The document discusses the emergence of agriculture and civilization in ancient Mesopotamia from 4000 BCE to 2350 BCE. It describes the major periods of the Uruk Period, Jemdat Nasr Period, and Early Dynastic Period. During these periods, settlements increased in number, temples and public buildings became more elaborate, and systems of accounting, representations of authority, and mass production of goods emerged. Religion and kings played an important role in early Mesopotamian societies.
The Roman civilization was one of the largest empires of its time, spanning over 3.5 million square miles across North Western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. At its height, the empire had an estimated population of 9 million inhabitants. The Romans differed from the Greeks in that they controlled a larger unified land area, allowing for stronger central government. The Romans were also more intent on imposing their culture fully on conquered lands, rather than establishing colonies like the Greeks. Key factors in Roman architecture included abundant building materials, the development of concrete which enabled larger structures, and adapting to different climates across the empire. Religious practices changed over time from the Etruscan period to the imperial period when Christianity grew prominent. Roman civilization had a
The document discusses the origins and rise of Rome. It explains that Latins founded Rome around 1000 BC along the Tiber River, attracting other ethnic groups like the Etruscans and Phoenicians. These groups contributed skills and architectural styles to Rome. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and was governed by patricians and plebeians. The document then discusses key aspects of Roman architecture, infrastructure, and city planning including their use of arches, concrete, aqueducts, roads, ports, and religious temples. It provides details on specific structures like the Maison Carrée temple.
Rome was located in Italy on seven hills along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. Over centuries, Rome grew from a monarchy to a republic to a vast empire, reaching its peak under Emperor Trajan in the 2nd century AD. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD due to factors like corruption, civil wars, attacks from barbarian tribes, and overexpansion. The Roman army was a formidable force due to its discipline, tactics, and technology. Rome had a pantheon of major gods like Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, and Mars as well as many other deities.
The Roman Civilization document provides an overview of the origins and development of ancient Rome from its founding by Romulus and Remus through the transition from republic to empire. It describes Rome's strategic location and fertile soil which allowed it to develop. It then discusses the early republic and the social divisions between patricians and plebeians. Finally, it outlines the Roman system of government including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and how the republic eventually transitioned to an empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus.
The document provides an overview of Mesopotamia, the world's first civilization. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in a region known as the Fertile Crescent. The predictable flooding of the rivers provided rich soil for agriculture, allowing cities and complex societies to develop. One of the earliest civilizations was the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia, who invented writing, developed irrigation for agriculture, and established independent city-states.
Classical Greece flourished between 2000 BC and 300 BC. Key events included the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, the Trojan War, and the rise of Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta between 750 BC and 479 BC. Greece triumphed over Persia in the Persian Wars, and Athens became a cultural center under Pericles. However, years of war between Athens and Sparta weakened Greece, allowing Macedonia and Philip II to conquer it. His son Alexander the Great then built a vast empire through his conquests of Persia, Egypt, and lands as far as India.
The document provides background on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. Over time Rome became a large, prosperous city under Etruscan kings. The Romans then overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic with elected leaders. Rome expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean, fighting three Punic Wars against Carthage to gain dominance of the region.
Ancient Greece and Rome were both located by the Mediterranean Sea and had polytheistic religions with many gods. However, Greece grew through sea trading while Rome expanded through conquest. Their societies also differed in that Greek women could not own property or be citizens, while Roman women could own property, and they each had their own class systems and approaches to art that were either idealistic or realistic.
The Roman civilization was one of the largest empires of its time, spanning over 3.5 million square miles across North Western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. At its height, the empire had an estimated population of 9 million inhabitants. The Romans differed from the Greeks in that they controlled a larger unified land area, allowing for stronger central government. The Romans were also more intent on imposing their culture fully on conquered lands, rather than establishing colonies like the Greeks. Key factors in Roman architecture included abundant building materials, the development of concrete which enabled larger structures, and adapting to different climates across the empire. Religious practices changed over time from the Etruscan period to the imperial period when Christianity grew prominent. Roman civilization had a
The document discusses the origins and rise of Rome. It explains that Latins founded Rome around 1000 BC along the Tiber River, attracting other ethnic groups like the Etruscans and Phoenicians. These groups contributed skills and architectural styles to Rome. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and was governed by patricians and plebeians. The document then discusses key aspects of Roman architecture, infrastructure, and city planning including their use of arches, concrete, aqueducts, roads, ports, and religious temples. It provides details on specific structures like the Maison Carrée temple.
Rome was located in Italy on seven hills along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. Over centuries, Rome grew from a monarchy to a republic to a vast empire, reaching its peak under Emperor Trajan in the 2nd century AD. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD due to factors like corruption, civil wars, attacks from barbarian tribes, and overexpansion. The Roman army was a formidable force due to its discipline, tactics, and technology. Rome had a pantheon of major gods like Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, and Mars as well as many other deities.
The Roman Civilization document provides an overview of the origins and development of ancient Rome from its founding by Romulus and Remus through the transition from republic to empire. It describes Rome's strategic location and fertile soil which allowed it to develop. It then discusses the early republic and the social divisions between patricians and plebeians. Finally, it outlines the Roman system of government including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and how the republic eventually transitioned to an empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus.
The document provides an overview of Mesopotamia, the world's first civilization. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in a region known as the Fertile Crescent. The predictable flooding of the rivers provided rich soil for agriculture, allowing cities and complex societies to develop. One of the earliest civilizations was the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia, who invented writing, developed irrigation for agriculture, and established independent city-states.
Classical Greece flourished between 2000 BC and 300 BC. Key events included the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, the Trojan War, and the rise of Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta between 750 BC and 479 BC. Greece triumphed over Persia in the Persian Wars, and Athens became a cultural center under Pericles. However, years of war between Athens and Sparta weakened Greece, allowing Macedonia and Philip II to conquer it. His son Alexander the Great then built a vast empire through his conquests of Persia, Egypt, and lands as far as India.
The document provides background on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. Over time Rome became a large, prosperous city under Etruscan kings. The Romans then overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic with elected leaders. Rome expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean, fighting three Punic Wars against Carthage to gain dominance of the region.
Ancient Greece and Rome were both located by the Mediterranean Sea and had polytheistic religions with many gods. However, Greece grew through sea trading while Rome expanded through conquest. Their societies also differed in that Greek women could not own property or be citizens, while Roman women could own property, and they each had their own class systems and approaches to art that were either idealistic or realistic.
The document summarizes the key causes of the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, and events like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. These events increased tensions between the colonists and British and ultimately led the colonists to declare independence and start the Revolutionary War.
The Inca Empire extended along the Andes mountains from modern Ecuador to central Chile, with its capital at Cuzco, Peru. The Incas developed an extensive road system and advanced practices in agriculture, engineering, and medicine. However, in 1532 the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived with 160 men and took the Inca emperor Atahualpa hostage. Despite receiving a ransom of gold and treasures, Pizarro had Atahualpa killed the following year. The Spanish conquest and a plague led to the fall of the Inca Empire by 1535.
The document provides an overview of the history and government of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome transitioned from being ruled by kings to a republic governed by the Senate. It then outlines the four main social classes in Roman society - slaves, plebeians, equestrians, and nobles. Several important figures are also discussed, including Julius Caesar, as well as some iconic locations in Rome like the Colosseum and Circus Maximus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document provides an overview of the history and society of Ancient Rome from its origins as a small settlement to the establishment of a republic and eventual transition to an empire. It discusses the early monarchy period and establishment of a republic ruled by consuls in 509 BC. It describes the struggle between patricians and plebeians and the gradual acquisition of rights and political power by the plebeian class. It also covers the agricultural economy based on slave labor, social issues around land ownership, religion, engineering practices, architecture, and art forms in Ancient Rome.
The Beginnings of Ancient Rome About 750 B.C., the villages joined together to form a city called Rome. It was ruled by kings for more than 200 years. Eventually, Rome became a republic, and the people elected representatives. These representatives formed the Senate, Rome's most powerful body of government
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Republic and the establishment of the Roman Empire. It discusses how Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars and began expanding its territory and wealth across the Mediterranean. This led to problems as generals became more powerful than politicians in the Senate, resulting in civil wars. Julius Caesar took advantage of this chaos and was named dictator, but was later assassinated, leading to another civil war won by Octavian, who became the first emperor, Augustus. Under Augustus, Rome entered the Pax Romana, a 207-year period of peace and prosperity during which the empire reached its height before declining.
Roman art served as a demonstration of power from 753 BCE to 410 CE. Roman architecture was revolutionary due to their understanding of the arch, vault and concrete, which allowed them to build monumental structures like aqueducts, temples, arenas and basilicas. While greatly admiring Greek art, Roman art had no unique style but was diverse and incorporated influences from territories across the Roman Empire. Wealthy patrons and the government sponsored art that proclaimed their glory.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history and geography. It discusses the nine periods of ancient Egyptian history from 3200 BCE to 332 BCE. It also describes Egypt's geography, including the Nile River valley, deserts, climate regions, and natural resources. Finally, it covers Egyptian cultural practices like mummification, hieroglyphic writing systems, and important gods and goddesses.
This document provides an overview of early human history from prehistory through the Agricultural Revolution. It defines key terms like prehistory, the Stone Age including the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) and New Stone Age (Neolithic Age). The Last Ice Age and how it impacted human migration is described. The development of agriculture, the Agricultural Revolution, is then explained including the first farming methods and domestication of animals. Finally, pros and cons of settled communities are briefly outlined.
The document describes four types of people: solitary people who prefer to be alone and not seek or offer help; social people who enjoy social interaction and helping their social group; helpful people who assist anyone in need or check if help is required; and selfish people who prioritize their own needs over others and will not help or share. It asks the reader to reflect on which type of person they are and which have been most helpful for civilization.
The Sumerians originated in modern-day Iraq and developed one of the world's first advanced civilizations through irrigation and technological innovations like the wheel and writing system. They believed the universe was controlled by anthropomorphic gods who lived in heaven and were organized in a pantheon hierarchy led by gods like Anu, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursag. The Sumerians saw themselves as created by the gods to serve them through rituals, temple construction and worship, and their lives were fraught with uncertainty under the gods' inscrutable will.
