbilical cord. also, 72.5% mothers administered gripe water to their infants. Traditional risky newborn care practices stress the need for promoting health education programs on improving newborn care practices.
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching...ijtsrd
Background Diarrhoea as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual . Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhoea among the mothers at selected urban community in Thatipur GwaliorM.P. Methods In this study quasi experimental with one group pre test post test design was adopted.30 Mothers of under five children was taken by Purposive sampling technique. Structured interview developed to measure the knowledge of mother regarding the diarrhoea. Data was collected by administering structured interview before and after the administration of STP. Result It revealed that post test score24.5 82.22 which is higher than pretest score 16.86 56.20 , the actual gain of knowledge score is 26.02 and computed ‘t’ value t29 =15.41 is more than tabled value t29 =2.05 at the level of 0.05.Therefore it indicated highly significant difference and effectivness of structured teaching programme through lesson plan and booklet, in increasing the knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding diarrhoea. Conclusion The study can be concluded that the Structure teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of the mothers under five children. Raj Amit Singh Gurjar | Harish Nagar | Bhoori Singh "A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Diarrhea among the Mothers at Selected Urban Community in Thatipur Gwalior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42399.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42399/a-quasiexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-diarrhea-among-the-mothers-at-selected-urban-community-in-thatipur-gwalior/raj-amit-singh-gurjar
[[IAA JSR 10(1)49-60, 2023.Awareness and Practice of Breast Feeding among Mot...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Breastfeeding is a key tool for nourishing a baby, preventing childhood illnesses like obesity, and hypertension later on in life. In addition, it reduces the cost to the family and the entire country. Uganda to some extent faces a great deal of challenges, particularly in the health sector. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of exclusive breastfeeding in mothers with infants between 1 day to 2 years of age attending the immunization and the pediatric inpatient in Kiryandongo Hospital and to identify factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). A cross-section descriptive survey design was used. 187 respondents were selected randomly. The data were collected using a questionnaire and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentages. The result of this study showed that 71.2 % knew the correct definition and duration of exclusive breastfeeding, 59.7% exclusively breastfeeds for the first six (6) months of life, 100% gave colostrum to their babies because they believed it provides nutrition and protection to their babies, 87% breastfed on demand. The result also showed that there is a positive attitude of mothers toward exclusive breastfeeding as 86.6% of them agreed that breast milk alone is sufficient to the baby during the first six (6) months of life as well as believed that EBF has benefits to both the infants and the mother. 51% of respondents weaned their babies between 15-18 months and 41% weaned between 19 months to 2 years. It was concluded that there was a high level of knowledge on breastfeeding among the respondents, more than half of the respondents practiced exclusive breastfeeding as recommended and relatively all the respondents had positive attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, breastfeeding, mothers
Patterns and determinants of breast feeding among mother infant pairs in dera...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to determine the patterns and explore the determinants associated with breast feeding practices among the nursing women in Dera Ghazi Khan. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on randomly selected lactating mother infant pairs in Dera Ghazi Khan. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis was done by using SPSS, chi square test was applied to see the association between breast feeding practices and its determinants such as knowledge of breast feeding practices. Results: Majority 372 (93%) of mothers mentioned that they had ever breastfed the youngest child. About 292 (73%) mothers gave colostrum to the child, and 48 (12%) exclusively breastfed. Weaning babies before four month of age was practiced by 84 (21%) of the mothers, 120 (55%) mothers started weaning at 4-6 months of child age, while 72 (18%) started to give additional food after baby turned six months old. Out of total 276 (69%) mothers reported that they had knowledge regarding breast feeding. Significant association was found between knowledge of breastfeeding and initiation and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) practices (p-values <0.05). Income, family type, mode of delivery and assistance for child were significantly associated with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding practices in the studied area were not up to the mark. There is a strong need to improve the breastfeeding practices by Behavior Change Communication. Keywords: Breast feeding; Early initiation; Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF); Colostrum; Supplementary feeding; Infants
To study the knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers, in relation to initiation, duration and type of breastfeeding, introduction and type of complementary food and other infant feeding practices.
Proposal Development on Organizing Health Promotion Education Communication T...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
Proposal Development on Organizing Health Promotion Education Communication Training Program on Maternal Infant and Young Child Nutrition Practices in Pumdi, Pokhara Municipality 22.
A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF LACTATING MOTHERS IN THANJAVUR DISTRICTIAEME Publication
Childhood mortality is one of the important indicators of a country’s general medical and public health conditions, and consequently, the country’s level of socio-economic development. Its decline is therefore not only desirable but also indicative of an improvement in general living standards. In India, 2.1 million children die before their fifth birthday. Half of these children die even before they are 28 days old, accounting for one-fourth global infant deaths. Of the 9.7 million child deaths worldwide annually, one-third occur in India. The statistics are equally shocking among neonate’s children new born to a maximum age of 28 days old.
