This chapter discusses the relationship between politics and geography. It examines the rise of states and the development of political boundaries through processes like imperialism and colonialism. Key topics covered include geopolitics, nationalism, theories of the state, decolonization, and how opposition to the post-Cold War world order has manifested through terrorism. The chapter aims to understand the geopolitical model of the state by exploring state power over territory and how borders and political influence have changed over time.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political geography, including:
- Political geography examines the relationship between power and territory. Key thinkers like Ratzel viewed states as behaving like biological organisms seeking to expand their power and control over space.
- States exercise sovereignty over recognized territories, which may include land, water, and airspace. However, boundaries are not always fixed and have changed dramatically in places like Europe.
- The document discusses different types of boundaries like those between the U.S. and Mexico versus Canada. It also examines frontier regions and politics in places like the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Gobi Desert.
- The formation of boundaries is generally based on natural barriers but has also involved disputes
This document provides an overview of world regions and geography. It discusses how geography influences cultures and economies. Regions are defined and classified in various ways, including formally by shared attributes and functionally by economic organization. Forces like globalization are increasing interconnectivity between regions. The document examines topics like population trends, economic development, social issues, the environment, and political structures at regional and global scales. Regional geography combines physical and human perspectives to holistically study territories and the relationships between communities worldwide.
The document provides an overview of world regions and geography. It discusses how geography influences cultures, resources and development. Regions are defined as large territories that share common attributes. Regions are dynamic and shaped by environmental and human factors. The document then examines various approaches to classifying and studying world regions, and how regions are interconnected in a globalized world.
This chapter discusses the development of the modern world system and the concept of a global hierarchy consisting of core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral regions. It begins by examining geographic knowledge and trade networks in the pre-1500 world. It then explains how the world system emerged through European expansion, industrialization, and imperialism beginning around 1500. Technological innovations in transportation and communication facilitated growing economic interdependence and inequality between regions. Today, globalization has further integrated the world while also exacerbating differences between wealthy core nations and poorer peripheral countries.
This chapter discusses the changing global context and the emergence of the modern world system. It describes how the world system evolved through stages, from early minisystems and empires to the core-periphery structure that developed during the Industrial Revolution. Technological innovations in transportation and communication intensified economic integration and globalization. Core regions like Europe and North America industrialized first and came to dominate semi-peripheral and peripheral regions, influencing patterns of trade, imperialism, and development around the world. The chapter outlines how the world system and global inequalities have continued to change over time due to shifting technologies and economic relationships.
The document is a chapter from a human geography textbook about political geography. It discusses key concepts in political geography like terrorism, regionalism, and imperialism. It also examines specific political geography topics like geopolitics, states and nations, decolonization, and systems of political representation. Throughout the chapter there are figures and examples to illustrate political geography concepts and various prompts for students to apply their knowledge.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 on the changing global context. It discusses the evolution from early hunter-gatherer groups and agriculture in hearth areas to the rise of early empires. It then covers the premodern world system and geography, including trade routes and port cities. The chapter addresses the development of capitalism in Europe and the core-periphery structure of the modern world system. Topics include imperialism, colonialism, and the international division of labor. It concludes with sections on globalization, including increased interconnectedness, commodity chains, and discussions of the global environment, health, security, and culture.
A World of Regions - The Contemporary WorldtitserRex
This presentation was made to help other teachers in TCW discussed the topic more meaningful.
-from the book "The Contemporary World " by L. Claudio and P. Abinales
Hi Chers!
Just wanna help you guys since March 2020 LET was Cancelled here's a powerpint reviewer for Gen. Ed. - Mathematics.
Hope It will help you.
just click the link and download the Document.
Good Luck and Always Pray. I Know Papasa Kayo!
https://dollarupload.com/dl/91446
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political geography, including:
- Political geography examines the relationship between power and territory. Key thinkers like Ratzel viewed states as behaving like biological organisms seeking to expand their power and control over space.
- States exercise sovereignty over recognized territories, which may include land, water, and airspace. However, boundaries are not always fixed and have changed dramatically in places like Europe.
- The document discusses different types of boundaries like those between the U.S. and Mexico versus Canada. It also examines frontier regions and politics in places like the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Gobi Desert.
- The formation of boundaries is generally based on natural barriers but has also involved disputes
This document provides an overview of world regions and geography. It discusses how geography influences cultures and economies. Regions are defined and classified in various ways, including formally by shared attributes and functionally by economic organization. Forces like globalization are increasing interconnectivity between regions. The document examines topics like population trends, economic development, social issues, the environment, and political structures at regional and global scales. Regional geography combines physical and human perspectives to holistically study territories and the relationships between communities worldwide.
The document provides an overview of world regions and geography. It discusses how geography influences cultures, resources and development. Regions are defined as large territories that share common attributes. Regions are dynamic and shaped by environmental and human factors. The document then examines various approaches to classifying and studying world regions, and how regions are interconnected in a globalized world.
This chapter discusses the development of the modern world system and the concept of a global hierarchy consisting of core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral regions. It begins by examining geographic knowledge and trade networks in the pre-1500 world. It then explains how the world system emerged through European expansion, industrialization, and imperialism beginning around 1500. Technological innovations in transportation and communication facilitated growing economic interdependence and inequality between regions. Today, globalization has further integrated the world while also exacerbating differences between wealthy core nations and poorer peripheral countries.
This chapter discusses the changing global context and the emergence of the modern world system. It describes how the world system evolved through stages, from early minisystems and empires to the core-periphery structure that developed during the Industrial Revolution. Technological innovations in transportation and communication intensified economic integration and globalization. Core regions like Europe and North America industrialized first and came to dominate semi-peripheral and peripheral regions, influencing patterns of trade, imperialism, and development around the world. The chapter outlines how the world system and global inequalities have continued to change over time due to shifting technologies and economic relationships.
The document is a chapter from a human geography textbook about political geography. It discusses key concepts in political geography like terrorism, regionalism, and imperialism. It also examines specific political geography topics like geopolitics, states and nations, decolonization, and systems of political representation. Throughout the chapter there are figures and examples to illustrate political geography concepts and various prompts for students to apply their knowledge.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 on the changing global context. It discusses the evolution from early hunter-gatherer groups and agriculture in hearth areas to the rise of early empires. It then covers the premodern world system and geography, including trade routes and port cities. The chapter addresses the development of capitalism in Europe and the core-periphery structure of the modern world system. Topics include imperialism, colonialism, and the international division of labor. It concludes with sections on globalization, including increased interconnectedness, commodity chains, and discussions of the global environment, health, security, and culture.
A World of Regions - The Contemporary WorldtitserRex
This presentation was made to help other teachers in TCW discussed the topic more meaningful.
-from the book "The Contemporary World " by L. Claudio and P. Abinales
Hi Chers!
Just wanna help you guys since March 2020 LET was Cancelled here's a powerpint reviewer for Gen. Ed. - Mathematics.
Hope It will help you.
just click the link and download the Document.
Good Luck and Always Pray. I Know Papasa Kayo!
https://dollarupload.com/dl/91446
The Contemporary World: Globalization of World PoliticsRommel Regala
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and goal ethical responsibility.