The Etruscans were an ancient civilization that inhabited central Italy from around 800 BC to 400 BC. They greatly influenced early Roman culture and civilization. The Etruscans originated in Asia Minor and were the first civilized people to settle in Italy. They introduced advanced technologies like arches, sewers and hydraulic engineering to the region. The Etruscans also contributed significantly to art, architecture, religion and trade in Italy. Though the Romans eventually conquered the Etruscans, they adopted many aspects of Etruscan culture and credited them with founding the city of Rome.
Ancient Egypt developed one of the earliest civilizations along the Nile River valley due to the river's predictable flooding and irrigation. The pharaoh ruled as both political and religious leader, overseeing the construction of temples, laws, taxation, and organized labor. Egyptian society was highly stratified with the pharaoh and nobility at the top and farmers, artisans, and laborers at the bottom. Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing, built massive pyramids and temples, and practiced mummification as part of their belief in an afterlife. Mathematics and astronomy were also important to ancient Egyptian civilization.
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions launched by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule between 1095-1291 CE. They were called by Pope Urban II in response to a Byzantine request for aid against invading Seljuk Turks and to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land. While the Crusaders had some successes in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Crusader states, they ultimately failed to permanently hold the Holy Land and their actions weakened relations between Christians, Jews and Muslims while also weakening the Byzantine Empire.
Ancient Greece had a profound influence on Western civilization through its contributions to language, science, mathematics, government, medicine, art, architecture, and history. The timeline began with the Minoan civilization on Crete around 2800 BCE. Various Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta rose to power between 800-500 BCE. The Classical Age saw a rise in democracy and culture under Athenian leadership and the conflicts with Persia and the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek culture spread throughout the known world in the Hellenistic Age from 324-100 BCE. Great philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle developed the foundations of Western philosophy
The early Roman civilization developed over three major periods - the Roman Monarchy, Republic, and Empire. During the Monarchy, Rome was ruled by kings and had a senate of nobles and two main social classes, patricians and plebeians. The Republic saw the rise of consuls, a stronger senate, and the plebeians gaining more rights. The Empire began when Augustus Caesar rose to power, transforming Rome into a vast empire with an autocratic government stretched across Europe and around the Mediterranean. Roman innovations included advanced architecture like aqueducts and domes, roads and infrastructure, as well as baths, art, literature, and an urban grid plan model for cities.
1) Japan developed a feudal system in the mid-1000s CE as the imperial government weakened and regional clans gained power. Farmers traded land to powerful warlords called daimyo in exchange for protection. Daimyo were served by loyal samurai warriors who lived by a code of honor.
2) From 1560-1600 CE, three powerful daimyo unified Japan - Oda Nobunaga used force, Toyotomi Hideyoshi used alliances, and Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification in 1600 and established a military government called the Tokugawa Shogunate.
3) The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan peacefully and isolated it
Ancient Greece was a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea around the size of Louisiana. It had a mountainous geography which led Greek city-states to develop independently and often fight each other. The Greeks invented many technologies like naval ships, aqueducts, cranes, and siege weapons out of necessity. Athens was a direct democracy where male citizens could vote on policies, though most of Greece was ruled by monarchs or oligarchies. Alexander the Great spread Greek culture and ideas throughout Asia after conquering the Persian Empire.
The document discusses the archaeological site of Uruk in Iraq, including the White Temple built on top of the Anu Ziggurat between 3517-3358 BCE. It would have towered over the city and been visible from a great distance. Ziggurats were symbolic and political centers as representations of the gods. The White Temple was rectangular with rooms on either side and three entrances. It was entirely whitewashed inside and out. The document also discusses the later sites of Ur, including the Royal Graves dating between 2600-2000 BCE containing rich burials, artifacts like the Standard of Ur and Queen's Lyre, and the ziggurat of Ur built in 2100 BCE.
The document summarizes the key causes of the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, and events like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. These events increased tensions between the colonists and British and ultimately led the colonists to declare independence and start the Revolutionary War.
The Inca Empire extended along the Andes mountains from modern Ecuador to central Chile, with its capital at Cuzco, Peru. The Incas developed an extensive road system and advanced practices in agriculture, engineering, and medicine. However, in 1532 the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived with 160 men and took the Inca emperor Atahualpa hostage. Despite receiving a ransom of gold and treasures, Pizarro had Atahualpa killed the following year. The Spanish conquest and a plague led to the fall of the Inca Empire by 1535.
The document provides an overview of the history and government of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome transitioned from being ruled by kings to a republic governed by the Senate. It then outlines the four main social classes in Roman society - slaves, plebeians, equestrians, and nobles. Several important figures are also discussed, including Julius Caesar, as well as some iconic locations in Rome like the Colosseum and Circus Maximus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document provides an overview of the history and society of Ancient Rome from its origins as a small settlement to the establishment of a republic and eventual transition to an empire. It discusses the early monarchy period and establishment of a republic ruled by consuls in 509 BC. It describes the struggle between patricians and plebeians and the gradual acquisition of rights and political power by the plebeian class. It also covers the agricultural economy based on slave labor, social issues around land ownership, religion, engineering practices, architecture, and art forms in Ancient Rome.
The Beginnings of Ancient Rome About 750 B.C., the villages joined together to form a city called Rome. It was ruled by kings for more than 200 years. Eventually, Rome became a republic, and the people elected representatives. These representatives formed the Senate, Rome's most powerful body of government
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Republic and the establishment of the Roman Empire. It discusses how Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars and began expanding its territory and wealth across the Mediterranean. This led to problems as generals became more powerful than politicians in the Senate, resulting in civil wars. Julius Caesar took advantage of this chaos and was named dictator, but was later assassinated, leading to another civil war won by Octavian, who became the first emperor, Augustus. Under Augustus, Rome entered the Pax Romana, a 207-year period of peace and prosperity during which the empire reached its height before declining.
Roman art served as a demonstration of power from 753 BCE to 410 CE. Roman architecture was revolutionary due to their understanding of the arch, vault and concrete, which allowed them to build monumental structures like aqueducts, temples, arenas and basilicas. While greatly admiring Greek art, Roman art had no unique style but was diverse and incorporated influences from territories across the Roman Empire. Wealthy patrons and the government sponsored art that proclaimed their glory.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history and geography. It discusses the nine periods of ancient Egyptian history from 3200 BCE to 332 BCE. It also describes Egypt's geography, including the Nile River valley, deserts, climate regions, and natural resources. Finally, it covers Egyptian cultural practices like mummification, hieroglyphic writing systems, and important gods and goddesses.
This document provides an overview of early human history from prehistory through the Agricultural Revolution. It defines key terms like prehistory, the Stone Age including the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) and New Stone Age (Neolithic Age). The Last Ice Age and how it impacted human migration is described. The development of agriculture, the Agricultural Revolution, is then explained including the first farming methods and domestication of animals. Finally, pros and cons of settled communities are briefly outlined.
The document describes four types of people: solitary people who prefer to be alone and not seek or offer help; social people who enjoy social interaction and helping their social group; helpful people who assist anyone in need or check if help is required; and selfish people who prioritize their own needs over others and will not help or share. It asks the reader to reflect on which type of person they are and which have been most helpful for civilization.
The Sumerians originated in modern-day Iraq and developed one of the world's first advanced civilizations through irrigation and technological innovations like the wheel and writing system. They believed the universe was controlled by anthropomorphic gods who lived in heaven and were organized in a pantheon hierarchy led by gods like Anu, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursag. The Sumerians saw themselves as created by the gods to serve them through rituals, temple construction and worship, and their lives were fraught with uncertainty under the gods' inscrutable will.
The Etruscans were an ancient civilization that inhabited central Italy from around 800 BC to 400 BC. They greatly influenced early Roman culture and civilization. The Etruscans originated in Asia Minor and were the first civilized people to settle in Italy. They introduced advanced technologies like arches, sewers and hydraulic engineering to the region. The Etruscans also contributed significantly to art, architecture, religion and trade in Italy. Though the Romans eventually conquered the Etruscans, they adopted many aspects of Etruscan culture and credited them with founding the city of Rome.
Ancient Egypt developed one of the earliest civilizations along the Nile River valley due to the river's predictable flooding and irrigation. The pharaoh ruled as both political and religious leader, overseeing the construction of temples, laws, taxation, and organized labor. Egyptian society was highly stratified with the pharaoh and nobility at the top and farmers, artisans, and laborers at the bottom. Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing, built massive pyramids and temples, and practiced mummification as part of their belief in an afterlife. Mathematics and astronomy were also important to ancient Egyptian civilization.
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions launched by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule between 1095-1291 CE. They were called by Pope Urban II in response to a Byzantine request for aid against invading Seljuk Turks and to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land. While the Crusaders had some successes in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Crusader states, they ultimately failed to permanently hold the Holy Land and their actions weakened relations between Christians, Jews and Muslims while also weakening the Byzantine Empire.
Ancient Greece had a profound influence on Western civilization through its contributions to language, science, mathematics, government, medicine, art, architecture, and history. The timeline began with the Minoan civilization on Crete around 2800 BCE. Various Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta rose to power between 800-500 BCE. The Classical Age saw a rise in democracy and culture under Athenian leadership and the conflicts with Persia and the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek culture spread throughout the known world in the Hellenistic Age from 324-100 BCE. Great philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle developed the foundations of Western philosophy
The early Roman civilization developed over three major periods - the Roman Monarchy, Republic, and Empire. During the Monarchy, Rome was ruled by kings and had a senate of nobles and two main social classes, patricians and plebeians. The Republic saw the rise of consuls, a stronger senate, and the plebeians gaining more rights. The Empire began when Augustus Caesar rose to power, transforming Rome into a vast empire with an autocratic government stretched across Europe and around the Mediterranean. Roman innovations included advanced architecture like aqueducts and domes, roads and infrastructure, as well as baths, art, literature, and an urban grid plan model for cities.
1) Japan developed a feudal system in the mid-1000s CE as the imperial government weakened and regional clans gained power. Farmers traded land to powerful warlords called daimyo in exchange for protection. Daimyo were served by loyal samurai warriors who lived by a code of honor.
2) From 1560-1600 CE, three powerful daimyo unified Japan - Oda Nobunaga used force, Toyotomi Hideyoshi used alliances, and Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification in 1600 and established a military government called the Tokugawa Shogunate.
3) The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan peacefully and isolated it
Ancient Greece was a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea around the size of Louisiana. It had a mountainous geography which led Greek city-states to develop independently and often fight each other. The Greeks invented many technologies like naval ships, aqueducts, cranes, and siege weapons out of necessity. Athens was a direct democracy where male citizens could vote on policies, though most of Greece was ruled by monarchs or oligarchies. Alexander the Great spread Greek culture and ideas throughout Asia after conquering the Persian Empire.