IDOSR JSR 8(2) 40-57.Evaluation of the Awareness and Practice of HIV Positive...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Awareness and Practice of HIV Positive Mothers towards Infant Feeding Options at Serere Health Center IV, Serere District
Omoding, Basil
School of Nursing, Kampala International University, Uganda
________________________________________ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge and practice of HIV positive mothers towards infant feeding options at Serere Health Center IV, Serere District. The study design was a cross sectional and descriptive research. The research used both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The study involved a total of 30 respondents. HIV positive mothers were not fully knowledgeable about infant feeding options as only half of the respondents 15 (50%) had heard of infant feeding options for HIV positive mothers and obtained information about infant feeding options from health workers. However, most of the respondents 17 (56.7%) were not knowledgeable about the available mixed feeding options and 16 (53.3%) respondents were not aware of the importance of infant feeding options which was perhaps not surprising as most 17 (57%) had never been sensitized by health workers about infant feeding options. Respondents also had poor practices towards the use of infant feeding options and most of them 13 (43.3%) selected their current feeding option because it was cheap, 11 (36.7%) said it was readily accessible while 6 (20%) said it was culturally appropriate. However, majority of respondents 25 (83.3%) were laughed at or criticized for using infant feeding options by 12 (48%) friends, 7 (28%) community members and 6 (24%) relatives yet 25 (83.3%) reported that fear of being laughed at prevented use of using infant feeding options. Furthermore, all respondents 30 (100%) reported facing challenges in using infant feeding options including 14 (46.7%) lack of support by family members and friends, 10 (33.3%) baby not feeding well and 6 (20%) unnaturalness of some methods. We therefore, recommend national sensitization programs about MTCT of HIV as well as how this could be reduced and prevented through adequate and effective use of replacement infant feeding options, supporting health facilities offering EMTCT programs with subsidized infant feeding options such as formula in an effort to improve uptake and utilization of this safe replacement infant feeding option.
Keywords: Infant feeding, Serere District, feeding options, infant formula.
Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding nutriti...Harsh Rastogi
Research study on Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding nutritional diet among mothers of under-five children in selected rural area of Lucknow.”
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
NCCR 2020: Conference Of Very Important Disease (COVID-19) | 24 - 26 August 2020
Young Investigator Awards Presentation
Mohammad Hasnan Ahmad
Nutritionist
Principal Investigator
Centre for Nutrition Epidemiology Research
Institute for Public Health
National Institutes of Health
Ministry of Health Malaysia
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4004505
Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2 5 Years ...ijtsrd
Children are the backbone of any country. Under nutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all deaths in children aged less than five years worldwide. This study was designed majorly to study the prevalence of undernutrition in children. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition stunting, underweight and wasting in children between 2 5 years of age and to analyse major determinants influencing undernutrition. 102 children aged between 2 5 years of age were selected from two different baalwadis of Mumbai through purposive, random sampling. Socio demographic data was collected using a self designed, structured questionnaire from mothers. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done to determine nutritional status. Anthropometric data revealed that out of total children screened n=102 , 34 children were well nourished and 66 children were undernourished where 27 children were underweight, 24 were wasted 16 were stunted. 55 children had low MUAC. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with child undernutrition were age p=0.046 , gender p=0.000 , maternal education p=0.007 , employment status of mother p=0.001 and number of meals taken by the child daily p=0.000 . The prevalence of undernutrition among children of Baalwadi was high considering the sample size was small. Shraddha Shripal Parmar | Dr Rupali Sengupta ""Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2-5 Years of Age in Western Mumbai"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/child-care-and-development/23133/prevalence-of-undernutrition-among-baalwadi-going-children-between-2-5-years-of-age-in-western-mumbai/shraddha-shripal-parmar
Maternal perception about neonatal jaundice in eastern nepal a qualitative studydineshdharel13
The perception of mothers regarding recognition, seriousness, causes and treatment of jaundice in their newborn babies mostly reflected their own misconceptions about this common neonatal problem. The experience of mothers caring for children with jaundice in their neonatal period along with the influence of their family and society evidently shaped their perceptions about neonatal jaundice.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowle...ijtsrd
