The document is a chapter from a human geography textbook about political geography. It discusses key concepts in political geography like terrorism, regionalism, and imperialism. It also examines specific political geography topics like geopolitics, states and nations, decolonization, and systems of political representation. Throughout the chapter there are figures and examples to illustrate political geography concepts and various prompts for students to apply their knowledge.

1. Chapter 9 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and
Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
Wendy A. Mitteager
State University of New York, Oneonta
Political Geographies

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts
• Terrorism
• Transnational
Governance
• Regionalism
• Sectionalism
• Systems of
Representation
• Geopolitics
• Territories
• States and Nations
• Imperialism
• Colonialism
• Decolonization
• Heartland Theory

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Political Geography
• Geopolitics
• Ratzel
• Boundaries
• Frontiers
• Territories
Figure 9.3 Boundary between urban and rural
Figure 9.2 Disputed territories in Georgia

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Political Geography, (cont'd)
Figure 9.1 The changing map
of Europe

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Political Geography, (cont'd)
Figure 9.4 Boundary between
the U.S. and Mexico
Apply your knowledge: Using Google Earth or aerial
photographs, compare and contrast the international
boundaries between the U.S. and Canada and between the
U.S. and Mexico. How do they differ? How are they similar?
Why do these differences and similarities exist?

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Political Geography, (cont'd)
Figure 9.6 Borders between Egypt and
Libya and Sudan
Figure 9.5 The Berlin Wall

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Political Geography, (cont'd)
Figure 9.7 Nested hierarchy of de jure
territories

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Geopolitics and the World Order
• Nationalism
• Federal state
• Unitary state
• Confederation
• Discourse
• Nation-state
– State
– Nation
• Sovereignty
• Citizenship
Figure 9.8 English Defense League,
2011

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
Figure 9.9 Independent states of the former Soviet Union

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
Figure 9.10 Kosovo, 1999
Apply your knowledge: Based on what you have learned
about Foucault's theory of discourse and Deleuze's
conception of the state, write a paragraph describing the
Arab Spring from each of these theorist's perspectives.

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Uprisings across the Middle East
The Arab Spring
Figure 9.AgFigure 9.Af
Figure 9.AcFigure 9.Aa

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
• Imperialism
• Colonialism
• Orientalism
Figure 9.12 European colonies in
Africa, 1496–1912

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
Figure 9.13 Colonization in South America
and the Caribbean, 1496–1667

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
Figure 9.15 Refugees returning to RwandaFigure 9.14 Indians in the UK
Apply your knowledge: Find recent news articles about
political issues in the Middle East. Consider the articles
from the perspective of Orientalism. How do the articles
depict the West and the Middle East? Is the West depicted
as being culturally superior to the Middle East?

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
• North/South divide
• Decolonization
• International
organization
• Heartland theory
• East/West divide
• Domino theory
Figure 9.17 Decolonization of Africa

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
Figure 9.18 Independent South America

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
Figure 9.21 The heartland

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)
Figure 9.22 U.S. tourists in Cuba Figure 9.23 Agent orange in the Vietnam
War

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The New World Order and Terrorism
Figure 9.24 The Oklahoma City
bombing memorial
Figure 9.25 Oslo, Norway terrorist bombing
Examples of faith-based terrorism

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The New World Order and Terrorism
Apply your knowledge: How has the Iraq War affected
your city and state? How many soldiers from your area
have been killed? In economic terms, how much has the
war cost your city and state?
Figure 9.26 Casualties from the war
in Iraq, 2011

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From the Cold War to the New World Order
and the War on Terror
Figure 9.D U.S.
Drone strikes,
2004-2011
Figure 9.B Afghanistan and Pakistan

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New Regimes of Global Governance
• Transnational
political integration
• Supranational
organization
• International regime
• Human rights
• Children's rights
• Global civil society
Figure 9.28 Membership in the EU

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The Israel-Palestine Conflict
Figure 9.E Changing geography, 1923–2011

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Politics of Geography
• Self-determination
• Regionalism
• Sectionalism
• Separatist
movements
• Rural vs. Urban
• Suburbs vs. Cities
• NIMBY
Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest

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Politics of Geography, (cont'd)
Figure 9.33 The 1860 presidential electionFigure 9.32 Free Baja Arizona, 2011

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Geographical Systems of Representation
• Redistricting
• Gerrymandering
• Democratic rule
• Territorial organization
• Reapportionment
Figure 9.35 The vote for
president, 2008

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Geographical Systems of Representation,
(cont'd)
Figure 9.34 U.S. geographical basis of
representation
Apply your knowledge: Use the internet to forge a basic
understanding of how U.S. electoral college works. Identify
advantages and disadvantages of the system. Establish a
position on whether the U.S. should retain the current
system or change it and defend this position, making sure
you address the geographical issues involved.

28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
End of Chapter 9