The paper deals with the changing nature and manifestation of the ‘World Order’. The focus has been on nthe South Asian region. China has been undertaken the driver of this ‘New World Order’, and it is discussed that how it has become a challenge to the Indian Foreign Policy in the recent times – both regionally and globally. Chinese policies and India’s responses has been discussed. It further deals with the inherent weaknesses in the Chinese model and discusses that how the post-Cold war, globalized world is essentially a multi-polar world and no one country can establish itself as the superpower. The paper
attempts to deal with the various facets – from hard to soft power – and explains the nuances of the recent developments in the region and its implications at the global level and vice versa.
This document discusses the topics of globalization, economic globalization, global politics, global governance, and the world of regions. It provides information on key concepts related to each topic, such as definitions of globalization, descriptions of the historical development of international trade systems, explanations of the state and nation in global politics, an overview of the United Nations as a prominent international organization, and definitions of regionalization and regionalism.
This document provides a Chinese perspective on China's changing role in Asia. It examines China's response to perceptions of its rise and discusses the principal concerns that shape its strategy toward Asia. China's strategy is also considered in relation to its relations with the United States. The document analyzes China's approach to regional economic cooperation and security issues, as well as its strategic vision for its role in the regional and global order.
The ability of the present-day human to be fully aware of what’s happening in every corner of the globe owes its possibility to the efficient mechanisms operated by the transnational media corporations. For more than a century, these entities have progressively expanded worldwide thus impacting every human life with the aid of the advanced communication systems technologies such as cable, digital, satellite, and the internet that were developed in the twentieth century. It can be well said that these technologies powered up the rise, growth, and extension of transnational media corporations because they enabled them to seamlessly develop high-quality content and distribute it worldwide in real-time. This presentation is aimed at explaining the scope of this phenomenon, the entities behind it, and how such transformations have promoted global communication and at the same time it explores the criticism they face regarding their ownership, content generation and coverage. In this presentation, we also observe that the success of TMC’s lie in the billion-dollar investments, mergers, and acquisitions which have seen them combine resources with their rivals to dominate and influence the global media market – a result which has not been without disapproval from the media critics and scholars. The review questions at the end of the presentation let us ponder over the inquisitive concerns related to what is covered herein.
This document provides an overview and discussion of topics related to media and globalization. It discusses definitions of globalization, inequalities created by globalization, cultural imperialism vs cultural globalization, the role of global media and news agencies, the impact of new technologies like the internet, and the digital divide debate. It also summarizes several scholars' perspectives on these issues and how globalization has impacted cultural exchange and the spread of information worldwide.
Here are the answers to your quiz:
1. The Bretton Woods institutions (BWIs), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank. (3 points)
2. 1944 (2 points)
3. 1944 (2 points)
4. John Maynard Keynes and wanting the freedom to pursue autonomous policy goals, pushed for greater exchange rate flexibility in order to ameliorate balance of payments issues. (3 points)
Total points earned: 10
The document provides an overview of geopolitics and its relationship to human security. It discusses how geopolitics has evolved from being considered a Nazi discipline to a methodology that can help explain complex phenomena. It also examines how concepts like globalization and relativity theory have impacted views on space and territory over time. The document explores topics like nation-states, transnational relations, and how maps have historically been used to represent political realities and interpret spaces.
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsRommel Regala
George W. Bush's foreign policy argued that old methods of dealing with challenges were obsolete. It changed sharply after 9/11 to emphasize unilateralism. This led to the controversial war in Iraq, whose reasons and effects are still highly debated. The end of the Cold War led to American primacy, but also new issues like inequality, the rise of China, and challenges to European integration and Russian authoritarianism. Globalization became a major topic of discussion around increasing interconnectedness and its contested impacts.
Over the next quarter century, the international order is likely to change considerably. A new geopolitical and macroeconomic context will necessitate a flexible strategy to maximise India's national interest.
In this Discussion Document, an analytical framework is developed to visualise possible New World Orders at the intersection of two axes. The first axis represents five possible geopolitical trends, organised by the degree of global polarity. The second axis represents four geoeconomic trends, based on the degree of growth, automation, trade, and labour movements.
In each scenario, the proposed strategies to maximise India's national interest are determined. The most frequently-occurring strategies are used to develop an agenda that will hold India in good stead, regardless of how the world shapes up.
Domestic Economic Reforms
Liberalise major sectors, implement labour and factor market reforms. Be an attractive destination for FDI.
Focus on the employment elasticity of growth in addition to growth itself. Collaborate with foreign universities for skilling the workforce.
Build a social security net to deal with inequality, unemployment, skill obsolescence, and an aging population.
Reforms for India’s engagement with the world at large.
Three critical military shifts needed: from land to sea, from the physical to the virtual (cyberwarfare); and from manpower to firepower.
Champion the cause of globalisation as movement of labour, goods, and services is critical for India’s growth.
Retain flexibility in terms of alignment: be open to larger partnerships and global projects, as well as unilateral action.
Partner with other middle powers, especially those concerned by G2 dominance.
This document provides an overview of the history of U.S. public diplomacy. It discusses early programs like the Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholars which laid the groundwork for the Fulbright Program. During WWI, the Committee on Public Information conducted propaganda and psychological operations. The Good Neighbor Policy and Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs improved relations with Latin America. During WWII, the Office of War Information explained US policy abroad through media. The Cold War saw programs like Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, libraries, and exchanges counter Soviet influence. Jazz diplomacy promoted American culture. The Peace Corps and USAID also advanced public diplomacy goals.
As part of the Global Development Institute Lecture Series and in collaboration with the Post-Crash Economics Society Dr Ha-Joon Chang, University of Cambridge, delivered a lecture entitled: Are some countries destined for under-development?
Chapter 4-–-people-and-places World Geography Sections 1-5kprice70
The document discusses several key concepts related to culture and geography. It defines culture as the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by members of a group. It also explains that culture helps unite group members while also separating them from others. Several aspects of culture are then described, including language, religion, and innovation/diffusion of ideas between societies. River civilizations are highlighted as cultural hearths where ideas and technologies originated and spread. The roles of environment and geography in shaping human cultures are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Nepal's foreign policy presented by Keshab Giri. It begins with definitions of foreign policy and national interests. It then outlines the key tools and processes of foreign policy making, as well as different levels of analysis. The document proceeds to discuss the history and scope of Nepal's foreign policy, along with its guiding principles and challenges. It concludes by proposing ways to address shortcomings and providing a selected bibliography.
This document discusses the author's ancestors who worked as journalists and pioneers in media in the early 20th century in India and Pakistan. It provides brief biographies of the author's father and uncles who published newspapers and periodicals in Delhi, Lahore, and other cities before 1947. The document serves to dedicate the author's book on contemporary world media to these ancestors who helped pioneer media in their time period.
U.S. public diplomacy has evolved over time in response to geopolitical events and technological changes. It began informally through cultural and educational exchanges in the 19th century. During World War I, the Committee on Public Information conducted the first large-scale U.S. propaganda efforts. The Cold War saw the rise of tools like Voice of America radio and cultural programs like jazz diplomacy. Debates continue around the appropriate role of government versus private groups in public diplomacy and how to measure its impact.
This document is from a world geography textbook. It covers two sections on resources and land use: Section 1 discusses world resources like renewable and nonrenewable resources as well as different energy sources. Section 2 covers different categories of economic activities like primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, as well as global trade patterns and indicators of a country's level of development. Each section includes definitions of key terms and concepts.