Malnutrition and Tuberculosis chronic infectious disease are both problems of considerable magnitude in the most underdeveloped regions of the world. Malnutrition can leads to secondary immunodeficiency that increase the host susceptibility to infection. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on the knowledge and practice regarding dietary pattern among mothers of children with tuberculosis admitted in pediatric ward. Quasi experimental with two groups pre test post test design was used for 60 mothers at IPD and OPD of pediatric department and purposive sampling technique was used. Self structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge and checklist for practice. In post test experimental group mothers have 63.3 average knowledge, 26.6 poor knowledge and 10 good knowledge while in the control group, 53.3 poor knowledge, 46.6 average knowledge and non hove good knowledge. In experimental group mean score was 17.9 1.96 while in control group mean score was 11.8 2.99. At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.21 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . In post test experimental group, mothers have 53.3 good practice, 46.6 average practice and none have poor practice while in the control group, 63.33 average practice, 23.3 poor practice and 13.3 good practice. In experimental group mean score was 19.13 1.99 while in the control group, mean score was 14.06 2.85.At the “p” value 0.05, the calculated t value 3.28 was compared with the tabulated value 2.01 . These finding reveals that the planned teaching program on dietary pattern was effective. Mrs. Anchal Tiwari | Mrs. Anugrah Charan | Dr. Sarika Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Dietary Pattern among Mothers of Children with Tuberculosis Admitted in Pediatric Ward at KGMU Hospital, Lucknowv" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38591.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/38591/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-program-on-the-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-dietary-pattern-among-mothers-of-children-with-tuberculosis-admitted-in-pediatric-ward-at-kgmu-hospital-lucknowv/mrs-anchal-tiwari
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding New Born Care among Pos...ijtsrd
In many communities around the world, newborn deaths are so common that children are not even named until they survive their first month of life. Children are an embodiment of our dreams and hopes for the future. For a nation to grow and progress, the well being and the health of the children is of crucial importance. Advances in medical research, the advent of new technologies have helped improve the healthcare of both well and sick newborn babies. Further innovation in baby care equipment have made the task of caring for babies much easier. Care practices immediately after delivery play a major role in causing neonatal morbidities and mortalities. Insufficient knowledge of parents regarding essential newborn care leads to decrease in the quality care. The investigators felt a real need to assess the mother's knowledge regarding essential newborn care. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge of postnatal mothers regarding essential newborn care and to develop a pamphlet on new born care. A descriptive study with non experimental research design was adopted. Sixty postnatal mothers admitted in postnatal ward of SGT hospital ,Gurugram were selected using convenient sampling technique from 16 04 to 22 04 2019. The tool used was structured questionnaire. The study findings revealed that majority 63.3 of the postnatal mothers had satisfactory knowledge scores and only 10 postnatal mothers had inadequate knowledge scores, whereas rest 26.6 of the subjects had inadequate knowledge regarding essential newborn care. A pamphlet regarding essential newborn care was disseminated to postnatal mothers. Ms. Sumyra Nazir | Ms. Monica | Mr. Mohit ""A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding New Born Care among Postnatal Mother's with a View to Prepare a Pamphlet in SGT Hospital Gurugram"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30088.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30088/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-regarding-new-born-care-among-postnatal-mother%E2%80%99s-with-a-view-to-prepare-a-pamphlet-in-sgt-hospital-gurugram/ms-sumyra-nazir
Performance of Foreign Direct Investment in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
An attempt is made in this paper to know Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) performance in India in terms of Merger
and Acquisition (M&A), Technology transfer and Research & Development (R&D). Beginning of the sections is done with
FDI policy in India. Initially, India has many restrictive policies but it is favorable after liberalization period to attract FDI in
India. Another section of the Paper discussed performance of M&A in terms of number, volume, country and industry wise,
Technology Transfer with suggested government policy and FDI inflow in R&D from the year 2000-2011(post liberalization
period). At the end of the paper,it has been concluded that growth of FDI Inflows is quite positive in above mentioned area.
Performance of Foreign Direct Investment in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
An attempt is made in this paper to know Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) performance in India in terms of Merger
and Acquisition (M&A), Technology transfer and Research & Development (R&D). Beginning of the sections is done with
FDI policy in India. Initially, India has many restrictive policies but it is favorable after liberalization period to attract FDI in
India. Another section of the Paper discussed performance of M&A in terms of number, volume, country and industry wise,
Technology Transfer with suggested government policy and FDI inflow in R&D from the year 2000-2011(post liberalization
period). At the end of the paper,it has been concluded that growth of FDI Inflows is quite positive in above mentioned area.