The document discusses the archaeological site of Uruk in Iraq, including the White Temple built on top of the Anu Ziggurat between 3517-3358 BCE. It would have towered over the city and been visible from a great distance. Ziggurats were symbolic and political centers as representations of the gods. The White Temple was rectangular with rooms on either side and three entrances. It was entirely whitewashed inside and out. The document also discusses the later sites of Ur, including the Royal Graves dating between 2600-2000 BCE containing rich burials, artifacts like the Standard of Ur and Queen's Lyre, and the ziggurat of Ur built in 2100 BCE.
The document provides information about ziggurats and Mesopotamian gods and goddesses. It describes ziggurats as pyramidal structures built by ancient Mesopotamian civilizations for local religions. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex and had shrines at the top. It also lists and describes many important Mesopotamian gods and goddesses like Enki, Inanna, Marduk, and Shamash that were associated with domains like water, fertility, warfare, and the sun.
The document summarizes the early Mesopotamian civilization that developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It emerged around 3000 BC and was composed of independent city-states like Ur, Uruk, and Kish that each had their own government and patron god. Sargon of Akkad later created the world's first empire in 2350 BC by conquering the region. The Babylonian Empire then took control around 2000 BC, with King Hammurabi establishing one of the first legal codes. Mesopotamian culture developed writing, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and made advances in religion, society, and government.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations. People first settled there due to natural levees along the rivers that protected against floods while enabling irrigation. Several successive civilizations arose in Mesopotamia over 3000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. These civilizations developed systems of writing like cuneiform, advanced mathematics, the wheel, and organized religion centered around temples. Though Mesopotamia faced environmental challenges like flooding and lack of resources, its civilizations left lasting legacies as the cradle of modern civilization.
The Sumerian civilization was the earliest known civilization located in southern Mesopotamia between approximately 4000-2000 BC. Some of the key aspects of Sumerian civilization included the development of cities like Ur and Uruk centered around temples to gods. Religion played a major role in Sumerian society, with kings seen as agents of the gods. Sumerians also developed systems of writing, agriculture, and a currency system that facilitated extensive trade networks. Their art and architecture featured sculptures and temples made from local materials like clay and wood.
This document lists important works of ancient art and architecture from Mesopotamia, including a white temple and ziggurat from Uruk, the Citadel of Sargon II in Dur Sharrukin, and the Warka Vase from Uruk. It also mentions artifacts like the Victory Stele of Eannatum from Girsu, a bull-headed lyre from Ur, and sculptures of rulers and other figures found in places like Nineveh and Susa.
This document discusses a marketing model called the Percolating Ziggurat and how it relates to crossing the chasm. The Percolating Ziggurat model views the process of gaining customers as climbing steps of a ziggurat pyramid, with different communication techniques needed for each step. Early steps involve getting press coverage and creating marketing stories to attract early adopters. Later steps require more guidance and integration with other applications. Creating and spreading marketing stories through the press and word-of-mouth is key to helping the product percolate up the ziggurat steps to broader audiences.
The document compares the Temple of Ziggurat to the Hollyhock House in 9 questions. Both structures were built on hills and designed with monumental arched doorways and variations of light and dark rooms. The Hollyhock House emulates features of the Ziggurat, such as being arranged around a central courtyard with split levels, steps, and roof terraces. It also features abstract motifs similar to Sumerian art. The story of Gilgamesh is reflected in society's obsessions with beauty across civilizations.
The document summarizes gods, astronomy, and inventions of ancient Mesopotamia. It lists the major gods and goddesses of Mesopotamian religion, including Anu, Enlil, Enki, Marduk, and Ashur. It describes how Babylonian astronomers could predict eclipses and solstices and developed a 12-month calendar based on the moon. It also notes that Mesopotamians invented fundamental technologies like the wheel, bricks, irrigation, sailboats, and the first system of writing.
The ancient Mesopotamians were polytheistic and built temples called Ziggurats to worship multiple gods and goddesses. They believed the gods and goddesses owned their cities so they paid large sums of money to priests.
The French New Wave was a film movement that emerged in France in the late 1950s and 1960s. Inspired by young film critics writing for Cahiers du Cinema, it emphasized auteur theory and featured unconventional stylistic techniques like jump cuts, handheld camerawork, and location shooting. Directors like Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, and Eric Rohmer made personal, politically-minded films that broke conventions and influenced global cinema.
The French New Wave was a film movement in the late 1950s and 1960s that emphasized experimentation with cinematic techniques like handheld camera, jump cuts, and location shooting. Young film critics like Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard drew inspiration from Italian Neorealism and directed their own low-budget films that explored personal themes and contemporary social issues in France. The movement brought fresh approaches to filmmaking and helped turn the director into an auteur with a distinctive personal vision.
The document discusses the Auteur Theory and its origins in the French New Wave film movement of the 1950s-60s. It explains that the Auteur Theory positions the director as the primary author of a film and sees their works as expressing a consistent style and themes. Key figures discussed are Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, and how their films like Breathless challenged the dominant "Tradition of Quality" films in France through location shooting and a looser style.
The document provides an overview of the Sumerian civilization that originated in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians developed the first extensive urban civilization, supported by irrigation farming. They created many cultural innovations, including the first system of writing, monumental architecture, irrigation systems, schools, use of bronze, and the wheel. Their achievements laid the foundations for later Mesopotamian empires like Akkad and Babylon. The document also discusses Sumerian religion, social structure, law, and their eventual decline after conquest by successive empires.
The document provides background information on the early civilization of Mesopotamia, including Sumer, Akkadians, Babylonia, and Assyria. It discusses the geography and environment of the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It also summarizes key aspects of Sumerian culture such as the development of writing, legal codes, religion, science, and innovations that established Mesopotamia as the cradle of civilization.
The document provides an overview of the Mesopotamian civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It discusses the early Sumerian cities like Ur and Akkad, the development of writing and the wheel, as well as later empires like Babylonia and Assyria. Important leaders are mentioned, such as Sargon of Akkad, Hammurabi of Babylon, and Ashurbanipal of Assyria. Details are also given about the religion, culture, and daily life of ancient Mesopotamians.
The Sumer civilization developed advanced agricultural techniques like irrigation systems and the plow, which allowed them to farm productively in Mesopotamia's fertile floodplains. They had a stratified social structure led by priests, landowners, and government officials who lived in large homes. Merchants, craftspeople, and slaves comprised the middle and lower classes. City-states were governed by kings chosen by the gods to enforce laws and collect taxes, and scribes recorded these laws. Religion influenced all aspects of life and Sumerians built large ziggurats to house their gods. They also made technological advancements such as the wheel, arch, and a written language called cuneiform recorded on clay tablets.
The document provides an overview of prehistoric cultures from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era. It discusses early cave paintings from 15,000-10,000 BCE found in France and their possible purposes. It also describes the transition to farming and domestication during the Neolithic, with rock paintings from Algeria depicting herding. Various artifacts are mentioned like figurines, pottery, and architecture from cultures across Europe, Africa, and Asia during this time period.
This document provides an overview of the content in a chapter about early civilizations, including:
1) Early humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers who built villages like Jericho and Catal Hoyuk.
2) Mesopotamia's early civilizations developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, with influential Sumerian city-states inventing writing and new technologies.
3) Powerful empires later arose in Mesopotamia, including the Assyrian Empire which controlled many provinces through military force, and the Chaldean Empire with King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilding Babylon's famous landmarks.
1. The document describes early human history from the Stone Age to the rise of early civilizations. It discusses key developments like the agricultural revolution and domestication of plants and animals.
2. Early civilizations arose in places like Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt where favorable environmental conditions like rivers supported agriculture and larger settlements.
3. In Mesopotamia, the world's first cities developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 3500 BCE. Early rulers like Sargon and laws like Hammurabi's Code helped establish social order.
The document provides an overview of sections in a chapter about early civilizations, including:
- Section 1 on early humans, from Paleolithic nomadic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers living in permanent villages
- Section 2 on the Mesopotamian civilization that arose in the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, including the influential Sumerian city-states and their inventions like writing
- Section 3 on the Assyrian and Chaldean Empires, with the Assyrians building an empire through iron weapons and organized government, while the Chaldeans rebuilt Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar.
Nestled between two rivers, the world's first major city sprang up in a fertile region called Mesopotamia.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The document provides an overview of world history from prehistory through ancient civilizations. It discusses early humans and hunter-gatherer societies, then covers the origins of agriculture and civilization in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and other regions. Key topics included the rise of cities, early forms of government and religion, and the development of writing, mathematics, and astronomy in ancient societies.
Archeologists estimate that in ancient hunter-gatherer societies, gathering provided 75-80% of calories while hunting provided the remainder. Women usually did most of the gathering while men specialized in hunting. In the Near East, wild cereal grasses like wheat and barley were major food sources that were gradually domesticated. Agriculture developed as a way to more effectively exploit and modify the environment, altering both domesticated plants and animals and ultimately changing the landscape. Writing originated from tokens used to record trade and transactions which evolved into the cuneiform script first used by Sumerian scribes around 3300 BC.
History can be interpreted in different ways based on facts from primary and secondary sources. While based on facts, people interpret history differently, influencing how it is defined and written. Symbolism has been important to human development and culture, and gives insight into human behavior through artifacts. A catastrophic event like major volcanic eruptions may have occurred thousands of years ago, blocking the sun with dust and causing global climate change, droughts, and famine that led to the decline of civilizations.
History can be interpreted in different ways based on facts from primary and secondary sources. While based on facts, people interpret history differently, influencing how it is defined and written. Symbolism has been important to human development and culture, and gives insight into human behavior through artifacts. A catastrophic event changed the world's climate thousands of years ago, possibly due to volcanic eruptions, which caused global drought, famine, and death and contributed to the fall of civilizations like the Roman Empire.
This document outlines the expectations and content for a Global Studies class with Mr. Gallagher. Students will be expected to keep a notebook, take quizzes and tests, complete homework, and participate actively in class discussions. They will learn about differentiating between primary and secondary sources and how historians use sources to make arguments. Examples are provided of primary sources like historical documents and paintings versus secondary sources like history books. Students will analyze sources like paintings to make inferences about historical events. They will also learn about early human lifestyles like hunter-gathering and agriculture by watching educational videos and reading articles.