Cultural imperialism involves the promotion and spread of one nation's culture into another nation, often through economic or military power. Historically, empires expanded by conquering other lands and imposing their culture, language, and institutions. In the 20th century, the US and Soviet Union engaged in cultural imperialism through exporting popular culture like films, music, and television. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of production and goods/services created for profit in competitive markets. It developed from interactions between products, capital/consumer goods, labor, land/resources, and private ownership of resources and capital goods. Capitalism involves three interconnected markets of labor, goods/services, and financial systems that regulate money supply and flows
This document discusses the geopolitics of Myanmar. It begins by defining key geopolitical concepts and theories, such as how geopolitics examines the relationship between geography, politics, and international relations. It then discusses important geopolitical theorists like Halford Mackinder and their theories. Specifically, it outlines Mackinder's Heartland Theory. Next, it analyzes factors that influence a state's power, like size, location, natural resources, and population. It concludes by discussing Myanmar's strategic importance due to its location between China and India and control of key ocean chokepoints.
This document provides an overview of geopolitics, including definitions and perspectives from influential geopolitical theorists. It defines geopolitics as the study of how geographical factors influence politics and international relations. It discusses the work of Friedrich Ratzel, who viewed states as organic organisms that seek to expand, Halford Mackinder, who emphasized the strategic importance of Eurasia, and Nicholas Spykman, who argued that control of the rimland surrounding Eurasia was key to global power rather than the heartland alone.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in population geography from a human geography textbook chapter, including definitions of census, demographics, population dynamics, migration patterns, population density, sustainable development, and more. It also summarizes models of population distribution and density, birth and death rates, the demographic transition theory, mobility and migration patterns, and debates around population and natural resources. Diagrams and tables are referenced to illustrate concepts like population pyramids, fertility rates, and population projections over time.
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. There are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in an ecosystem. Ecosystems have multiple levels of organization including species, populations, communities, and the biosphere. For an ecosystem to sustain life it needs an energy source, organisms to convert energy, and nutrient cycling between organisms and the environment. Energy flows through food chains and webs from producers like plants to consumers. Key nutrient cycles in ecosystems include nitrogen, water, and carbon which allow organisms to obtain essential elements. Within a community, species interact through relationships like predation, competition, and symbiosis.
The Contemporary World: Globalization of World PoliticsRommel Regala
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and goal ethical responsibility.
The paper deals with the changing nature and manifestation of the ‘World Order’. The focus has been on nthe South Asian region. China has been undertaken the driver of this ‘New World Order’, and it is discussed that how it has become a challenge to the Indian Foreign Policy in the recent times – both regionally and globally. Chinese policies and India’s responses has been discussed. It further deals with the inherent weaknesses in the Chinese model and discusses that how the post-Cold war, globalized world is essentially a multi-polar world and no one country can establish itself as the superpower. The paper
attempts to deal with the various facets – from hard to soft power – and explains the nuances of the recent developments in the region and its implications at the global level and vice versa.
This document discusses the topics of globalization, economic globalization, global politics, global governance, and the world of regions. It provides information on key concepts related to each topic, such as definitions of globalization, descriptions of the historical development of international trade systems, explanations of the state and nation in global politics, an overview of the United Nations as a prominent international organization, and definitions of regionalization and regionalism.
This document provides a Chinese perspective on China's changing role in Asia. It examines China's response to perceptions of its rise and discusses the principal concerns that shape its strategy toward Asia. China's strategy is also considered in relation to its relations with the United States. The document analyzes China's approach to regional economic cooperation and security issues, as well as its strategic vision for its role in the regional and global order.
The ability of the present-day human to be fully aware of what’s happening in every corner of the globe owes its possibility to the efficient mechanisms operated by the transnational media corporations. For more than a century, these entities have progressively expanded worldwide thus impacting every human life with the aid of the advanced communication systems technologies such as cable, digital, satellite, and the internet that were developed in the twentieth century. It can be well said that these technologies powered up the rise, growth, and extension of transnational media corporations because they enabled them to seamlessly develop high-quality content and distribute it worldwide in real-time. This presentation is aimed at explaining the scope of this phenomenon, the entities behind it, and how such transformations have promoted global communication and at the same time it explores the criticism they face regarding their ownership, content generation and coverage. In this presentation, we also observe that the success of TMC’s lie in the billion-dollar investments, mergers, and acquisitions which have seen them combine resources with their rivals to dominate and influence the global media market – a result which has not been without disapproval from the media critics and scholars. The review questions at the end of the presentation let us ponder over the inquisitive concerns related to what is covered herein.
This document provides an overview and discussion of topics related to media and globalization. It discusses definitions of globalization, inequalities created by globalization, cultural imperialism vs cultural globalization, the role of global media and news agencies, the impact of new technologies like the internet, and the digital divide debate. It also summarizes several scholars' perspectives on these issues and how globalization has impacted cultural exchange and the spread of information worldwide.
Here are the answers to your quiz:
1. The Bretton Woods institutions (BWIs), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank. (3 points)
2. 1944 (2 points)
3. 1944 (2 points)
4. John Maynard Keynes and wanting the freedom to pursue autonomous policy goals, pushed for greater exchange rate flexibility in order to ameliorate balance of payments issues. (3 points)
Total points earned: 10
The document provides an overview of geopolitics and its relationship to human security. It discusses how geopolitics has evolved from being considered a Nazi discipline to a methodology that can help explain complex phenomena. It also examines how concepts like globalization and relativity theory have impacted views on space and territory over time. The document explores topics like nation-states, transnational relations, and how maps have historically been used to represent political realities and interpret spaces.
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsRommel Regala
George W. Bush's foreign policy argued that old methods of dealing with challenges were obsolete. It changed sharply after 9/11 to emphasize unilateralism. This led to the controversial war in Iraq, whose reasons and effects are still highly debated. The end of the Cold War led to American primacy, but also new issues like inequality, the rise of China, and challenges to European integration and Russian authoritarianism. Globalization became a major topic of discussion around increasing interconnectedness and its contested impacts.
Over the next quarter century, the international order is likely to change considerably. A new geopolitical and macroeconomic context will necessitate a flexible strategy to maximise India's national interest.
In this Discussion Document, an analytical framework is developed to visualise possible New World Orders at the intersection of two axes. The first axis represents five possible geopolitical trends, organised by the degree of global polarity. The second axis represents four geoeconomic trends, based on the degree of growth, automation, trade, and labour movements.
In each scenario, the proposed strategies to maximise India's national interest are determined. The most frequently-occurring strategies are used to develop an agenda that will hold India in good stead, regardless of how the world shapes up.
Domestic Economic Reforms
Liberalise major sectors, implement labour and factor market reforms. Be an attractive destination for FDI.
Focus on the employment elasticity of growth in addition to growth itself. Collaborate with foreign universities for skilling the workforce.
Build a social security net to deal with inequality, unemployment, skill obsolescence, and an aging population.
Reforms for India’s engagement with the world at large.
Three critical military shifts needed: from land to sea, from the physical to the virtual (cyberwarfare); and from manpower to firepower.
Champion the cause of globalisation as movement of labour, goods, and services is critical for India’s growth.