A Comparative Study of Working Capital Management of Selected Paper Companies...RHIMRJ Journal
This research paper describes paper companies is core sector for any of the country. Working Capital Management
has its impact on liquidity as well profitability. The impact on effectiveness and profitability of working capital is tried to find
out by measuring the fluctuation in fixed assets, current assets and sales. The industry plays a vital role in development of
economics of enterprises as well as country. So at this financial appraisal of paper companies will be very useful to many of
its stakeholders. This research paper mainly based on the secondary data. Its main objectives are to evaluate the liquidity
position of the paper companies. For use ratio analysis for accounting tools and statistical tools for getting results like as
average, S.D. C.V. Maximum and Minimum and used One way ANOVA test. Mainly included two ratios in this research
paper like as current ratio and quick ratio.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Material (SIM) for Higher ...RHIMRJ Journal
The present study was aimed to find the effectiveness of Self-instructional Materials (SIM). Comparison of the
increased learning through SIM and through Direct Teaching was done in this study to know about the effectiveness of SIM at
Higher Education. The results did not show significant difference between two groups’ learning outcomes. However, various
factors are involved in learning activity. Factors like students’ attention, effectiveness of direct teaching etc. do affect the level
of learning. So, depending upon the above factors and quality of Self-instructional Material, the level of learning may differ.
Small Scale Industries Scenario in GujaratRHIMRJ Journal
Small scale industries today constitutes a very important segment of the Indian economy the development of this
sector came about primarily due to the vision of our late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who sought to develop core
industry and have a supporting sector in the form of small scale enterprises. Small scale sector has emerged as a dynamic and
vibrant sector of the economy. The sector contribution to employment is next only to agriculture in India. It is therefore an
excellent sector of economy for investment. Already we have seen that how small scale industries are playing significant role in
the economy. As we discussed above the importance and institutional framework of India and Gujarat, government of India
and government of Gujarat is trying to be more supportive to this sector. In spite of these lots of attempts of government of
Gujarat and government of India this sector is not raising as accepted to other countries and economy. Now we knew that how
small scale industries is playing important role in economy. We have accepted its importance. Inspire of its importance, the
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Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among the Lactating Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Village of Chandigarh
1. ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)
Volume-1, Issue-4, November 2014
RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research
Journal
Research Paper
Available online at: www.rhimrj.com
Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among
the Lactating Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Study in
a Village of Chandigarh
Dr. Mohdeep Kaur1st
MPH Scholar,
Centre for Public Health,
University Institute for Emerging Areas in Science and Technology, (UIEAST)
Punjab University
Chandigarh, (India)
E-mail: drmoh25@gmail.com
University Institute for Emerging Areas in Science and
University Institute for Emerging Areas in Science and
1. Introduction: Early and exclusive breastfeeding is now recognized as one of the most effective interventions for child
survival particularly to address morbidity and mortality related to three major conditions i.e. neonatal infections, diarrhea
and pneumonia.
2. Aim: To study the infant and young child feeding practices among the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora of
3. Objectives:
a. To assess the prevailing breast feeding practices adopted by the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora.
b. To identify the barriers which lead to inappropriate breast feeding practices.
c. To examine the complementary feeding given to the infants and young children of the village.
4. Methodology: The study was conducted in the one of the randomly selected village Khuda Lahora of the “city beautiful”-
Chandigarh. The total population of the village is 3,476. There are 2,011 males and 1,456 females. There were 191
mothers who were registered in the sub centre of the village but only 167 participated in the study.
5. Results: The rate of exclusive breast feeding among the lactating mothers is found to be 22.7% and 46% of the mothers
have some prior knowledge of breastfeeding. It was found that 71% of the respondents started complementary feeding at
the age of 4-5 months. It is seen that 29% of the respondents gave diluted milk.
I. INTRODUCTION
“Breast feeding was the best, is the best and will remain the best” as far as infant feeding is concerned. Breast feeding has been
a part of our culture since ancient times. It is a rich traditional practice in Indian society. Many social, moral, and mythological
factors are attached to the practice of breast feeding. The Indian mind has recognized breast milk as the best food for the child
since antiquity. But in modern times, till recently the practice of breast feeding has been declining not in Indian society but all
over the world. This has resulted in activities for increasing awareness and promotion of breast feeding. UNICEF and WHO
launched Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative in 1992 as a part of global effort to protect promote and support breast feeding.
Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and survival. Optimal breastfeeding together with
complementary feeding help prevent malnutrition and can save about a million child lives .Globally less than 40% of infants fewer
than six months of age are exclusively breastfed. Adequate breastfeeding support for mothers and families could save many young
lives. (Mamtarani, 2012)
Page 1 of 6
Dr Manoj Kumar2nd
Assistant Professor,
Centre for Public Health,
Technology, (UIEAST), Punjab University
Chandigarh, (India)
E-mail: mkcph@pu.ac.in
Prof. Vijay Lakshmi Sharma3rd
Coordinator,
Centre for Public Health,
Technology, (UIEAST), Punjab University
Chandigarh, (India)
E-mail: vijaylsharma25@yahoo.co.in
Abstract:
Chandigarh.