The document provides background information on the Epic of Gilgamesh, the world's oldest work of recorded literature. It describes the geography and ruling societies of ancient Mesopotamia between 5000 BCE - 600 BCE, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites, Assyrians, and Chaldeans. It summarizes the story of Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk who embarks on a quest for immortality after the death of his friend Enkidu. The Epic of Gilgamesh is considered very important as it is the earliest known work of literature and explores ancient Mesopotamian values.
The cradle of civilization is a term referring to locations where, according to current archaeological data, civilization is understood to have emerged.
Current thinking is that there was no single "cradle", but several civilizations that developed independently; with the Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia and Egypt, understood to be the earliest.
The document discusses several topics related to prehistoric and ancient Egyptian civilization:
1) It summarizes the importance of studying humanities in architecture, explaining how it enriches understanding of history, culture, and societal development.
2) It describes prehistoric art and architecture, including cave paintings, carved figurines, and the earliest huts and shelters. Megalithic sites like Stonehenge are discussed.
3) Prehistoric dwelling structures like pit houses are explained with examples of different designs.
Early humans transitioned from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities during the Neolithic Revolution around 11,000 years ago. This enabled population growth and specialization. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians developed irrigation, wheeled vehicles, metal tools, and a system of writing called cuneiform to record economic transactions, helping centralized religious and political authority to emerge. Egyptian civilization along the fertile Nile Valley was protected by deserts and benefited from predictable annual flooding, allowing the pharaohs to maintain power as living gods over a stable agricultural society with a highly centralized bureaucracy and infrastructure projects like pyramids.
The document summarizes information from The Urantia Book about Gobekli Tepe, an important archaeological site in Turkey dating back 12,000 years. The Urantia Book, published in 1955, described events from over 30,000 years ago that help explain mysteries about Gobekli Tepe, including how a primitive civilization was able to build with large stones and why it declined. Specifically, the book recounts that genetically superior beings known as Adam and Eve arrived on Earth 38,000 years ago, establishing a civilization in Mesopotamia that was highly advanced but gradually declined over generations as their genetic gifts diminished in their descendants. This helps make sense of the puzzles posed by Gobekli Tepe
Asian civilizations embrace, learn from, and respect one another with the objective of common progress and prosperity, resulting in the flourishing of individual civilizations as well as the establishment of a "community with shared future for mankind" where countries come together and join.
The document discusses the major early civilizations that developed between 600-1450 CE. It describes the four initial centers of civilization as the Middle East, Egypt, Northwestern India, and Northern China. Key aspects of these river valley civilizations included agriculture, surplus food production, social hierarchies, divisions of labor, and written languages. The document also examines aspects of Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indus Valley, and early Chinese civilizations such as government structures, religions, and cultural and technological achievements.
The document provides an overview of the functions and origins of art in early human societies. It discusses how the earliest art from places like Blombos Cave in South Africa dated to 77,000 years ago served decorative purposes like shell beads. Ritual and ceremonial art is seen in the cave paintings of Altamira Cave from 35,000 years ago. The document then focuses on the art of Mesopotamian cultures like the Sumerians starting around 8500 BCE as agriculture arose, enabling larger populations and surplus food leading to stratified societies, trade, writing, and large building projects by elites like the Ziggurat of Ur to demonstrate power and prestige.
GUIDE 2Unit 1Your name Time you beginART OF MESOPOTAMI.docxaidaclewer
GUIDE 2
Unit 1
Your name:
Time you begin:
ART OF MESOPOTAMIA
Sumer
Akkad
Babylonia
Assyria
Persia
This land “kindled the imagination of inquiring spirits to such a degree that it was in Mesopotamia that archaeology as an art of excavation celebrated its initial triumph.”
– C. W. Ceram, Gods, Graves, and Scholars – The Story of Archaeology
Recommendations
- Sum up info in 3-5 statements for each issue (Some questions would require more and some less)
Put as much as you would like to know
- Keep it “One line - One sentence” (preferred to paragraph format)
- Bulleted lines are recommended
Terms:
for terms in boldrefer to the Glossary at the end of your textbook. Put a bookmark and use Glossary often.
Today, the Middle East is back on the stage of History. The future of the Western civilization that started here five thousand years ago – largely depends on the geopolitical outcome in this area. Every day we hear the names of these countries in media news.
Make sure you know where they are located.
Extra Credit
(Yes, we are going to start right with this opportunity!)
I encourage you to
watch this introductory video (5:30)
and make notes
.
It will be very helpful in forming an overview of this complex section.
(It will also bring you 1 point)
Your 5-Statement Notes
…
…
…
…
…
LESSON in GEOGRAPHY
Look closely at the modern time map of
Middle East
(here) and at the map of ancient
Near East
(in your book).
Note:
Mesopotamia
is the historical name of the land in
Iraq.
Use to the map in your text to find all cultures we read about.
ART OF THE ANCIENT
NEAR EAST
Important issues you should know.
·
Historic
(as opposed to
prehistoric
) societies are marked by a
written language
(main criteria)
·
Term
civilization
is used to designatea culture (historic society) with a rather complex social structure, writing, agriculture, and bronze tools.
·
Invention of
bronze
(smelt of lead and tin) allowed for better weapons and lead to the emergence of larger empires.
·
The first ancient civilizations of
Mesopotamia
and
Egypt
had emerged almost at the same time lasted some three thousand years (the last 3 millennia B.C.)
·
Difference in their geographical location determined different historical paths and distinctive art forms.
“The
Nile Valley
of
Egypt
was protected by formidable deserts, making it possible for the Egyptians to enjoy thousands of years of relatively unbroken self-rule.”
“The
Tigris-Euphrates valley
of
Mesopotamia
, however, was vulnerable to repeated invasions; the area was ruled by a
succession of different peoples
.”
(Prebles’ ARTFORMS, Patrick Frank, 2011)
·
Mesopotamia
means “
between the rivers
”
.
Study Greek
to Understand Terms
mesos
–
middle
(as you already know
from
Meso
lithic)
potamos
– river
Sumer
-
Akkad
–
Babylonia
-
Assyria
-
Persia
.
(You should know this chain of cultures coexisting and succe ...
This document provides an overview of early art from the Neolithic period through early cities in Mesopotamia. It discusses the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies with food surpluses, and how this led to the emergence of specialized social classes, stratified societies, and early urban centers. Specific sites and artifacts mentioned include Göbekli Tepe, Jericho, Catal Höyük, the Ziggurat of Ur, the Warka Vase, statues of worshippers, and the Head of a Ruler, all dating between 6500 BCE and 2400 BCE.
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Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who lived from 551-479 BCE and whose teachings formed the foundation of Confucianism. He believed that social harmony could be achieved through personal and governmental morality, justice, and family loyalty. The Analects contain his teachings which emphasize virtues like propriety, righteousness, and filial piety. Daoism emerged in the 4th century BCE teaching that order emerges from chaos and humanity should follow the natural order of 'the way' or Dao through non-action (wu wei) and acceptance of change. Confucianism and Daoism differed in their views on order versus change and propriety versus spontaneity but both shaped Chinese philosophy and culture.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Buddhism, including the story of Buddha's life, the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and concepts of suffering, no-self, and rebirth. It discusses how Buddha was inspired to leave his life as a prince and become an ascetic after witnessing old age, sickness, death, and an ascetic. It then explains his teachings on the cessation of suffering and the path to achieve nirvana.
The document discusses different types of traditional and modern dances from around the world, including their cultural significance and origins. It describes dances like the legong dance of Bali, which is performed by trained young women, and Kecak, a Balinese musical drama. It also covers topics like dance as a form of religious worship, gender expression, cultural identity, and how dances can fuse cultural influences or represent modern choreography.
The document discusses religious diversity in America, explaining that several factors contributed to its development. It notes that the separation of church and state meant religious groups had to promote themselves without government support. It also says religion helped preserve cultural identities for immigrants and provided a sense of community. The document then discusses some of the major religious groups that were present in colonial America, including Puritans, Catholics, Baptists, Quakers, and others.
The document discusses the rise and spread of Christianity from a small sect within Judaism in the first century CE to a dominant world religion. It covers key figures in Christianity such as Paul, who established churches in major cities from the 1st-3rd centuries CE and Tertullian who viewed the church as a counter-kingdom to the Roman Empire. The document also discusses divisions within Christianity between Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant traditions and how figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin shaped Protestantism.
1. The document discusses the origins and early history of Christianity from the time of Jesus through the establishment of churches in the 1st and 2nd centuries.
2. It describes Jesus as a Jewish prophet and religious leader who was executed under Roman authority but whose followers believed he was resurrected.
3. Christianity rapidly established communities across the Roman Empire and the New Testament, comprised of writings from the 1st century, became the foundational text for the emerging religion.
This document discusses rites of passage, which are transitional rituals that mark changes in a person's life stages. It provides examples of religious, secular, and underground rites from various cultures around the world. The document also summarizes models of rites of passage from anthropologists van Gennep and Lincoln, noting stages of separation, transition, and incorporation/emergence. Case studies are presented on Apache girls' initiation rituals and Amish Rumspringa.
The document discusses various types of narratives and stories. It defines a narrative as a sequence of connected events typically involving humans or sentient beings. Stories are said to involve at least one central character moving toward a goal. Different types of stories are also discussed, including myths, legends, and folktales, which often involve supernatural elements and serve to explain cultural beliefs.
The document discusses several key aspects of language and linguistics, including:
1. It defines language as a complex biological tool used by humans to communicate through organized systems of symbols and rules.
2. It examines some key design features of human language, including duality of patterning, displacement, open-endedness, stimulus-freedom, and arbitrariness.
3. It discusses differences between human and animal communication, focusing on the human vocal tract and genes like FOXP2 that enable the complexities of human speech.
The document provides an overview of the origins and foundations of Judaism through its history. It discusses how Judaism emerged from the patriarchal family of Abraham in 2000-1500 BCE and the key defining moments of the Exodus from Egypt under Moses and receiving the Ten Commandments. It also summarizes the periods of exile and return, the development of prophets and scripture, and continuing traditions up to present times.
Between 800 and 200 BCE, major religious and philosophical traditions emerged independently across Asia and the Mediterranean. These included Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Greek philosophy, and the prophets of Israel. This period saw increasing urbanization, political turmoil, and new concerns about morality and the afterlife. Major thinkers from this time established foundations for understanding humanity and its relationship with the cosmos that still influence many cultures today.