Retain flexibility in terms of alignment: be open to larger partnerships and global projects, as well as unilateral action.
Partner with other middle powers, especially those concerned by G2 dominance.
This document provides an overview of the history of U.S. public diplomacy. It discusses early programs like the Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholars which laid the groundwork for the Fulbright Program. During WWI, the Committee on Public Information conducted propaganda and psychological operations. The Good Neighbor Policy and Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs improved relations with Latin America. During WWII, the Office of War Information explained US policy abroad through media. The Cold War saw programs like Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, libraries, and exchanges counter Soviet influence. Jazz diplomacy promoted American culture. The Peace Corps and USAID also advanced public diplomacy goals.
As part of the Global Development Institute Lecture Series and in collaboration with the Post-Crash Economics Society Dr Ha-Joon Chang, University of Cambridge, delivered a lecture entitled: Are some countries destined for under-development?
Chapter 4-–-people-and-places World Geography Sections 1-5kprice70
The document discusses several key concepts related to culture and geography. It defines culture as the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by members of a group. It also explains that culture helps unite group members while also separating them from others. Several aspects of culture are then described, including language, religion, and innovation/diffusion of ideas between societies. River civilizations are highlighted as cultural hearths where ideas and technologies originated and spread. The roles of environment and geography in shaping human cultures are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Nepal's foreign policy presented by Keshab Giri. It begins with definitions of foreign policy and national interests. It then outlines the key tools and processes of foreign policy making, as well as different levels of analysis. The document proceeds to discuss the history and scope of Nepal's foreign policy, along with its guiding principles and challenges. It concludes by proposing ways to address shortcomings and providing a selected bibliography.
This document discusses the author's ancestors who worked as journalists and pioneers in media in the early 20th century in India and Pakistan. It provides brief biographies of the author's father and uncles who published newspapers and periodicals in Delhi, Lahore, and other cities before 1947. The document serves to dedicate the author's book on contemporary world media to these ancestors who helped pioneer media in their time period.
U.S. public diplomacy has evolved over time in response to geopolitical events and technological changes. It began informally through cultural and educational exchanges in the 19th century. During World War I, the Committee on Public Information conducted the first large-scale U.S. propaganda efforts. The Cold War saw the rise of tools like Voice of America radio and cultural programs like jazz diplomacy. Debates continue around the appropriate role of government versus private groups in public diplomacy and how to measure its impact.
This document is from a world geography textbook. It covers two sections on resources and land use: Section 1 discusses world resources like renewable and nonrenewable resources as well as different energy sources. Section 2 covers different categories of economic activities like primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, as well as global trade patterns and indicators of a country's level of development. Each section includes definitions of key terms and concepts.
Cultural imperialism involves the promotion and spread of one nation's culture into another nation, often through economic or military power. Historically, empires expanded by conquering other lands and imposing their culture, language, and institutions. In the 20th century, the US and Soviet Union engaged in cultural imperialism through exporting popular culture like films, music, and television. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of production and goods/services created for profit in competitive markets. It developed from interactions between products, capital/consumer goods, labor, land/resources, and private ownership of resources and capital goods. Capitalism involves three interconnected markets of labor, goods/services, and financial systems that regulate money supply and flows
This document discusses the geopolitics of Myanmar. It begins by defining key geopolitical concepts and theories, such as how geopolitics examines the relationship between geography, politics, and international relations. It then discusses important geopolitical theorists like Halford Mackinder and their theories. Specifically, it outlines Mackinder's Heartland Theory. Next, it analyzes factors that influence a state's power, like size, location, natural resources, and population. It concludes by discussing Myanmar's strategic importance due to its location between China and India and control of key ocean chokepoints.
This document provides an overview of geopolitics, including definitions and perspectives from influential geopolitical theorists. It defines geopolitics as the study of how geographical factors influence politics and international relations. It discusses the work of Friedrich Ratzel, who viewed states as organic organisms that seek to expand, Halford Mackinder, who emphasized the strategic importance of Eurasia, and Nicholas Spykman, who argued that control of the rimland surrounding Eurasia was key to global power rather than the heartland alone.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in population geography from a human geography textbook chapter, including definitions of census, demographics, population dynamics, migration patterns, population density, sustainable development, and more. It also summarizes models of population distribution and density, birth and death rates, the demographic transition theory, mobility and migration patterns, and debates around population and natural resources. Diagrams and tables are referenced to illustrate concepts like population pyramids, fertility rates, and population projections over time.
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. There are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in an ecosystem. Ecosystems have multiple levels of organization including species, populations, communities, and the biosphere. For an ecosystem to sustain life it needs an energy source, organisms to convert energy, and nutrient cycling between organisms and the environment. Energy flows through food chains and webs from producers like plants to consumers. Key nutrient cycles in ecosystems include nitrogen, water, and carbon which allow organisms to obtain essential elements. Within a community, species interact through relationships like predation, competition, and symbiosis.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations and changes within them. A population's size and composition can change due to births, deaths, and migration. Demographers use a balancing equation to analyze population change over time based on births, deaths, and net migration. Important demographic processes include fertility, mortality, marriage, education, and social mobility. Population growth rates vary globally and influence issues like poverty, health, education, and resource availability.
A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. If births and immigration exceed deaths and emigration, the population increases. Under ideal conditions without limitations, a population would experience exponential growth. However, limiting factors like resource availability typically cause logistic growth, where the population levels off at the carrying capacity of the environment.
Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and replicate inside living host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses are not considered living because they cannot reproduce or metabolize outside of a host cell. In order to exist, a virus must infect a living host cell and use the cell's machinery to produce more viruses. There are two main types of viral infections - lytic infections immediately kill the host cell, while lysogenic infections integrate viral DNA into the host genome and lay dormant. Vaccines can provide protection against viruses that do not evolve rapidly.
A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. There are three characteristics of populations: geographical area, density, and growth rate. Population growth is determined by birth rate, death rate, and migration. Exponential growth occurs under ideal conditions with no limits, but logistic growth occurs when limiting factors cause the population to level off at the carrying capacity. Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting large populations through competition and predation, or density-independent like natural disasters.
The document discusses the history and development of agriculture. It begins by explaining the four economic sectors and provides examples of sector sizes in different countries. It then covers the transition from hunter-gatherers to the Neolithic Revolution and agricultural developments like seed planting, irrigation, and the Columbian Exchange. The document also discusses the First, Second, and Third Agricultural Revolutions and innovations like the Green Revolution. Finally, it examines different types of farming like subsistence, commercial, and plantation as well as rural land use patterns.
Populations have characteristics like population size, density, age distribution, and dispersion that can change over time. A population's growth is determined by births and immigration minus deaths and emigration. Exponential growth occurs when births exceed deaths, but resources are ultimately limited by the environment's carrying capacity. Populations may exhibit r-selected or K-selected reproductive strategies depending on environmental pressures and resource availability.
1. A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. The size of a population depends on factors like birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration.
2. Population growth is influenced by birth rate, death rate, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity. When birth rates exceed death rates, the population increases, but environmental factors can cause the population to fluctuate over time.
3. Key factors that affect population size include natality, mortality, survivorship, life tables, and emigration. Population growth patterns follow J-curves or S-curves as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.