Keywords: breastfeeding, infant, lactating mothers
2014, RHIMRJ, All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)
2. RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Volume-1, Issue-4, November 2014
To formulate new guidelines, the IYCF chapter of Indian Academy of Pediatrics organized a National Consultative Meet on the
20th anniversary of the signing of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Various partners from WHO, UNICEF, USAIDS ,
Ministry of Child Welfare Department and Academicians from various states of India met and drafted these guidelines.
Early Initiation of Breastfeeding means breastfeeding all normal newborns as early as possible after birth, ideally within first
hour. Colostrum, the milk secreted in the first 2-3 days, must not be discarded but should be fed to newborn as it contains high
concentration of protective immunoglobulins and cells. No pre-lacteal fluid should be given to the newborn. Exclusive
breastfeeding for the first 6 months means that an infant receives only breast milk from his or her mother or a wet nurse, or
expressed breast milk, and no other liquids or solids, not even water.
An international code to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes was adopted in 1981. It include all formula labels and
information to state the benefits of breastfeeding and the health risks of substitutes, no promotion of breast-milk substitutes, no
free samples of substitutes to be given to pregnant women, mothers or their families, no distribution of free or subsidized
substitutes to health workers or facilities. The baby who is artificially fed receives no breast milk at all. Bottle-feeding means the
child has received liquid or semi-solid food from a bottle with a nipple/teat. This term applies irrespective of the nature of the
liquid or semi-liquid. Supplementary feeds are feeds given to a baby under 6 months old to supplement his intake of Breast milk,
where this is insufficient.
Though many efforts are being done to promote the appropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in infants
and young children yet the results are not very much satisfactory. This study was conducted to know the infant and young child
feeding practices and the factors which lead act as hindrances in following proper feeding practices. The participants in the study
are the mothers of village Khuda Lahora of Chandigarh. The participants included are those who are registered at the sub centre of
the village and who are having babies of 0-2 years. These participants are supposed to have been advised about the correct
methods of feeding during their antenatal visits.
II. AIM
To study the infant and young child feeding practices among the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora of Chandigarh.
III. OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the prevailing breast feeding practices adopted by the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora.
2. To identify the barriers which lead to inappropriate breast feeding practices.
3. To examine the complementary feeding given to the infants and young children of the village.
IV. METHODOLOGY
Study area: The study was conducted in the one of the randomly selected village Khuda Lahora of the “city beautiful”-
Chandigarh. It is located at a distance of 2 km from Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER). It has
total area of 776 acre. The total population of the village is 3,476. There are 2,011 males and 1,456 females. There are 13 villages
in U.T. Chandigarh, which are located within a radius of 8 K.M. from Chandigarh city and have a population of 50,135. The
village Khuda Lahora is selected randomly out of the 9 village which have sub centres.
Study population: Mothers of infants and children of 0-2 years who were registered in the sub centre.
Study design: non random judgmental sampling
Sampling size: There were 191 mothers who were registered in the sub centre of the village but only 167 participated in the
study. Rest of the women either could not fulfilled the inclusion criteria or were available at the time of data collection. Study
period is from January 2013 to April 2013.
Inclusion criteria:
A) All the lactating mothers who are staying there from time period of less than 2 years
B. All the lactating mothers who have children of age 0-2 years
Exclusion criteria:
A) All the lactating mothers who are staying there from time period of less than 2 years
B. Visitors
Data collection tool: the data collection tool was a Semi-structured, interview schedule which consisted of following parts i.e.
demographic profile, history of breastfeeding, complementary feeding
Pilot study: A pilot study was done in a randomly selected village of Chandigarh and the results of the pilot study are not
included in this study
Data validation and data analysis: Data validation was conducted for all the data collected. This consist of cross-checking
and matching all the data from hard copies into soft copies
Ethical consent: Informed consent has been taken from the respondents. All the possible information regarding the study was
given and the participants were assured that all the information provided by them will be kept confidential.
Page 2 of 6
2014, RHIMRJ, All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)
3. RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Volume-1, Issue-4, November 2014
V. RESULTS
After analyzing the data collected from 167 respondents who were registered, and were available at the time of study.
The age of the respondents is divided into four groups i.e. 15-20 years, 21-25 years, 25-30 years, and 31-35 years. Similarly at
the time of delivery 55% of the respondents fall into the age group of 21-25 followed by 34% who fall in the age group of 15-20
years . The present mean age is 23 years and 21 years at the time of delivery.
The respondents who are educated up to the level of intermediate or have done any diploma course are 46% followed by 29%
who are educated up to the level of high school, 8% and 7% are educated up to the level of middle and primary respectively.
About 4% of the respondents are either graduates or post graduates. Only 4% of the respondents are illiterate. It shows that the
42% of the respondents of the study belongs to the nuclear families followed by 35% of the extended families and 23% of the
joint families.