The document discusses the emergence of divine kingship in archaic religions. It provides context on Hawaiian mythology and the role of gods like Ku, Lono, Kane, and Kanaloa. It also examines characteristics of archaic religions like the Makahiki festival rituals, and how chiefdoms transitioned to divine kingship through centralized political control, formalized temple systems, and the king being viewed as an instantiation of the gods on Earth with specialized residences.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of religious systems, beginning with indigenous or tribal religions. It discusses 5 types of spirits found in tribal religions: elemental spirits, puppeteer spirits, organic spirits, ancestral spirits, and the high god. It then provides examples of religious practices and beliefs among various indigenous groups, including the Kalapalo people of Brazil, the Walbiri people of Australia, and Navajo traditions. Key concepts discussed include djugurba (Walbiri dreaming), hozho (Navajo harmony), and rituals/ceremonies like the Sun Dance and Blessingway.
The document provides an overview of music from around the world and discusses how to analyze different musical forms and genres. It explores various elements of music like pitch, rhythm, tempo, and tone. Specific musical examples are given to analyze, like Vedic chanting, barbetuques, jazz, and hip hop. Electronic music is also introduced. Students are prompted to listen to and discuss the musical clips to understand different musical traditions and how technology has shaped new forms of electronic music.
This document outlines the requirements for a 2000-word ethnographic project on vernacular religious events. Students must attend two different religious or sacred events lasting about an hour each. They then analyze and compare the events using seven dimensions of religion or approaches to performance events. Drafts are due on October 24th/25th and the final paper is due November 18th. The document provides sample religions and events that could be compared, and questions to consider under each analytical dimension. Students are encouraged to create a mind map to plan their project.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Hinduism, including:
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2. It discusses the life of Muhammad and the origins of Islam, covering events like Muhammad's first revelations and the migration to Medina.
3. The text also outlines some key Islamic concepts like the Five Pillars, the Quran, and the subsequent expansion of the Islamic empire and caliphates over the centuries.
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23. Mesopotamian Gods Source: Susan Pollock. Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden That Never Was. (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
24. Mesopotamian Burials Source: Susan Pollock. Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden That Never Was. (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
25. Changes in Ideological Messages Over Time Source: Susan Pollock. Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden That Never Was. (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
26.
27.
28. QUESTIONS: THE FARMING AGE 1. What was the cultural impact of granaries? 2. What were the advantages of farming over the process of hunter-gathering? 3. What were some of the first forms of plants and animals to be domesticated? 4. When and where in the world did farming first occur? 5. How is religion related to the emergence of agricultural production?
29. The Emergence of Farming http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hxHZPdH690 http://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/index.html http://books.google.com/books?id=PWnWRFEGoeUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Guns%2C%20Germs%2C%20and%20Steel&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false
30. Uruk seals portraying scribes keeping track of various categories of agricultural production. Not to scale.
33. ENKI/EA The Sumerian god Enki (Akkadian: Ea) seated on a throne with two streams of water erupting from his shoulders. A bound bird-man ("Zu-bird") is being led before him after its capture for judgement and execution of sentence. The seal is dated circa 2340-2180 B.C. (cf. p. 19. John Gray. Near Eastern Mythology. London. Hamlyn House Ltd. 1969).
36. THE MYTH OF ATRAHASIS Cuneiform Tablet of Atrahasis Epic, British Museum Babylonian, about 17th century BCE From Sippar, southern Iraq
37. THE MYTH OF ATRAHASIS “ The story outlines the structure of the universe according to Babylonian beliefs. Heaven is ruled by the god Anu, the earth by Enlil and the subterranean sweet water by Enki. The text then explains how the minor gods work in the fields but then rebel. As a result, humans are made from clay, saliva and divine blood to act as servants of the gods.
38. THE MYTH OF ATRAHASIS This does not prove a perfect solution, as the humans reproduce and their noise disturbs Enlil's sleep. He decides to destroy them with plague, famine, drought and finally a flood. However, each time Enki instructs one of the humans, Atrahasis, to survive the disasters. The god gives Atrahasis seven days warning of the flood, and he builds a boat, loads it with his possessions, animals and birds. He is subsequently saved while the rest of humankind is destroyed. However, the gods are unhappy as they no longer receive the offerings they used to. There is a gap in the text at this point but it does end with Atrahasis making an offering and Enlil accepting the existence and usefulness of humans.
39. THE MYTH OF ATRAHASIS Copies of this story have survived from the seventeenth to the seventh century BC showing that it was copied and re-copied over the centuries. This is the most complete version. There are clear similarities between this Flood story and others known in Mesopotamian literature, for example, the Epic of Gilgamesh.” T.C. Mitchell, The Bible in the British Museum (London, The British Museum Press, 1988) S. Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia. (Oxford University Press, 1991) W.G. Lambert and A.R. Millard, Atra-hasis. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1969) http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_the_atrahasis_epic.aspx
40. THE MYTH OF ATRAHASIS Source: Susan Pollock. Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden That Never Was. (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
41. THE MYTH OF ATRAHASIS (TRANSLATED EXCERPTS) http://faculty.gvsu.edu/websterm/Atrahasi.htm http://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Sumer was a collection of city states around the Lower Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now southern Iraq. Each of these cities had individual rulers, although as early as the mid-fourth millennium BCE the leader of the dominant city could have been considered the king of the region. The history of Sumer tends to be divided into five periods. They are the Uruk period, which saw the dominance of the city of that same name, the Jemdat Nasr period, the Early Dynastic periods, the Agade period, and the Ur III period - the entire span lasting from 3800 BCE to around 2000 BCE. In addition, there is evidence of the Sumerians in the area both prior to the Uruk period and after the Ur III Dynastic period, but relatively little is known about the former age and the latter time period is most heavily dominated by the Babylonians.
Seated along the Euphrates River, Sumer had a thriving agriculture and trade industry. Herds of sheep and goats and farms of grains and vegetables were held both by the temples and private citizens. Ships plied up and down the river and throughout the Persian gulf, carrying pottery and various processed goods and bringing back fruits and various raw materials from across the region, including cedars from the Levant. Sumer was one of the first literate civilizations leaving many records of business transactions, and lessons from schools. They had strong armies, which with their chariots and phalanxes held sway over their less civilized neighbors (Kramer 1963, p. 74). Perhaps the most lasting cultural remnants of the Sumerians though, can be found in their religion.
Seated along the Euphrates River, Sumer had a thriving agriculture and trade industry. Herds of sheep and goats and farms of grains and vegetables were held both by the temples and private citizens. Ships plied up and down the river and throughout the Persian gulf, carrying pottery and various processed goods and bringing back fruits and various raw materials from across the region, including cedars from the Levant. Sumer was one of the first literate civilizations leaving many records of business transactions, and lessons from schools. They had strong armies, which with their chariots and phalanxes held sway over their less civilized neighbors (Kramer 1963, p. 74). Perhaps the most lasting cultural remnants of the Sumerians though, can be found in their religion.
Seated along the Euphrates River, Sumer had a thriving agriculture and trade industry. Herds of sheep and goats and farms of grains and vegetables were held both by the temples and private citizens. Ships plied up and down the river and throughout the Persian gulf, carrying pottery and various processed goods and bringing back fruits and various raw materials from across the region, including cedars from the Levant. Sumer was one of the first literate civilizations leaving many records of business transactions, and lessons from schools. They had strong armies, which with their chariots and phalanxes held sway over their less civilized neighbors (Kramer 1963, p. 74). Perhaps the most lasting cultural remnants of the Sumerians though, can be found in their religion.
Seated along the Euphrates River, Sumer had a thriving agriculture and trade industry. Herds of sheep and goats and farms of grains and vegetables were held both by the temples and private citizens. Ships plied up and down the river and throughout the Persian gulf, carrying pottery and various processed goods and bringing back fruits and various raw materials from across the region, including cedars from the Levant. Sumer was one of the first literate civilizations leaving many records of business transactions, and lessons from schools. They had strong armies, which with their chariots and phalanxes held sway over their less civilized neighbors (Kramer 1963, p. 74). Perhaps the most lasting cultural remnants of the Sumerians though, can be found in their religion.