The document discusses various topics related to population dynamics, including:
1. Characteristics of populations such as population density, dispersion, growth, and carrying capacity.
2. Factors that influence population growth such as resources, reproductive strategies, and population cycles.
3. Models of human population growth including the demographic transition model.
4. Challenges facing developing countries in slowing population growth.
Population dynamics is the study of changes in population sizes over time. Key aspects include population size, density, distribution, and growth trends. Population size is the number of individuals in an area, while density is the number per unit area. Mark-recapture sampling estimates population size by capturing, marking, and recapturing individuals. Demography analyzes population changes through birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration to determine growth rates. Populations can exhibit exponential or logistic growth patterns, with the latter limited by environmental carrying capacity. Many factors like resources, competition, and species interactions influence population growth.
AP Human Geography: Unit 4: Political Geography - Part 1: Territoriality and ...Daniel Eiland
This is a sample of Part one of my AP Human Geography: Unit 4 slideshow. The full slideshow can be purchased at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Mr-Eiland
This chapter discusses the relationship between politics and geography. It examines the development of political geography and concepts like geopolitics, boundaries, and frontiers. Some of the key topics covered include the rise of European colonialism and imperialism, theories of the state, decolonization, and the impact of states on the world system. The chapter also analyzes concepts like nationalism, nations and nation-states, and how maps are often used to depict political boundaries and support ideological arguments. It discusses examples like the Soviet Union, Afghanistan, and state terrorism to illustrate various political geography concepts.
The document discusses political geography and boundaries. It describes how boundaries serve to mark state sovereignty and jurisdiction. Boundaries can cause disputes when they divide cultural groups or natural resources between states. The document also analyzes different types of boundaries like geometric, physical, and cultural boundaries, and how boundary disputes can arise over their definition, location, control, or allocation of territory.
1) Germany was divided into four zones after WWII by the Allied powers as a way to punish Germany and satisfy desires for revenge. This division led to the establishment of East and West Germany, with Berlin also divided.
2) In 1948, the US, UK, and France moved to unite their zones and form West Germany, prompting the Soviet Union to establish East Germany. The division of Germany became a symbol of the Cold War.
3) In 1961, the East German government constructed the Berlin Wall to stop the flow of people leaving East Berlin for West Berlin, which had become a gateway to West Germany. The Wall became a prominent symbol of the Cold War.
1) Germany was divided into East and West after WWII due to disagreements between the Allied powers. Berlin was also divided.
2) The division became firmly established in 1949 when the US, UK, and France formed West Germany, and the Soviet Union formed East Germany in response.
3) The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin, and became a powerful symbol of the Cold War division between communist East and capitalist West.
Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It has a population of over 144 million and its capital and largest city is Moscow. Russia spans over 17 million square kilometers and has a diverse landscape that ranges from tundra and forests in the north to grasslands and deserts in the south. Throughout its history, Russia has been led by influential rulers like Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, and Catherine the Great, who expanded the territory of the state and transformed Russia into a major European power.
Discussion Resources· The World Factbook (httpswww.cia.govLyndonPelletier761
Discussion Resources
· The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/)
· US Bilateral Relations Fact Sheet (https://www.state.gov/u-s-bilateral-relations-fact-sheets/)
· Congressional Research Service Reports on the Middle East and the Arab World (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/)
·
Geopolitics and the Cold War
THE TOTAL VANQUISHING OF THE THIRD REICH AND IMPERIAL
Japan set the stage for the next phase of geopolitical thought and discourse—this time to account for, and to game-plan, the new US role internationally. This phase was grafted onto the older challenge of the “heartland” power, in the shape of a Soviet Union of unprecedented power and geographical range, the situation predicted by Mackinder in 1943. There were also the practical and theoretical questions of how far newer technology, in the form of long-range bombers, missiles and nuclear weapons vitiated the older heartland and oceanic geopolitical theses. Indeed, during the Cold War, newer types of core-periphery geopolitical formulations surfaced in the form of containment, the “Domino Theory,” and multipolarity. George Kennan and Henry Kissinger were the most prominent examples of geopoliticians in action. However, aside from the significance of traditional mental maps, US geopolitical propositions were not left unchallenged, most conspicuously by Soviet commentators, and by Western radicals, such as the French thinker Yves Lacoste, who claimed that post-1945 geopolitical theory was in practice a justification for military aggression. A different challenge to geopolitical accounts came from the rise of environmentalism and an appreciation of the constraints that human interaction with the physical environment could place upon geopolitical theorizing and action. Less conspicuously, official and popular views within the West frequently did not match those of the United States.1
COLD WAR RIVALRY
The Cold War was presented in geopolitical terms, both for analysis and for rhetoric. As during World War II, a sense of geopolitical challenge was used to encourage support for a posture of readiness, indeed of immediate readiness. The sense of threat was expressed in map form, with both the United States and the Soviet Union depicting themselves as surrounded and threatened by the alliance systems, military plans and subversive activities of their opponents. These themes could be seen clearly not only in government publications, but also in those of other organizations. The dominant role of the state helps to explain this close alignment in the case of the Soviet Union and its Communist allies. In the United States, there was also a close correspondence between governmental views and those propagated in the private sector, not least in the print media.
News magazines offered an important illustration of the situation and, in the United States, served actively to propagate such governmental themes as the need for the containment of Communism. Thus, in the April 1, 1946, ...
This document provides an overview of political geography concepts related to states, nations, territories, and boundaries. It discusses the rise of the modern nation-state in Europe and the diffusion of this model through colonialism. Key concepts covered include sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the various forces that can bind or divide states. These centripetal and centrifugal forces include ethnic, religious, linguistic, and economic differences that can drive devolutionary movements for cultural or economic independence. The document uses numerous maps and examples to illustrate concepts like landlocked countries, different boundary types, and specific ethnic or regional independence movements around the world.
07.03.2020. Koryo-Saram - A missing meso-link?Evgenia An
Presentation "Koryo-Saram - A missing meso-link?"
by Evgenia An (PhD Candidate, Goethe University, Frankfurt)
for the Conference "Strange Korean Parallels", Helsinki.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries and its global dominance prior to World War I. Key points:
1) Powerful European nations established overseas colonies, viewing their cultures as superior and exploiting resources through expansionism.
2) Concepts like the "White Man's Burden" and "Manifest Destiny" justified controlling satellite countries and expanding spheres of influence globally.
3) Competition between European powers and rising nations like Germany, Japan, and the U.S. led to conflicts over resources and territories in Africa, China, and elsewhere, increasing tensions that ultimately contributed to World War I.
This document discusses several key aspects of globalization and its impact on nation-states. It outlines threats to nation-states like global economic flows, transnational organizations, and issues like terrorism and the environment. It also discusses the origins of the modern nation-state in 1648 and concepts like nationalism. International institutions focused on human rights can challenge nation-state sovereignty. Benedict Anderson's theory of imagined communities is summarized, how the idea of the nation was spread by novels and newspapers. The document closes by considering changes in global political relations, with the EU, China and US seen as most important, and new global political institutions.
This document discusses the shift from the old world order to the new world order brought about by globalization. The old world order was based on the Westphalian system of sovereign nation-states, but this system faces challenges from non-state actors and the erosion of borders. The new world order sees nation-states having to share power with international organizations, transnational corporations, and NGOs as the world becomes more interconnected and interdependent.