The number of children between 7-12 months are maximum (68%) followed by 41% 0f children who fall in the age group of
0-6 months,18% who belongs to the age group of 13-18 months and 8% who fall into the age group of 19-24 months.
Approximately 46% of the respondents replied that they were provided information regarding breastfeeding during antenatal
checkups. However 16% gave a negative response. Out of the total 37% of the lactating mothers don’t remember whether they
were provided any information. 42% of respondents acquired information regarding breastfeeding from doctors and nurses who
delivered their babies while 32% said that ANM was the source of information followed by 15% who were informed by either by
their elders o the family members.
There were three type of birth attendants the doctors, the nurses and the dias out of which the maximum were doctors(77%)
followed by nurses(14%) and the dai who attended the deliveries of the respondents. 97% of the respondents tried breast feeding
their babies after their delivery. The remaining 3% could not express their beast milk.
Out of the total there were 48% of the respondents who initiated breastfeeding after 2-3 hours of their delivery, followed by
22% who initiated breast feeding within one hour of their delivery ,11% who started it within 4-5 hours of delivery,8% started it
within 7-9 hours and 2% started it after one day. There were 7% of the respondents who don’t remember the exact duration of the
initiation of breast feeding by them.
Approximetly 70% of the lactating mothers intended to breastfeed their baby for 24 months and 14% would continue it even
after two years. There are 9% of the mothers who would like to continue breastfeeding only up to 18 months followed by 5% of
those who would continue it for 12 months only. There is not even a single mother who would not discontinue it before six
months. Out of 167 respondents 131 were those who did not exclusively breastfed their children. Out of those 131 respondents
55% of the respondents gave different type of Prelectal feeds to their children while 45% were those who did not follow any such
practice.
Various type of prelectal foods includes animal milk. Honey, sweet water, plain water and jaggrey, among the above mentioned
Prelectal foods the most common is sweet water(20%) followed by honey(16%),animal milk(11%) and jiggery and plain water
age given 3 %and 2% respectively Figure 16: Colostrum given to the child or not
Complementary feeding practices: 71% of the respondents started giving complementary feeding to their children at an age of
5-6 months followed by 23% who started the complementary feeding at 3-4 months and 3% who started it at the age of 2-3
months. 29% of the respondents gave diluted milk, 16%dal water, 13% gave infant milk formulas, followed by mashed fruits 12%
and mashed chapatti is given by 6%.thus the type of complementary foods such as infant milk formulas are given by maximum no.
of respondents. Almost half ( 51%) of the respondents believe in introducing complementary foods before 6 months because they
think baby will remain hungry,23% had introduced early complementary feeding because of the insufficient breast milk
production. The 15% and 11% practiced it on their elder’s advice and consider them healthier respectively. 40% of the
respondents are those said that they will start giving they infant milk formulas before 6 months if provided free of cost to them.
It is seen that class III followed by class II have the maximum no. of respondents who follow this practice. 51 mothers are literate
up to intermediate level and this group is having the maximum number of respondents who breastfeed exclusively.
There are nuclear families which are maximum in number however the no of respondents who exclusively breastfed do not
vary much. It is seen that 225 of the lactating mothers exclusively breastfeed their children, 55% gave Prelectal feed ,71%
discarded colostrum and 71% initiated complementary feeding before six months.
VI. DISCUSSION
Mother is the most important person in a baby’s life for both its physical as well as its psychosocial care and growth. The
mother infant relationship is the most vital relationship for the child. From the very first moments of life, a baby begins interacting
with its mother. Thus, mother’s health, her education, her beliefs & attitude regarding child rearing are plays a very important role
Page 3 of 6
2014, RHIMRJ, All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)
4. RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Volume-1, Issue-4, November 2014
before and after the birth of a child. However improper breast and complementary feeding practices adopted by the mothers can
produce harmful effects on the health of their children.
The present study was done to know the kind of feeding practices followed by the mothers of infants and young children. Out
of all 13 the villages present in the outskirts of Chandigarh 9 villages have functioning sub centers and Khuda Lahora was
randomly selected by lottery method. Secondary data was used to collect information about the mothers registered from past 2
years i.e. April 2011- March 2013. According to the record all the selected mothers have received both antenatal as well as
prenatal checkups. A semi-structured schedule was used to collect information about the prevailing breast feeding and
complementary feeding practices. 167 mothers were interviewed and the results obtained are discussed below.
Our study shows that most of the respondents (65%) are Hindu followers, 30% are follows Sikhism, 2% are Muslims the
remaining 1% belongs to other religion. The mean age of the respondents at the time of delivery is 21 years and minimum and
maximum age at the time of delivery is 17 years and 32 years respectively. The results show that 94% of the respondents are
homemakers.