Sargon united both Sumer and the northern region of Akkad - from which Babylon would arise about four hundred years later - not very far from Kish. Evidence is sketchy, but he may have extended his realm from the Medeterranian Sea to the Indus River. This unity would survive its founder by less than 40 years. He built the city of Agade and established an enormous court there and he had a new temple erected in Nippur. Trade from across his new empire and beyond swelled the city, making it the center of world culture for a brief time.After Sargon's death, however, the empire was fraught with rebellion. Naram-Sin, Sargon's grandson and third successor, quelled the rebellions through a series of military successes, extending his realm. He declared himself 'King of the Four corners of the World' and had himself deified. His divine powers must have failed him as the Guti, a mountain people, razed Agade and deposed Naram-Sin, ending that dynasty.After a few decades, the Guti presence became intolerable for the Sumerian leaders. Utuhegal of Uruk/Erech rallied a coalition army and ousted them. One of his lieutenants, Ur-Nammu, usurped his rule and established the third Ur dynasty around 2112 BCE. He consolidated his control by defeating a rival dynast in Lagash and soon gained control of all of the Sumerian city-states. He established the earliest known recorded law-codes and had constructed the great ziggurat of Ur, a kind of step-pyramid which stood over 60' tall and more than 200' wide. For the next century the Sumerians were extremely prosperous, but their society collapsed around 2000 BCE under the invading Amorites. A couple of city-states maintained their independence for a short while, but soon they and the rest of the Sumerians were absorbed into the rising empire of the Babylonians. (Crawford pp. 1-28; Kramer 1963 pp. 40-72)
The Uruk period, stretched from 3800 BCE to 3200 BCE. It is to this era that the Sumerian King Lists ascribe the reigns of Dumuzi the shepherd, and the other antediluvian kings. After his reign Dumuzi was worshipped as the god of the spring grains. This time saw an enormous growth in urbanization such that Uruk probably had a population around 45,000 at the period's end. It was easily the largest city in the area, although the older cities of Eridu to the south and Kish to the north may have rivaled it. Irrigation improvements as well as a supply of raw materials for craftsmen provided an impetus for this growth. In fact, the city of An and Inanna also seems to have been at the heart of a trade network which stretched from what is now southern Turkey to what is now eastern Iran. In addition people were drawn to the city by the great temples there.The Eanna of Uruk, a collection of temples dedicated to Inanna, was constructed at this time and bore many mosaics and frescoes. These buildings served civic as well as religious purposes, which was fitting as the en, or high priest, served as both the spiritual and temporal leader. The temples were places where craftsmen would practice their trades and where surplus food would be stored and distributed. The Jemdat Nasr period lasted from 3200 BCE to 2900 BCE. It was not particularly remarkable and most adequately described as an extension and slowing down of the Uruk period. This is the period during which the great flood is supposed to have taken place. The Sumerians' account of the flood may have been based on a flooding of the Tigris, Euphrates, or both rivers onto their already marshy country. The Early Dynastic period ran from 2900 BCE to 2370 BCE and it is this period for which we begin to have more reliable written accounts although some of the great kings of this era later evolved mythic tales about them and were deified. Kingship moved about 100 miles upriver and about 50 miles south of modern Bahgdad to the city of Kish. One of the earlier kings in Kish wasEtana who "stabilized all the lands" securing the First Dynasty of Kish and establishing rule over Sumer and some of its neighbors. Etana was later believed by the Babylonians to have rode to heaven on the back of a giant Eagle so that he could receive the "plant of birth" from Ishtar (their version of Inanna) and thereby produce an heir. Royal dynasties in major Sumerian cities; great temples were focus of wealth and power, upkeep royal responsibility; major landowners, large staffs, export of textiles, lineage elders, say in political government,
The Uruk period, stretched from 3800 BCE to 3200 BCE. It is to this era that the Sumerian King Lists ascribe the reigns of Dumuzi the shepherd, and the other antediluvian kings. After his reign Dumuzi was worshipped as the god of the spring grains. This time saw an enormous growth in urbanization such that Uruk probably had a population around 45,000 at the period's end. It was easily the largest city in the area, although the older cities of Eridu to the south and Kish to the north may have rivaled it. Irrigation improvements as well as a supply of raw materials for craftsmen provided an impetus for this growth. In fact, the city of An and Inanna also seems to have been at the heart of a trade network which stretched from what is now southern Turkey to what is now eastern Iran. In addition people were drawn to the city by the great temples there.The Eanna of Uruk, a collection of temples dedicated to Inanna, was constructed at this time and bore many mosaics and frescoes. These buildings served civic as well as religious purposes, which was fitting as the en, or high priest, served as both the spiritual and temporal leader. The temples were places where craftsmen would practice their trades and where surplus food would be stored and distributed. The Jemdat Nasr period lasted from 3200 BCE to 2900 BCE. It was not particularly remarkable and most adequately described as an extension and slowing down of the Uruk period. This is the period during which the great flood is supposed to have taken place. The Sumerians' account of the flood may have been based on a flooding of the Tigris, Euphrates, or both rivers onto their already marshy country. The Early Dynastic period ran from 2900 BCE to 2370 BCE and it is this period for which we begin to have more reliable written accounts although some of the great kings of this era later evolved mythic tales about them and were deified. Kingship moved about 100 miles upriver and about 50 miles south of modern Bahgdad to the city of Kish. One of the earlier kings in Kish wasEtana who "stabilized all the lands" securing the First Dynasty of Kish and establishing rule over Sumer and some of its neighbors. Etana was later believed by the Babylonians to have rode to heaven on the back of a giant Eagle so that he could receive the "plant of birth" from Ishtar (their version of Inanna) and thereby produce an heir.
The Uruk period, stretched from 3800 BCE to 3200 BCE. It is to this era that the Sumerian King Lists ascribe the reigns of Dumuzi the shepherd, and the other antediluvian kings. After his reign Dumuzi was worshipped as the god of the spring grains. This time saw an enormous growth in urbanization such that Uruk probably had a population around 45,000 at the period's end. It was easily the largest city in the area, although the older cities of Eridu to the south and Kish to the north may have rivaled it. Irrigation improvements as well as a supply of raw materials for craftsmen provided an impetus for this growth. In fact, the city of An and Inanna also seems to have been at the heart of a trade network which stretched from what is now southern Turkey to what is now eastern Iran. In addition people were drawn to the city by the great temples there.The Eanna of Uruk, a collection of temples dedicated to Inanna, was constructed at this time and bore many mosaics and frescoes. These buildings served civic as well as religious purposes, which was fitting as the en, or high priest, served as both the spiritual and temporal leader. The temples were places where craftsmen would practice their trades and where surplus food would be stored and distributed. The Jemdat Nasr period lasted from 3200 BCE to 2900 BCE. It was not particularly remarkable and most adequately described as an extension and slowing down of the Uruk period. This is the period during which the great flood is supposed to have taken place. The Sumerians' account of the flood may have been based on a flooding of the Tigris, Euphrates, or both rivers onto their already marshy country. The Early Dynastic period ran from 2900 BCE to 2370 BCE and it is this period for which we begin to have more reliable written accounts although some of the great kings of this era later evolved mythic tales about them and were deified. Kingship moved about 100 miles upriver and about 50 miles south of modern Bahgdad to the city of Kish. One of the earlier kings in Kish wasEtana who "stabilized all the lands" securing the First Dynasty of Kish and establishing rule over Sumer and some of its neighbors. Etana was later believed by the Babylonians to have rode to heaven on the back of a giant Eagle so that he could receive the "plant of birth" from Ishtar (their version of Inanna) and thereby produce an heir.
The Early Dynastic period ran from 2900 BCE to 2370 BCE and it is this period for which we begin to have more reliable written accounts although some of the great kings of this era later evolved mythic tales about them and were deified. Kingship moved about 100 miles upriver and about 50 miles south of modern Bahgdad to the city of Kish. One of the earlier kings in Kish wasEtana who "stabilized all the lands" securing the First Dynasty of Kish and establishing rule over Sumer and some of its neighbors. Etana was later believed by the Babylonians to have rode to heaven on the back of a giant Eagle so that he could receive the "plant of birth" from Ishtar (their version of Inanna) and thereby produce an heir. Each city housed a temple that was the seat of a major god in the Sumerian pantheon, as the gods controlled the powerful forces which often dictated a human's fate. The city leaders had a duty to please the town's patron deity, not only for the good will of that god or goddess, but also for the good will of the other deities in the council of gods. The priesthood initially held this role, and even after secular kings ascended to power, the clergy still held great authority through the interpretation of omens and dreams. Many of the secular kings claimed divine right; Sargon of Agade, for example claimed to have been chosen by The rectangular central shrine of the temple, known as a 'cella,' had a brick altar or offering table in front of a statue of the temple's deity. The cella was lined on its long ends by many rooms for priests and priestesses. These mud-brick buildings were decorated with cone geometrical mosaics, and the occasional fresco with human and animal figures. These temple complexes eventually evolved into towering ziggurats. ( Wolkstein & Kramer 1983: 119) The temple was staffed by priests, priestesses, musicians, singers, castrates and hierodules. Various public rituals, food sacrifices, and libations took place there on a daily basis. The religion of the ancient Sumerians has left its mark on the entire middle east. Not only are its temples and ziggurats scattered about the region, but the literature, cosmogony and rituals influenced their neighbors to such an extent that we can see echoes of Sumer in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition today. From these ancient temples, and to a greater extent, through cuneiform writings of hymns, myths, lamentations, and incantations, archaeologists and mythographers afford the modern reader a glimpse into the religious world of the Sumerians. There were monthly feasts and annual, New Year celebrations. During the later, the king would be married to Inanna as the resurrected fertility god Dumuzi, whose exploits are dealt with below.When it came to more private matters, a Sumerian remained devout. Although the gods preferred justice and mercy, they had also created evil and misfortune. A Sumerian had little that he could do about it. Judging from Lamentation records, the best one could do in times of duress would be to "plead, lament and wail, tearfully confessing his sins and failings." Their family god or city god might intervene on their behalf, but that would not necessarily happen. After all, man was created as a broken, labor saving, tool for the use of the gods and at the end of everyone's life, lay the underworld, a generally dreary place. (Wolkstein & Kramer 1983: pp.123-124)
The Uruk period, stretched from 3800 BCE to 3200 BCE. It is to this era that the Sumerian King Lists ascribe the reigns of Dumuzi the shepherd, and the other antediluvian kings. After his reign Dumuzi was worshipped as the god of the spring grains. This time saw an enormous growth in urbanization such that Uruk probably had a population around 45,000 at the period's end. It was easily the largest city in the area, although the older cities of Eridu to the south and Kish to the north may have rivaled it. Irrigation improvements as well as a supply of raw materials for craftsmen provided an impetus for this growth. In fact, the city of An and Inanna also seems to have been at the heart of a trade network which stretched from what is now southern Turkey to what is now eastern Iran. In addition people were drawn to the city by the great temples there.The Eanna of Uruk, a collection of temples dedicated to Inanna, was constructed at this time and bore many mosaics and frescoes. These buildings served civic as well as religious purposes, which was fitting as the en, or high priest, served as both the spiritual and temporal leader. The temples were places where craftsmen would practice their trades and where surplus food would be stored and distributed. The Jemdat Nasr period lasted from 3200 BCE to 2900 BCE. It was not particularly remarkable and most adequately described as an extension and slowing down of the Uruk period. This is the period during which the great flood is supposed to have taken place. The Sumerians' account of the flood may have been based on a flooding of the Tigris, Euphrates, or both rivers onto their already marshy country. The Early Dynastic period ran from 2900 BCE to 2370 BCE and it is this period for which we begin to have more reliable written accounts although some of the great kings of this era later evolved mythic tales about them and were deified. Kingship moved about 100 miles upriver and about 50 miles south of modern Bahgdad to the city of Kish. One of the earlier kings in Kish wasEtana who "stabilized all the lands" securing the First Dynasty of Kish and establishing rule over Sumer and some of its neighbors. Etana was later believed by the Babylonians to have rode to heaven on the back of a giant Eagle so that he could receive the "plant of birth" from Ishtar (their version of Inanna) and thereby produce an heir.