The document discusses the reconstruction of Europe following World War I. Key events included the redrawing of borders, with Germany losing territory and new states like Poland and Czechoslovakia being formed. It was a politically unstable time in central Europe, with nationalism on the rise. The League of Nations was formed to promote collective security and prevent future conflicts, but faced challenges like some major powers not participating.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th century onward and some of the conflicts that arose from competition between powerful nation states leading up to World War I. It describes how European powers established colonies overseas in pursuit of resources to fuel their industrial growth in the late 19th century. Rising tensions between nation states like Germany, Britain, and Russia contributed to conflicts such as the Franco-Prussian War, Boer Wars, and Russo-Japanese War. Ethnocentric views of cultural and racial superiority also justified colonial expansion. These global rivalries and displays of nationalism set the stage for World War I.
14THE STATE,WAR, AND TERRORReutersNayer HaslamounMedia .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This document provides an overview of theories of state power and citizenship rights within modern nation states. It discusses the functionalist perspective that views the government as a neutral body balancing competing interests in society. In contrast, the pluralist theory sees power as widely distributed among diverse interest groups that influence policymaking. The document also examines the evolution of citizenship rights, including civil, political and social rights, and how the modern welfare state emerged to guarantee social and economic security for citizens.
The document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of the "Clash of Civilizations". Huntington argues that after the Cold War, cultural and religious identities will be the primary sources of global conflict, rather than ideological differences. He defines civilizations based on factors like religion, language, history, and culture. Huntington identifies major civilizations like Western, Orthodox, Latin American, Islamic, African, and Eastern. He believes clashes will occur along the fault lines between these civilizations due to their fundamental differences and the rise of non-Western powers. The theory was influential but also received criticism for oversimplifying complex cultural dynamics.
This document provides definitions and short explanations for various terms related to social studies. It covers topics starting from A to Z, including the Articles of Confederation, Bill of Rights, culture, democracy, economics, Federal Reserve System, Great Depression, House of Burgesses, Incas, Juan de Onate, John F. Kennedy, Laurentian Highlands, Manifest Destiny, New Deal, oligarchy, Pueblo Indians, Quakers, regions of the US, Six Flags over Texas, Trail of Tears, urbanization, Treaty of Versailles, women's rights, Axis Powers, Yalta Conference, and Zapotecs. For each term, there is a brief 1-2 sentence description of its
In today's slideshow of ‘alternative geographies,’ we gently suggest that nothing about the geopolitical maps we use today is natural or inevitable. Our selection of maps make an entertaining case that they are indeed the product of human choices and that those choices can have policy-related consequences, for better as well as for worse.
To access the full article, please visit us at: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Special-Feature/Detail?lng=en&id=134600&contextid774=134600&contextid775=134588&tabid=134588
This document summarizes several social movements that occurred from the mid-20th century through the late 20th century, including the American Civil Rights Movement, anti-war movements, and human rights movements in the USSR. It describes how the Civil Rights Movement fought for desegregation and equal rights for African Americans through nonviolent protests and civil disobedience led by Martin Luther King Jr. It also discusses the anti-Vietnam War movement in the US that opposed American involvement in the war and used protests to put pressure on the government. Finally, it outlines human rights movements in the USSR that advocated for greater freedoms and led to reforms under Gorbachev, as well as international efforts to limit nuclear arms through treaties
The giant ancient forest you cannot see coyote crossingLisa Schmidt
The document describes the creosote bushes that dominate the Mojave desert as an "ancient forest" that is invisible to many. It notes that individual creosote bushes can be thousands of years old, with some estimated at over 11,000 years old. Though unremarkable in appearance, these creosote bushes represent a vast ancient landscape that is increasingly threatened by development and habitat destruction. The author argues this ancient desert ecosystem deserves more appreciation and protection.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document provides an overview of the Physical Geography 101 course. It outlines that students will learn about the basic elements of geography including climate, landforms, water, soils, and plants and animals. It lists required textbooks and materials. The course objectives are to help students understand physical geography concepts like maps and the four environmental spheres of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. The document details assignments like exams, quizzes, maps and a presentation. Academic policies around attendance, cheating and cell phones are also addressed.
This document provides information for a geography lab course. It outlines the instructor and contact details, prerequisites, required textbooks and materials, student learning outcomes, course expectations and structure, grading policies, and the course schedule. The lab will focus on physical geography topics and provide hands-on experience investigating earth systems. Students will complete weekly lab assignments using worksheets and online submissions.
This document provides the syllabus for a Cultural Geography course taught online in Spring 2016. The 3-credit course is instructed by Lisa Schmidt and uses the textbook "Human Geography" by Knox. Assignments include weekly postings, maps quizzes, chapter quizzes, exams, and a semester-long project. The course aims to examine human activities and cultures around the world through geographical concepts and analysis of populations, development, economies, and social differences. Grades are calculated based on completion of these assignments throughout the semester.
This document provides information for an online physical geography course taught by Professor Lisa Schmidt. It outlines the course details, including required textbooks, assignments, grading criteria, and contact information for the professor. Students will study the four environmental spheres of Earth - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere - and their interactions. Weekly readings, discussions, and quizzes will cover these topics. The course aims to give students a foundational understanding of physical geography concepts and patterns around the world.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Will exxon have to pay for years of misleading the public bill moyersLisa Schmidt
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Periodic table's 7th row completed with discovery of four new elements ifl ...Lisa Schmidt
The 7th row of the periodic table has been completed with the discovery of four new elements by scientists from Russia, the U.S., and Japan. The elements occupy positions 113, 115, 117, and 118 and were previously known as Uut, Uup, Uus, and Uuo respectively. The discoveries were ratified by IUPAC, allowing the elements to be formally named. The Japanese team that discovered element 113 will name it, with reports suggesting it may be called "Japanium". Completing the 7th row was an important achievement for chemistry as the periodic table is now filled down to that row.
Tools used in geography include maps, globes, GPS, remote sensing, and GIS. Maps show physical features and are printed on paper, while globes model the spherical earth accurately. GPS uses satellite distances to determine position. Remote sensing studies objects from afar using tools like aerial photography. GIS digitally analyzes and displays geographic data, allowing overlay of different data layers.
This document provides information for a World Regional Geography course. It outlines key details about the class including the professor, meeting times and location, required materials, assignments and grading. Students will study major world regions, learning about their cultures, landforms, climates and economies. Assignments include exams, quizzes, worksheets, group presentations and weekly discussion posts about assigned regions. The course aims to enhance students' understanding of global geography and contemporary issues.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024
Human geography9
1. Human Geography: Places and
Regions in Global Context, 5e
Chapter 9: The Politics of Territory and Space
Paul L. Knox & Sallie A. Marston
PowerPoint Author: Keith M. Bell
2. Overview
The actions of states extending their spheres of influence has had a
considerable impact on economic globalization. Today states are the building
blocks of the world-system. This was not always the case. In fact, a world
divided largely into independent states is a feature of the last half of the
twentieth century. Prior to that, many parts of the world were dependent
territories or colonies, controlled by powers beyond their own borders. This
chapter looks at the origins of the present world-system, examining the rise of an
expansionist Europe, leading to colonialism, and followed by decolonization.
Students should be aware that states are independent political units, not just
sub-divisions of the United States, and that nations are groups of people sharing
common elements of culture. These terms are often confused.