The results of the study shows that out of 167 mothers only 38 feed their children exclusively. Thus the rate of EBF is 22.7%.
The results are in concordance with the study one by (Anjum Fazilli, 2011) in which the author reported the rate of exclusive
breastfeeding as 23.9% but lower than (I.I. MESHRAM, 2012)whose study the practice of EBF in mothers is 44.7%. If we
compare our finding to a cross-sectional study conducted by (Tiras E Nkala, 2011) in western Tanzania the practice of exclusive
breast feeding is 86%, the results of our study are not very encouraging comparatively. On contrary we compare our findings with
that of a study done in Nepal by (Maheswari Ekambaram, 2010) the rate of exclusive breast feeding is found to be only 9% our
results are very much better but not as good as they should be.
The socioeconomic status of the respondents is calculated with the help of revised Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale 2012.
According to the scale the respondents are categorized into five classes. Class I refers to the upper class,classII refers to the upper
middle class, class III is the lower middle class ,class IV is the upper lower class and class V is the lower class. 57%of the
respondents of this study belong to class III, 28% belongs to class IV, 10% belongs to class II and 3% belongs to the upper class.
In our study the most of the respondents 47.3% have received intermediate education or have done a diploma followed by 29%
who completed their high school only.7% have received. The results are in concordance with study done by (Neeraj Mohan
Srivastava S. A., 2013) according to which Neonates born to mothers with no formal education, fathers with no formal education,
whose mothers had fewer (<3) antenatal care visits, were born in Muslim families, were slum residents or were from low socio-economic
status were significantly (p < 0.05) less likely to be exclusively breastfed than their counterparts. However this finding
is not supported by the study done by (Mahmood SE, 2012) in which 69.9% of the mothers were illiterate i.e. the literacy rate is
lower than our study but only 22.8% of the infants were not exclusively breastfed.
The family type was divided into three categories joint, nuclear, extended. 35% of the families are nuclear and 26% live in
extended families and 16% live in joint families. However it was seen that there is no major difference seen with respect to
feeding practices in the various types of families. The result shoes that 36%, 31%, 32% rate of exclusive breastfeeding in nuclear,
joint, extended families. This is supported by study done by (Maheswari Ekambaram, 2010) in which comparison done between
family type and exclusive breastfeeding comes out to be non significant.
In our study the secondary data all the respondents have received at least one antenatal and postnatal check up and thus
supposed to have required information regarding the feeding practices however the results of this study shows a different
picture.46% of the respondents gave an affirmative response when they were asked were provided with the information and 32%
said the ANM was the source of information .study which support our result is that of (Maheswari Ekambaram, 2010) in which it
was seen that only 48% of the women had received any advice on breastfeeding during antenatal period out of which 17% was
from health worker .
In our study 50% of the respondents replied that doctor and the nurse who delivered their babies suggested them how to feed
and 15%were guided by their elders. The above findings of the study are similar to (K Madhu, 2009) according to which 42%
doctors, 21% mothers in laws was the source of information. However one of the participants of the study expressed her views as
“doctor aur nurse k paas itna time hi nai hota. Hum kuch pucchae to theek se jawab nai dete”
Our study shows that only 31% of the mothers have satisfactory knowledge of breastfeeding however all of them are not
practicing it due to various reasons. This finding is comparable to study done by (M. Sai Sunil Kishorea, 2008)in which 39% of
the mothers have satisfactory knowledge however only 30% and 10% of them feed their babies exclusively.
The present study shows that Initiation of breastfeeding in hospital is reported to be 97% in our study and 22% initiated within
one hour. The results are comparable to the study done by (K Madhu, 2009)which shows that 90% of the mothers have
institutional delivery and 97% out of them initiated breastfeeding.
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In our study 55% of the respondents gave Prelectal feeds to their children. There are various kinds of Prelectal feeds which are
given to the children such as animal milk, honey, sweet water, plain water and jaggery. The most common type of prelectal food
given to the infants is sweet water (20%), honey (16%), animal milk (11%) and jaggery (3%). In case of animal milk cow milk is
given in most of the cases. These results are in concordance with the study conducted by (DINESH KUMAR, 2006) in which
prelectal feed is given 64%. However the most common type of prelectal feed in the latter study is cow’s milk (70%) and honey
(15%). When the respondents of our study were asked about the reason behind giving the prelectal feeds most of them said they
don’t know the exact reason. They said that their family members suggested them to do so as it is a cultural norm. Some consider
it as “shagun”. It is believed that whosoever will offer the prelectal feed to the child the child will acquire his or her characters
when he will grow up.
Colostrum- the first milk is scientifically considered very nutritious and plays very important role in building up the child’s
immunity. It was encouraging to note that 56% of the respondents gave colostrums to their offspring. The colostrums was
discarded by 39% of the respondents .if we compare our findings with that of a study done in Nepal by (Maheswari Ekambaram,
2010) in which the rate of colostrums feeding is 91% a lot more efforts are required to motivate the lactating mothers.
