The document provides an overview of world regions and geography. It discusses how geography influences cultures, resources and development. Regions are defined as large territories that share common attributes. Regions are dynamic and shaped by environmental and human factors. The document then examines various approaches to classifying and studying world regions, and how regions are interconnected in a globalized world.

1. World Regions in Global Context: Peoples, Places, and Environments (3 rd . ed) Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman Chapter 1: A World of Regions Robert M. Arthur

2. Geography matters Global differences in Cultures, Resources, Capital, Spatial Organization, & Territoriality Geographic Study Appreciate the variety of the world’s people and places Understand the relationships between the world’s communities Help with regional, national & global development The Power of Geography

3. Geographic Study Physical Geography Examines how natural forces shape the Earth Human Geography How human interaction modifies the environment and the spatial organization of human activity Regional Geography Combines both physical & human approaches Holistic examination of territories The Power of Geography

4. Regions Region Large size territories (such as counties, provinces, and countries, or large sections of countries such as the Midwest USA) that encompass many places, all or most of which share a set of attributes that differ from the attributes of places that make up a different region.

5. A World of Regions Regions are dynamic, changing A two-way process of people’s activities changing their environment and people being affected by their environment Created by people responding to the opportunities and constraints presented by their environments

6. Setting the Boundaries – World Regions

7. Regionalization Classification Logical Division Grouping Homogeneity Formal Regions High degree of homogeneity Functional Regions Characterized by functional organization of human occupancy The Regional Approach

8. Regions Formal Functional Vernacular

9. Geography & Interdependence “ The tangible partitioning of space within which different processes operate” Interdependent World Regions National States Supranational Organizations

10. Regionalization The geographer’s classification of individual places or areal units The geographers equivalent of scientific classification

11. Boundaries and Frontiers Define space, encompass territory. Permeable: Allow the flow of goods and people across them. Impermeable: Act as barriers to movement of goods and people. Frontier Regions

12. Regionalism & Sectionalism Regionalism: When individuals begin to relate stronger to their region than their country, then separatist movements can occur. Sectionalism Irredentism

13. Geopolitical Framework Nations vs. States Ethnic Separatism – Centripetal vs. Centrifugal Forces Basques in Spain

14. Globalization The increasing interconnectedness of the world’s regions. Resulting from: Technological Factors - Advances in communications Advances in information handling Advances in transportation Economic factors – Multinational corporations Trade associations between countries Political factors – Supranational governments (EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, etc)

15. Issues of Scale Global to Local Example of Call Centers (Back Office Jobs) Are we in Nebraska or in India?? Call Center in Mumbai, India

16. Globalization Transnational Corporations Commodity Chains Global Stratification Neo-liberal Policies

17. Globalization and Population Change Unevenly distributed, 3 major areas of high density, China, India & Europe. Near water, oceans, seas, lakes or rivers, temperate, low lying areas with fertile soils. 6 billion now, projected to rise to 10 billion by 2050.

18. Demographic Transition Model Attempts to link population growth to Industrial Growth.

19. Population Growth and Change

20. Age–Sex Structure of Populations

21. Globalization and Cultural Change The global spread of common architectural forms, dress, ‘fast food’, entertainment, & the English language. These changes do have local character and are not universal. Many local fashions, foods, etc. are exported around the world, not just those of the developed world.

22. Diversity Amid Globalization Globalization Increasing Interconnectedness Human and Physical Environments Continual Reorganization of Global and Local Geographies Figure 1.0 Contemporary and Traditional Landscapes in Shanghai

23. Alternative Images of Globalization Southwestern India Washington, D.C. demonstration Guilin, China

24. Cultural Globalization McDonald’s in Thailand … … Linguistic Diversity in Maryland

25. Economic Globalization – Formal Figure 1.10

26. Economic Globalization – Informal Figure 1.6

27. Economic Development, Technology, and Social Well-Being Uneven global distribution of natural resources and of energy sources Favors a few countries while leaving others disadvantaged Political factors important too Japan has few resources unfavorable conditions (war, civil strife, corrupt governments, poor infrastructure) Technology facilitates the shift of energy and natural resource inputs to cheaper sources

28. Global Inequities Figure 1.11

29. Technology Systems 1790 – 1840: Water & steam, textiles, ironworking Canals & turnpikes 1840 – 1890: Coal powered steam, machine tools, steel Railroads & world-wide shipping 1890 – 1950: Internal combustion power, oil, plastics, electrical Aircraft, automobiles, radio & telecommunications 1950 – 1990: Nuclear power, electronics, petrochemicals Global air routes, highways 1990 - ?: Solar energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology & IT

30. Economic Sectors Primary Activity: Natural resource extraction Secondary Activity: Manufacturing or processing of natural resources Tertiary Activity: Sale and exchange Quaternary Activity: Information processing and handling

31. Economic Development Gross Domestic Product (GDP): All goods and services produced by a country in one year Gross National Product (GNP): All goods, services and income or loss generated abroad from investments, bank accounts, etc. Measures the overall wealth of a country, not how that wealth is distributed. Divide by the population to give GDP per capita.