Great concern with economic prosperity Source of benevolence and abundance but also the cause of floods, pestilence, storms Victory or defeat during wars (archaic) Each city housed a temple that was the seat of a major god in the Sumerian pantheon, as the gods controlled the powerful forces which often dictated a human's fate. The city leaders had a duty to please the town's patron deity, not only for the good will of that god or goddess, but also for the good will of the other deities in the council of gods. The priesthood initially held this role, and even after secular kings ascended to power, the clergy still held great authority through the interpretation of omens and dreams. Many of the secular kings claimed divine right; Sargon of Agade, for example claimed to have been chosen by The rectangular central shrine of the temple, known as a 'cella,' had a brick altar or offering table in front of a statue of the temple's deity. The cella was lined on its long ends by many rooms for priests and priestesses. These mud-brick buildings were decorated with cone geometrical mosaics, and the occasional fresco with human and animal figures. These temple complexes eventually evolved into towering ziggurats. ( Wolkstein & Kramer 1983: 119) The temple was staffed by priests, priestesses, musicians, singers, castrates and hierodules. Various public rituals, food sacrifices, and libations took place there on a daily basis. The religion of the ancient Sumerians has left its mark on the entire middle east. Not only are its temples and ziggurats scattered about the region, but the literature, cosmogony and rituals influenced their neighbors to such an extent that we can see echoes of Sumer in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition today. From these ancient temples, and to a greater extent, through cuneiform writings of hymns, myths, lamentations, and incantations, archaeologists and mythographers afford the modern reader a glimpse into the religious world of the Sumerians. There were monthly feasts and annual, New Year celebrations. During the later, the king would be married to Inanna as the resurrected fertility god Dumuzi, whose exploits are dealt with below.When it came to more private matters, a Sumerian remained devout. Although the gods preferred justice and mercy, they had also created evil and misfortune. A Sumerian had little that he could do about it. Judging from Lamentation records, the best one could do in times of duress would be to "plead, lament and wail, tearfully confessing his sins and failings." Their family god or city god might intervene on their behalf, but that would not necessarily happen. After all, man was created as a broken, labor saving, tool for the use of the gods and at the end of everyone's life, lay the underworld, a generally dreary place. (Wolkstein & Kramer 1983: pp.123-124)
Anu- Sumerian for "heaven", a sky god, father and king of the gods. He is the son of Anshar and Kishar. He lives in the third heaven. The Eanna in Uruk was dedicated both to him and consort. His first consort was Antu. They produced the Anunnaki - the underworld gods, and the utukki - the seven evil demons. His second consort was Innina (Ishtar). He is a god of monarchs and is not friendly to the common people. He is a "King of the Igigi". He is assigned the sky as his domain in 'Atrahasis'. His 'kishru's (shooting stars) have awesome strength. He has the ability that anything he puts into words, becomes reality. He is Niudimmud's (Ea's) father.When Anzu stole the Tablet of Destinies from Ellil, he called for one of the gods to slay Anzu and thereby greatly increase his reputation. He gave Marduk the four winds to play with. He made a whirlwind and a flood wave and stirred up Tiamat on purpose. When Tiamat's retaliation for Apsu's death was discovered, Anshar sent him on a peace mission to her, but he returned unsuccessfully. He helps form a princely shrine for Marduk prior to his battle with Tiamat, and gives him the Anu-power of decreeing fates, such that his word is law.He calls Dumuzi and Gizzida speak on Adapa's behalf.He and Earth father the Sebitti. He gives them fearsome fates and powers and puts them at Erra's command, to aid in killing noisy, over-populous people and animals.He agrees to send the Bull of Heaven after Gilgamesh on Ishtar's behalf, if she has made sure that the people of Uruk are properly provisioned for seven years. He decrees that either Gilgamesh or Enkidu must die for the slaying of Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. He sends Kakka to Kurnugi to tell Ereshkigal to send a messenger to receive a gift from him. (See also the Sumerian An and the Hittite Anus)Symbol: sacred shine surmounted by the divine horned cap. Sacred number: 60 Astrological region: heavenly equator Sacred animal: the heavenly Bull
Enki is the son of Nammu, the primeval sea. Contrary to the translation of his name, Enki is not the lord of the earth, but of the abzu (the watery abyss and also semen) and of wisdom. This contradiction leads Kramer and Maier to postulate that he was once known as En-kur, lord of the underworld, which either contained or was contained in the Abzu. He did struggle with Kur as mentioned in the prelude to "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Underworld", and presumably was victorious and thereby able to claim the title "Lord of Kur" (the realm). He is a god of water, creation, and fertility. He also holds dominion over the land. He is the keeper of the me, the divine laws. (Kramer & Maier Myths of Enki 1989: pp. 2-3) "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Underworld"Enki sails for the Kur, presumably to rescue Ereshkigal after she was given over to Kur. He is assailed by creatures with stones. These creatures may have been an extension of Kur itself. (Wolkstein and Kramer p. 4; Kramer 1961 p. 37-38, 78-79) "Enki and Ninhursag” He blessed the paradisical land of Dilmun, to have plentiful water and palm trees. He sires the goddess Ninsar upon Ninhursag, then sires Ninkur upon Ninsar, finally siring Uttu, goddess of plants, upon Ninkur. Uttu bore eight new types of trees from Enki. He then consumed these tree-children and was cursed by Ninhursag, with one wound for each plant consumed. Enlil and a fox act on Enki's behalf to call back Ninhursag in order to undo the damage. She joins with Enki again and bears eight new children, one to cure each of the wounds. (Kramer 1963 pp. 147-149; Kramer 1961 pp. 54-59 )"Enki and Ninmah: The Creation of Man" The gods complain that they need assistance. At his mother Nammu's prompting, he directs her, along with some constructive criticism from Ninmah (Ninhursag), in the creation of man from the heart of the clay over the Abzu. Several flawed versions were created
An and Ki's union produced Enlil (Lord of 'lil'). Enlil was the air-god and leader of the pantheon from at least 2500 BC, when his temple Ekur in Nippur was the spiritual center of Sumer (Kramer 1961 p. 47). In the early days he separated and carried off the earth (Ki) while An carried off heaven. (Kramer 1961 p. 37-41) He assumed most of An's powers. He is glorified as "'the father of the gods, 'the king of heaven and earth,' ' the king of all the lands'". Kramer portrays him as a patriarchal figure, who is both creator and disciplinarian. Enlil causes the dawn, the growth of plants, and bounty (Kramer 1961 p. 42). He also invents agricultural tools such as the plow or pickaxe (Kramer 1961 pp 47-49). Without his blessings, a city would not rise (Kramer 1961 pp. 63, 80) Most often he is considered Ninlil's husband, with Ninhursag as his sister, but some traditions have Ninhursag as his spouse. (Jacobsen p.105) "Enlil and Ninlil"He is also banished to the nether world (kur) for his rape of Ninlil, his intended bride, but returns with the first product of their union, the moon god Sin (also known as Nanna). (Kramer, Sumerians 1963: pp.145-147). Ninlil follows him into exile as his wife. He tells the various underworld guardians to not reveal his whereabouts and instead poses as those guardians himself three times, each time impregnating her again it appears that at least on one occasion Enlil reveals his true self before they unite. The products of these unions are three underworld deities, including Meslamtaea (aka. Nergal) and Ninazu. Later, when Nanna visits him in Nippur, he bestows Ur to him with a palace and plentiful plantlife. (Kramer 1961 p. 43-49) Enlil is also seen as the father of Ninurta (Kramer 1961 p. 80).
Enki is the son of Nammu, the primeval sea. Contrary to the translation of his name, Enki is not the lord of the earth, but of the abzu (the watery abyss and also semen) and of wisdom. This contradiction leads Kramer and Maier to postulate that he was once known as En-kur, lord of the underworld, which either contained or was contained in the Abzu. He did struggle with Kur as mentioned in the prelude to "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Underworld", and presumably was victorious and thereby able to claim the title "Lord of Kur" (the realm). He is a god of water, creation, and fertility. He also holds dominion over the land. He is the keeper of the me, the divine laws. (Kramer & Maier Myths of Enki 1989: pp. 2-3) "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Underworld"Enki sails for the Kur, presumably to rescue Ereshkigal after she was given over to Kur. He is assailed by creatures with stones. These creatures may have been an extension of Kur itself. (Wolkstein and Kramer p. 4; Kramer 1961 p. 37-38, 78-79) "Enki and Ninhursag” He blessed the paradisical land of Dilmun, to have plentiful water and palm trees. He sires the goddess Ninsar upon Ninhursag, then sires Ninkur upon Ninsar, finally siring Uttu, goddess of plants, upon Ninkur. Uttu bore eight new types of trees from Enki. He then consumed these tree-children and was cursed by Ninhursag, with one wound for each plant consumed. Enlil and a fox act on Enki's behalf to call back Ninhursag in order to undo the damage. She joins with Enki again and bears eight new children, one to cure each of the wounds. (Kramer 1963 pp. 147-149; Kramer 1961 pp. 54-59 )"Enki and Ninmah: The Creation of Man" The gods complain that they need assistance. At his mother Nammu's prompting, he directs her, along with some constructive criticism from Ninmah (Ninhursag), in the creation of man from the heart of the clay over the Abzu. Several flawed versions were created