Politics and geography have a lot to say to each other. The maps we are
accustomed to seeing and using are political maps, showing the boundaries of
states and other political units. States are not always static entities, as the recent
history of Europe has demonstrated. Analyzing the breakdown of the Soviet
Union and changes in the map of Europe in the 1990s provides a good example
of many aspects of political geography, including the concept of the state,
nations and nation-states, and the impact of states on the world-system.
3. Chapter Objectives
• The objectives of this chapter are to:
– Understand the geopolitical model of the
state, and to explore its boundaries and
frontiers
– Examine geopolitics and the world order
– Prepare a foundation for the understanding of
geopolitics
4. Chapter Outline
• The Development of Political Geography (p. 340)
– Geopolitics
– Boundaries and frontiers
• Geopolitics and the World Order (p. 348)
– States and nations
– Imperialism and colonialism
– Decolonization and post-coloniality
– Theories of the state
– Terrorism and the New World Order
• International and Supranational Organizations and New Regimes of Global
Governance (p. 371)
– Supranational organizations
– International regimes
• The Two-Way Street of Politics and Geography (p. 375)
– Regionalism and sectionalism
– Urban, suburban, and rural divides
– Electoral geography
• Conclusion (p. 384)
5. Geography Matters
• 9.1 Window on the World—Afghanistan:
From the Cold War to the New World Order
(p. 366)
– Changes in Afghanistan’s geopolitics and political
geography
• 9.2 Geography Matters—State Terrorism in
Chechnya (p. 370)
– When the state turns against its own citizens
• 9.3 Window on the World—The Palestinian–
Israeli Conflict (p. 380)
– A brief history of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict
6. The Politics of
Territory and Space
Political geography, a subfield of the
discipline of geography, examines
complex relationships between politics
and geography (both human and
physical).
Political geographers recognize that
the relationship between politics and
geography is two-way: the geography
of politics and the politics of
geography.
The relations between politics and
geography are often driven by
particularly theories and practices of
the world’s states.
Political geography deals with the
phenomena occurring at all scales of
resolution, from the global to the
individual: East/West and North/South
divisions dominate international
politics. Regionalism, sectionalism,
and other divisions dominate intrastate
politics.
7. The Development of Political
Geography
• Geopolitics is the state’s power
to control space or territory and
shape the foreign policy of
individual states and
international political relations.
• Friedrich Ratzel, a German
geopolitical theorist and social
Darwinist, portrayed the state
as behaving like a biological
organism; geopolitics stems
from the interactions of power
and territory.
• Russia’s intervention in
Georgian state politics in 2008
was a reassertion of Russia’s
sphere of political (and
military) influence.
8. The Geopolitical Model of the
State
• Ratzel employed biological metaphors adopted from Charles Darwin to
describe his seven laws of state growth:
– The space of the state grows with the expansion of the population having the
same culture (e.g., Hitler’s Lebensraum).
– Territorial growth follows other aspects of development.
– A state grows by absorbing smaller units.
– The frontier is the peripheral organ of the state that reflects the strength and
growth of the state; hence, it is not permanent.
– States in the course of their growth seek to absorb politically valuable territory.
– The impetus for growth comes to a primitive state from a more highly
developed civilization.
– The trend toward territorial growth is contagious and increases in the process
of transmission.
10. Boundaries
U.S.–Mexico border Rural–urban boundary
Some borders are exclusionary, like the heavily patrolled U.S.–Mexico
Tijuana River estuary, while others signal differences in settlement
activities that may be governed by land-use regulations.
11. Boundaries and Frontiers
India/Pakistan border Fall of the Berlin Wall
The delimited area over which a state exercises control, and which is recognized by
other states, is territory. Such an area may include both land and water, and may be
highly contested at the fringes.
12. Boundary Formation
Geometric boundary
formation De jure territories
Formal boundaries tend first to follow natural barriers, such as rivers, mountain
ranges, and oceans. Where no natural features occur, formal boundaries tend to be
fixed along the easiest and most practical cartographic device: a straight line.
13. Township-and-Range System
• Formal boundaries often detour
from straight lines and natural
barriers in order to accommodate
special needs and claims.
• After primary divisions have been
established, internal boundaries
tend to evolve as smaller,
secondary territories are
demarcated.
• U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785
• Northwest Territories Act of 1803
• Homestead Act of 1863
14. States and Nations
• Given that nations were created
out of very diverse populations,
it is not surprising that no
entirely pure nation-states exist
today.
• Nationalism is the feeling of
belonging to a nation, as well as
the belief that a nation has a
natural right to determine its
own affairs.
• The history and the present
status of the former Soviet
Union also clearly illustrates
the tensions among and
between state, nations, and
nationalism.
• Tsarist Russia; USSR; CIS
15. Soviet State Expansionism
Soviet expansion in the 1940–1950s was a product of Lenin’s ideas about the spread of
Bolshevism: once international inequalities were diminished and the many nationalities
became one Soviet people, nationalism would be replaced by communism.
16. Independent States of the Former USSR
By 1988, grassroots national movements were emerging in the Baltic states and
elsewhere as a reaction to Gorbachev’s glastnost and perestroika. By 1991, the
relatively peaceful breakup of the Soviet Union was under way, and new states had
emerged to claim their independence.
17. Process of Exploration
Geographers have figured prominently in the process of exploration by
identifying areas to be explored as well as actually traveling to those
places and cataloging resources and people. Exploration is one step in the
process of imperialism; colonization is another.
19. British Colonialism in India
Orientalism is a discourse that posits the West as culturally superior to
the East. Westerners deemed Orientals (e.g., Arabs, Indians, etc.) inferior
and in need of disciplining in the eyes of the superior and enlightened
colonizer. But, in the case of India, Indian and British cultural practices
intermingled, changing both.
21. Mackinder’s “Heartland Theory”
Mackinder’s world-view map
provides a good example of how
cartographic representations can
be employed to support
ideological arguments. Notice the
dominant area of the “Pivot.”
22. East/West Divide: Domino Theory
• The East/West divide refers to the
gulf between communist and non-
communist countries, respectively.
• American foreign policy pitched it
against the Soviet Union after
WWII.
• Domino theory held that if one
country in a region chose or was
forced to accept a communist
political and economic system,
neighboring countries would fall to
communism as well.
• NATO was formed in 1949 to
safeguard the Western core
countries against Soviet expansion.
• The Vietnam War was the most
serious global manifestation of the
Cold War.
24. Afghanistan
An important transportation and diffusion axis over the centuries,
Afghanistan. Greeks, Mongols, British, Russian, and now Americans
found this landlocked nation a transition point between regions of Central
Asia and South Asia.
25. Opposition to the New World Order
• At the end of the Cold War (1991),
Pres. H.W. Bush proclaimed a “new
world order,” where the United
States became the sole superpower.
• With the political, economic, and
cultural dominance of the United
States comes the worldwide
promotion of liberal democracy and
transnational capitalistic growth.
• Both domestic and international
opposition to these “Western ideals”
came in the form of asymmetrical
warfare (e.g., Murrah Federal
Building, 9/11 attacks, U.S.S. Cole,
U.S. embassy bombings in Africa,
etc.), termed by most as “terrorism.”