32. Economic Development Figure 1.47 Figure 1.49

33. Economic Development

34. Social Well-Being Human Development Index – UN: Measures distribution of wealth, education, infant mortality, life expectancy, gender issues & many other factors

35. Social Development – Health and Education < Receiving a polio vaccine in Jakarta Women and Literacy

36. Development & Gender Equality Global inequality of female income & attainment In many countries women perform most of the work

37. Earth System Science Dynamic Processes Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Continental Shield Alfred Wegener

38. Plate Tectonics

39. Seasons, Weather & Climate Earth’s Orbit Axial Tilt Equinox Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Weather At a specific time & place Rain Snow Windy Climate Average conditions over longer time frames Seasonality Monsoons

40. Atmospheric Circulation Hadley Cells Trade Winds Westerlies Jet Streams Subtropical Highs Intertropical Convergence Zone Polar Fronts

41. Precipitation Convectional Precipitation Equatorial Orographic Precipitation Rising air over mountains

42. Global Rainfall & Climatic Zones

43. World Ecosystems Ecosystems Biomes Biogeography Biodiversity

44. Climate Change Natural Processes Glaciers Volcanoes Tectonics Human Processes Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor Aerosols

45. World-System Economic Ties Capitalism Communism Immanuel Wallerstein Interdependent Core Semi-Periphery Periphery Consolidation of the World Economy Spatial Justice

46. Organizing the Core Division of Labor Separation of productive processes Gender division of labor Standardization Time Space Measure Value Money Organizes labor Facilitates trade Supports Industry Supports credit

47. National Identities Nation Nation-State Nationalism Diaspora

48. Commodification of Nature Judeo-Christian View Earlier View, Organic: Nature as nurturing and chaotic Both considered female Enlightenment Rationalize the nurturing Tame the chaotic Commodify

49. Organizing the Periphery Exploration Settlement 1870s on – Growth of colonies Leadership Cycles Hegemony Imperial Overstretch Imperialism Colonialism Britain Germany France The Netherlands U.S. Japan Carving of Africa

50. Imperialism & Colonialism

51. Imperialism & Colonialism

52. International Division of Labor Specialization of regions & peoples Supply the core Comparative Advantage Non-Competitive World Economic Geography International Trade Routes

53. Exploration & Exploitation

54. U.S. Tribal Lands

55. Discovery or Invasion Economic, Political, & Religious Motives Supposed Superiority of the West Transformation and Destruction of Local Systems

56. Development Theory Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth Assumes that poverty and lack of development are the problems Also assumes that poor countries need to emulate Western growth Developmentalism

57. Neoliberalism World Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF) Structural Adjustment Privatization Export Production Removal of Import Restrictions Encourage Foreign Investment Reduce Government Budgets Food Subsidies, Welfare Programs, Health Care, Education usually first to suffer

58. Key Factors of Globalization New International Division of Labor Decline of U.S. as an Industrial Producer Decentralization of Manufacturing Production Specializations Within the Core Internationalization of Finance Global Banking & Financial Markets World Cities

59. Key Factors of Globalization New Technology Systems Energy Technologies Manufacturing & Management Technologies Communications & Transportation Time-Space Convergence Homogenization of Consumer Markets World Products Materialism Advertising & Entertainment

60. Key Factors of Globalization Transnational Corporations Limited Liability Corporations Investments & Activities Span International Boundaries Exercise of Power Over Peripheral States Export of Jobs to Cheaper Labor Markets Footloose Companies Transnational Economic Integration

61. Urban Structure Seattle and Industry Contrasts between high and low income – New Delhi

62. Cultural Diversity Cultural Collisions … and Hybridization Figure 1.33 Figure 1.35 Gujarat, India South Asia

63. Culture (cont’d) Cultural Imperialism Cultural Nationalism Cultural Syncretism or Hybridization Figure 1.34a–c

64. Language … Figure 1.36 Figure 1.37 Dubai, UAE

65. … and Religion Figure 1.38

66. World Regions in Global Context: Peoples, Places, and Environments (3 rd . ed) Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman End of Chapter 1: A World of Regions