There are several reasons which are given by the respondents such as elder / family member’s advice, it is not good for the
child, and it is thick and dirty hence they considered it impure for the new born. Out of the above mentioned reason the most
common reason(64%) given was elder’s advice (mother -in -law),21% of the respondents consider it to be thik,dirty ,followed by
those who consider it harmful fort the health of the child(9%). The remaining (4%) consider colostrums to be impure.
One of the mother in law said the “pehla dhood to girana bahut hi jaroori hai, warna bacha fhool jata hai” which means it is
very necessary to drop the first milk otherwise the child will swell up”
One of the lactating mothers shared her memory of discarding colostrums. She said “ muje yaad hai k muje meri saas ne pehla
dhood ghas pe girane ko bola tha par muje pata nai unho ne aisa kuyn kaha, muje jo bola maine kar diya” (I remember my
mother –in –law asked me to drop the first milk on the grass but I don’t know the reason behind it. I just obeyed what she said)
One of the factor which hampers the practice of exclusive breastfeeding is that the child is offered water. This study shows that
in81% of the cases water is given to the child along with the breast milk, however the quantity of water given is limited like it was
given once or twice a day. Thus we can say that about 81% of the children are predominantly breast fed .out of those who gave
water 63% gave it after 3-4 months. On the other hand the study done by (Neeraj Mohan Srivastava S. A., 2013) it was found that
only 48.1% of the participants gave water to their children .if we compare our with the above study, our results are not very much
encouraging.
Most of the participants (94%) of the study are housewives and it was very encouraging to know that 91.6% of the respondents
don’t avoid feeding their babies due to house hold chores. Our study also shows that only 8% of the respondents avoid feeding the
child in front of someone.
The present study shows that the respondents start alternative feeding methods such bottle feeding, spoon feeding, feeding with
the help of container. The results of the study shows that 42% of the respondents feed their babies with the help of container
and26% feed them with the help of bottle.
In our study the time of initiation of breast feeding is divided into three age groups. The first age group consists of infants of 0-
2 months, the second age group is from 3-4 months and the third age group is of 5-6 months. It is found that most of the
respondents (71%) start complementary feeding to their children when they are of 5-6 months old, followed by 23% of 3-4
months and 0-2% months . the various type of commonly given foods are animal milk water, porridge /mashed chapatti , mashed
fruits and vegetables and infant milk formulas. It is seen that 29% of the respondents gave diluted milk, 16%dal water, 13% gave
infant milk formulas, followed by mashed fruits 12% and mashed chapatti is given by 6%.The results of the study are in
concordance with the study done by (Neeraj Mohan Srivastava S. A., 2013) in which potentially harmful materials such as
animals' milk (35.8%), formula feeds (17.6%), water (48.1%) and other substances (teas/herbal drinks/juices/soups/rice
water/mashed banana/etc (9.9%)) were being fed to 74% of the neonates.
When the respondents were asked about the reason for introducing these foods so early they gave reasons such as they think
that the complementary foods are healthier than the breast milk. There are various reasons for introducing complentary food
before six months. Almost half ( 51%) of the respondents believe in introducing complementary foods before 6 months because
they think baby will remain hungry,23% had introduced early complementary feeding because of the insufficient breast milk
production. The 15% and 11% practiced it on their elder’s advice and consider them healthier respectively.
It is observed that some of the lactating mothers avoid feeding popular infant milk formulas because they think they are
expensive however out of the total respondents of this study 40% of the respondents are those said that they will start giving
they infant milk formulas before 6 months if provided free of cost to them.
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VII. CONCLUSION
The rate of exclusive breast feeding among the lactating mothers is found to be 22.7% and 46% of the mothers have some prior
knowledge of breastfeeding. Periodic feeding was found to be very common among the lactating mothers. 55% of the lactating
mothers gave Prelectal feeds to their children .There are various kinds of Prelectal feeds which are given to the children such as
animal milk, honey, sweet water, plain water and jaggery and 56% discarded the colostrums. It was found that 71% of the
respondents started complementary feeding at the age of 4-5 months. The various types of commonly given foods are animal milk
water, porridge/mashed chapatti, mashed fruits and vegetables and infant milk formulas. It is seen that 29% of the respondents
gave diluted milk.
On the basis of present study, it can be concluded that the knowledge of the respondents regarding breast feeding is lacking.
Myths influence of traditions and norms effect the practice of exclusive breast feeding. Family members along with the health
professional are play a crucial role in guiding the lactating mothers.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGED
To all study subjects and centre for Public Health, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
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