26. War in Iraq: Casualties and
Outcomes
• Since former Pres. Bush’s
troop surge in 2007, violence
has diminished across Iraq.
Moreover, military troop build-
up was coupled with financial
incentives to Iraqi groups to
quell violence.
• Ethnic cleansing of minorities
in Shia/Sunni dominated
neighborhoods also reduced
tensions between the factions.
• Kurdish autonomy in northern
Iraq poses unity problems
within the country, as well as
cross-border tensions with the
U.S.’s NATO ally, Turkey.
27. State Terrorism in Chechnya
The Northern Caucasus
region Grozny refugees
Chechnya provides a useful example of state terrorism. It also provides an illustration
of the complexity of terrorism as a concept by showing that it can be practiced by both
individuals as well as institutions, by rogue forces as well as legitimate ones.
28. Transnational Political Integration
A supranational organization is a collection of
individual states with a common goal that may be
economic and/or political in nature. These
organizations also reduce the independence of
individual states.
29. European Union
The goal of the EU is to increase economic integration and cooperation among the
27 member states. Twelve recent members show the growth of the organization into
eastern Europe.
30. Regionalism and Sectionalism
At a demonstration in Germany, Kurdish immigrants hold up signs on
behalf of Abdullah Ocalan, the Kurdish rebel leader who founded the
Kurdistan Workers Party (the PKK), and undertook armed attacks on the
Turkish government in order to secure an independent Kurdish state.
31.
32. U.S. Presidential Elections
1860 1992
In the 1860 election, sectionalism played a role as none of the slave-holding states
voted for Lincoln. Third party candidates can be successful at gaining electors when
they are geographically concentrated, but as the 1992 vote shows, garnering popular
votes does not ensure that electoral votes will follow (i.e., Ross Perot).
33. The Geography of Politics
Hierarchy of representation Gerrymandering
Democratic rule is a system in which public policies and officials are directly
chosen by popular vote. Territorial organization is a system of government
formally structured by area, not by social groups. But in the practice of redistricting
for partisan purposes, known as gerrymandering, boundaries of districts are
redrawn to advantage a particular political party or candidate.
35. Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
• What is geopolitics? How does geopolitics
differ from political geography more
generally?
– Geopolitics is the state’s power to control
space or territory and shape the foreign policy
of individual states and international political
relations; it is essentially the study of a state
beyond its borders (remember that the word
“state” in this case refers to countries and not
subdivisions of the United States).
36. • Discuss Friedrich Ratzel’s interpretation of the state. How might his
organic metaphors have influenced state policy-making, especially in
twentieth century Europe?
– Ratzel used biological metaphors to describe the state as well as seven laws
of state growth:
• The space of the state grows with the expansion of the population having the same
culture.
• Territorial growth follows other aspects of development.
• A state grows by absorbing smaller units.
• The frontier is the peripheral organ of the state that reflects the strength and growth
of the state: hence it is not permanent.
• States in the course of their growth seek to absorb politically valuable territory.
• The impetus for growth comes to a primitive state from a more highly developed
civilization.
• The trend toward territorial growth is contagious and increases in the process of
transmission.
– Ratzel’s model uses organic metaphors: the state is seen as being like an
organism, and, like an organism, it can grow and expand. See Figure 9.1 as
well as pages 340–342 in the textbook for a discussion of the impact of
Ratzel’s ideas on European geopolitics.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
37. • Using Figure 9.1, what changes have taken place on
the map of Europe in the 1990s? Which new countries
have appeared? Which have disappeared? What
similarities does the map of 2008 have with that of
1924? What has accounted for these changes?
– Figure 9.1 is on page 341 of the textbook. In the 1990s, the
federal republic of Yugoslavia broke up into its constituent
parts, creating new countries such as Slovenia and Croatia
(among others). Germany unified, so that the German
Democratic Republic (East Germany) no longer exists.
Czechoslovakia split into the Czech and Slovak Republics.
The breakup of the Soviet Union also created a number of
new states in Europe. Many of these states, such as Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania, were independent in 1924, but were
later incorporated into the Soviet Union, as depicted on the
map of 1989.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
39. • What is the difference between a nation and a state?
Can you give some examples of nation-states as well
as multinational states? What factors account for the
creation of multinational states?
– A nation is a group of people sharing common elements of
culture such as religion or language, or a history or political
identity, whereas a state is an independent political unit with
recognized boundaries. A nation-state is an ideal form in
which a homogenous group of people is governed by their
own state; Denmark is often given as an example of a nation-
state. Multinational states include India, Papua New Guinea,
and the United Kingdom, among many others. A variety of
historical factors account for the existence of multinational
states, including historical conquest, settlement, and acts of
union, as in the United Kingdom, or boundaries drawn by
colonial powers, as in India and Papua New Guinea.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
40. • Most states create or establish a national
identity at least partly through the use of
symbols. These national symbols are often
depicted on national flags, postage stamps,
coins, and banknotes. Collect some examples
of these from different countries. How are
these national symbols being used? Have they
succeeded in creating a sense of national
identity and union?
– It should be fairly easy to collect a variety of
postage stamps, coins, banknotes, and even flags
(or pictures of them). These can be photographed
and made into slides for easy viewing by the class.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
41. • What were the factors that led to the breakup
of the Soviet Union? Was the breakup
inevitable, or could it have been stopped? If
you had been Mikhail Gorbachev, what steps
would you have taken? Why?
– The factors accounting for the breakup are
debatable, but include a declining economy,
increasing nationalism in the Soviet republics, and
reformist ideas among the Soviet leadership.
Gorbachev’s actions certainly speeded up a
process that many commentators felt was
inevitable.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
42. • What kind of boundaries does your state
of residence (national and sub-national
state) have? Why were boundaries
drawn in these particular ways?
– Boundaries may be natural features such as
rivers, lakes, and mountain ranges, or
straight lines drawn by surveyors. State land
agencies, and state histories, may be able to
provide some information about why
boundaries were drawn in particular ways.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
43. • Give some examples of nationalist movements
in the world today. What are these movements
trying to achieve? How are they going about
achieving it?
– The Scottish Independence Movement and the
Tibet Independence Movement are two examples of
nationalist movements active today. See the Tibet
website at http://www.rangzen.com/itimframe.html,
and the Scottish site at
http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/hamish/virtind.html.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
44. • What is meant by the North/South divide? How
did this divide come about, and what
implications does it have for the world of
today?
– The North/South divide is the differentiation made
between the colonizing states of the Northern
Hemisphere and the formerly colonized states of the
Southern Hemisphere (very generally defined
geographically). The divide is characterized by a
relation of dependence, in which the countries of the
South are economically dependent on the countries
of the North. North/South divide is less precise than
a dichotomy between developed and less-
developed countries.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
45. • What are the boundaries of your federal
congressional district? How was this
boundary drawn? Is it a gerrymandered
boundary? Why or why not?
– Information on congressional boundaries
can be obtained from your representative’s
office. Boundaries are often shown on the
maps contained in telephone directories as
well.
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes
46. • Using current newspapers and the
Internet, discuss contemporary global
conflicts. How do these illustrate the
issues that concern political
geographers?
– All three boxed text materials in this chapter
cover contemporary global conflicts
(Afghanistan, Chechnya, and the
Palestinian–Israeli conflict).
Discussion Topics and Lecture
Themes