Ki is likely to be the original name of the earth goddess, whose name more often appears as Ninhursag (queen of the mountains), Ninmah (the exalted lady), or Nintu (the lady who gave birth). (Kramer 1963 p. 122) Most often she is considered Enlil's sister, but in some traditions she is his spouse instead. (Jacobsen p.105) She was born, possibly as a unified cosmic mountain with An, from Nammu and shortly thereafter, their union produced Enlil. (Kramer 1961 p. 74) In the early days, as Ki, she was separated from heaven (An) and carried off by Enlil. (Kramer 1961 pp. 37-41) It seems likely that she and An were the progenitors of most of the gods. She later unites with Enlil and with the assistance of Enki they produce the world's plant and animal life. (Kramer 1961 p. 75 )"Enki and Ninhursag" In Dilmun, she (as Nintu) bears the goddess Ninsar from Enki, who in turn bears the goddess Ninkur, who in turn bears Uttu, goddess of plants. Uttu bore eight new trees from Enki. When he then ate Uttu's children, Ninhursag cursed him with eight wounds and dissapears. After being persuaded by Enlil to undo her curse, she bore Enki eight new children which undid the wounds of the first ones. (Kramer 1963 pp. 147-149; Kramer 1961 pp. 54-59)Enki seats her (as Nintu) on the big side of the table in Nippur at the feast celebrating his new house in Eridu. (Kramer 1961 p. 63)"Enki and Ninmah" She is the mother goddess and, as Ninmah, assists in the creation of man. Enki, having been propted by Nammu to create servants for the gods, describes how Nammu and Ninmah will help fashion man from clay. Prior to getting to work, she and Enki drink overmuch at a feast. She then shapes six flawed versions of man from the heart of the clay over the Abzu, with Enki declaring their fates. Enki, in turn also creates a flawed man which is unable to eat. Ninmah appears to curse him for the failed effort. (Kramer 1963 pp. 149-151; Kramer 1961 pp. 69-72) "Enki and Ninhursag” He blessed the paradisical land of Dilmun, to have plentiful water and palm trees. He sires the goddess Ninsar upon Ninhursag, then sires Ninkur upon Ninsar, finally siring Uttu, goddess of plants, upon Ninkur. Uttu bore eight new types of trees from Enki. He then consumed these tree-children and was cursed by Ninhursag, with one wound for each plant consumed. Enlil and a fox act on Enki's behalf to call back Ninhursag in order to undo the damage. She joins with Enki again and bears eight new children, one to cure each of the wounds. (Kramer 1963 pp. 147-149; Kramer 1961 pp. 54-59 )"Enki and Ninmah: The Creation of Man" The gods complain that they need assistance. At his mother Nammu's prompting, he directs her, along with some constructive criticism from Ninmah (Ninhursag), in the creation of man from the heart of the clay over the Abzu. Several flawed versions were created before the final version was made. (Kramer 1963 pp. 149-151; Kramer 1961 pp. 69-72) The bulk of Sumerian parallels can, however be found much earlier, in the book of Genesis. As in Genesis, the Sumerians' world is formed out of the watery abyss and the heavens and earth are divinely separated from one another by a solid dome. The second chapter of Genesis introduces the paradise Eden, a place which is similar to the Sumerian Dilmun, described in the myth of " Enki and Ninhursag". Dilmun is a pure, bright, and holy land - now often identified with Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. It is blessed by Enki to have overflowing, sweet water. Enki fills it with lagoons and palm trees. He impregnates Ninhursag and causes eight new plants to grow from the earth. Eden, "in the East" (Gen. 2:8) has a river which also "rises" or overflows, to form four rivers including the Tigris and Euphrates. It too is lush and has fruit bearing trees. (Gen. 2:9-10) In the second version of the creation of man "The Lord God formed man out of the clay of the ground and blew into his nostrils the breath of life, and so man became a living being." Enki and Ninmah (Ninhursag) use a similar method in creating man. Nammu, queen of the abyss and Enki's mother, bids Enki to "Kneed the 'heart' of the clay that is over the Abzu " and "give it form" (Kramer & Maier p. 33) From there the similarities cease as the two create several malformed humans and then the two deities get into an argument.Returning to Enki and Ninhursag, we find a possible parallel to the creation of Eve. Enki consumed the plants that were Ninhursag's children and so was cursed by Ninhursag, receiving one wound for each plant consumed. Enlil and a fox act on Enki's behalf to call back Ninhursag in order to undo the damage. She joins with him again and bears eight new children, each of whom are the cure to one of his wounds. The one who cures his rib is named Ninti, whose name means the Queen of months, (Kramer & Maier 1989: pp. 28-30) the lady of the rib, or she who makes live. This association carries over to Eve. (Kramer, History Begins at Sumer 1981: pp. 143-144) In Genesis, Eve is fashioned from Adam's rib and her name hawwa is related to the Hebrew word hay or living. (New American Bible p. 7.) The prologue of "Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Underworld" may contain the predecessor to the tree of knowledge of good and evil. This tree not only contains a crafty serpent, but also Lilith, the legendary first wife of Adam. The huluppu tree is transplanted by Inanna from the banks of the Euphrates to her garden in Uruk, where she finds that:...a serpent who could not be charmedmade its nest in the roots of the tree,The Anzu bird set his young in the branches of the tree,And the dark maid Lilith built her home in the trunk. (Wolkstein and Kramer 1983: p. 8)
Atrahasis and Ut-napishtim, Like the Sumerian Ziusudra (the Xisuthros of Berossus) or Noah from the Pentateuch, were the long-lived survivors of the great flood which wiped out the rest of humanity. In Atrahasis' case, Ellil had grown tired of the noise that the mass of humanity was making, and after a series of disasters failed to eliminate the problem, he had Enki release the floodgates to drown them out. Since Enki had a hand in creating man, he wanted to preserve his creation, warned Atrahasis, and had him build a boat, with which he weathered the flood. He also had kept his ear open to Enki during the previous disasters and had been able to listen to Enki's advice on how to avoid their full effects by making the appropriate offerings to the appropriate deities. He lived hundreds of years prior to the flood, while Utnapishtim lives forever after the flood.Utnapishtim of Shuruppak was the son of Ubaratutu. His flood has no reason behind it save the stirrings of the hearts of the Gods. As with Atrahasis, Utnapishtim is warned to build an ark by Ea. He is also told to abandon riches and possessions and seek life and to tell the city elders that he is hated by Enlil and would go to the watery Abyss to live with Ea via the ark. He loads gold, silver, and the seed of all living creatures into the ark and all of his craftsmen's children as well. After Ea advises Enlil on better means to control the human population, (predators, famine, and plague), Enlil makes Utnapishtim and his wife immortal, like the gods.
Atrahasis and Ut-napishtim, Like the Sumerian Ziusudra (the Xisuthros of Berossus) or Noah from the Pentateuch, were the long-lived survivors of the great flood which wiped out the rest of humanity. In Atrahasis' case, Ellil had grown tired of the noise that the mass of humanity was making, and after a series of disasters failed to eliminate the problem, he had Enki release the floodgates to drown them out. Since Enki had a hand in creating man, he wanted to preserve his creation, warned Atrahasis, and had him build a boat, with which he weathered the flood. He also had kept his ear open to Enki during the previous disasters and had been able to listen to Enki's advice on how to avoid their full effects by making the appropriate offerings to the appropriate deities. He lived hundreds of years prior to the flood, while Utnapishtim lives forever after the flood.Utnapishtim of Shuruppak was the son of Ubaratutu. His flood has no reason behind it save the stirrings of the hearts of the Gods. As with Atrahasis, Utnapishtim is warned to build an ark by Ea. He is also told to abandon riches and possessions and seek life and to tell the city elders that he is hated by Enlil and would go to the watery Abyss to live with Ea via the ark. He loads gold, silver, and the seed of all living creatures into the ark and all of his craftsmen's children as well. After Ea advises Enlil on better means to control the human population, (predators, famine, and plague), Enlil makes Utnapishtim and his wife immortal, like the gods.
Atrahasis and Ut-napishtim, Like the Sumerian Ziusudra (the Xisuthros of Berossus) or Noah from the Pentateuch, were the long-lived survivors of the great flood which wiped out the rest of humanity. In Atrahasis' case, Ellil had grown tired of the noise that the mass of humanity was making, and after a series of disasters failed to eliminate the problem, he had Enki release the floodgates to drown them out. Since Enki had a hand in creating man, he wanted to preserve his creation, warned Atrahasis, and had him build a boat, with which he weathered the flood. He also had kept his ear open to Enki during the previous disasters and had been able to listen to Enki's advice on how to avoid their full effects by making the appropriate offerings to the appropriate deities. He lived hundreds of years prior to the flood, while Utnapishtim lives forever after the flood.Utnapishtim of Shuruppak was the son of Ubaratutu. His flood has no reason behind it save the stirrings of the hearts of the Gods. As with Atrahasis, Utnapishtim is warned to build an ark by Ea. He is also told to abandon riches and possessions and seek life and to tell the city elders that he is hated by Enlil and would go to the watery Abyss to live with Ea via the ark. He loads gold, silver, and the seed of all living creatures into the ark and all of his craftsmen's children as well. After Ea advises Enlil on better means to control the human population, (predators, famine, and plague), Enlil makes Utnapishtim and his wife immortal, like the gods.
Atrahasis and Ut-napishtim, Like the Sumerian Ziusudra (the Xisuthros of Berossus) or Noah from the Pentateuch, were the long-lived survivors of the great flood which wiped out the rest of humanity. In Atrahasis' case, Ellil had grown tired of the noise that the mass of humanity was making, and after a series of disasters failed to eliminate the problem, he had Enki release the floodgates to drown them out. Since Enki had a hand in creating man, he wanted to preserve his creation, warned Atrahasis, and had him build a boat, with which he weathered the flood. He also had kept his ear open to Enki during the previous disasters and had been able to listen to Enki's advice on how to avoid their full effects by making the appropriate offerings to the appropriate deities. He lived hundreds of years prior to the flood, while Utnapishtim lives forever after the flood.Utnapishtim of Shuruppak was the son of Ubaratutu. His flood has no reason behind it save the stirrings of the hearts of the Gods. As with Atrahasis, Utnapishtim is warned to build an ark by Ea. He is also told to abandon riches and possessions and seek life and to tell the city elders that he is hated by Enlil and would go to the watery Abyss to live with Ea via the ark. He loads gold, silver, and the seed of all living creatures into the ark and all of his craftsmen's children as well. After Ea advises Enlil on better means to control the human population, (predators, famine, and plague), Enlil makes Utnapishtim and his wife immortal, like the gods.
Atrahasis and Ut-napishtim, Like the Sumerian Ziusudra (the Xisuthros of Berossus) or Noah from the Pentateuch, were the long-lived survivors of the great flood which wiped out the rest of humanity. In Atrahasis' case, Ellil had grown tired of the noise that the mass of humanity was making, and after a series of disasters failed to eliminate the problem, he had Enki release the floodgates to drown them out. Since Enki had a hand in creating man, he wanted to preserve his creation, warned Atrahasis, and had him build a boat, with which he weathered the flood. He also had kept his ear open to Enki during the previous disasters and had been able to listen to Enki's advice on how to avoid their full effects by making the appropriate offerings to the appropriate deities. He lived hundreds of years prior to the flood, while Utnapishtim lives forever after the flood.Utnapishtim of Shuruppak was the son of Ubaratutu. His flood has no reason behind it save the stirrings of the hearts of the Gods. As with Atrahasis, Utnapishtim is warned to build an ark by Ea. He is also told to abandon riches and possessions and seek life and to tell the city elders that he is hated by Enlil and would go to the watery Abyss to live with Ea via the ark. He loads gold, silver, and the seed of all living creatures into the ark and all of his craftsmen's children as well. After Ea advises Enlil on better means to control the human population, (predators, famine, and plague), Enlil makes Utnapishtim and his wife immortal, like the gods.