1) The document describes various features of ocean morphology including seamounts, guyots, abyssal plains, continental slopes, submarine canyons, ocean trenches, and mid-ocean ridges.
2) It also discusses variations in ocean temperature with latitude, depth, and between surface and deeper waters. The thermocline and pycnocline are boundaries where temperature and density rapidly change with depth.
3) Salinity also changes with depth and latitude, being higher in warm tropical waters due to evaporation and lower in polar waters due to freshwater input from rivers.
Antarctic melting (with proof from diff. articles)Cheryl Mae Polo
Antarctic glaciers are experiencing rapid changes due to climate change. Satellite observations show glaciers in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica retreating rapidly, with Pine Island Glacier retreating 31 km and Thwaites Glacier retreating 14 km between 1992 and 2011. This sector contributes significantly to sea level rise and contains enough ice to raise sea levels by 1.2 meters. Reconstructing ice sheet changes during the Last Glacial Termination has shown that Antarctic ice sheet mass loss was sustained by feedbacks from warm Circumpolar Deep Water, and similar feedbacks today could accelerate sea level rise. If emissions continue unabated, Antarctica has the potential to contribute over 1 meter of sea level rise by 2100 and
Deserts are landscapes that receive extremely low amounts of precipitation, less than enough to support plant growth. They are defined as areas where more water is lost through evaporation than falls as precipitation. Ephemeral streams only carry water briefly after rainfall, sometimes for just hours or days, and can cause flash floods. The Basin and Range region features many small mountain ranges between 900-1500 meters found in western North America. Alluvial fans are cone-shaped deposits of debris formed at canyon mouths by flash flooding. Playa lakes are desert lakes that exist briefly after rainfall before evaporating, leaving dry lake beds called playas. Desertification is the expansion of deserts due to human and natural causes like drought-induced vegetation death.
The document discusses oxygen isotopes and how they can be used to study climate change during the Carboniferous Period. Oxygen isotopes are recorded in the calcite shells of microorganisms and preserved in limestone. Heavier oxygen isotopes are concentrated in the shells of microorganisms and limestone during glacial periods due to fractionation processes. Analyzing the ratio of oxygen isotopes over time in limestone reveals alternating warm and cold periods during the Carboniferous, dominated by the Carboniferous Ice Age when vast ice sheets covered the southern polar continents.
This document summarizes different types of coastal landforms including those formed by changes in sea level: rias are flooded river valleys with gently sloping sides; fjords are steep-walled glacial valleys flooded after ice melt; and raised beaches and abandoned coastlines provide evidence of higher former sea levels. Eustatic sea level changes are global in scale due to ice volume changes, while isostatic changes are local and caused by land level changes from glacial rebound or subsidence under ice weight.
The hydrosphere consists of all water on Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ice caps, groundwater, and water vapor. Most water is saltwater in the oceans, while freshwater exists on land in glaciers, groundwater, lakes, and rivers. Water moves through the hydrosphere in the water cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Ocean currents distribute heat around the globe and influence climate.
Sea level change can occur through two main processes: isostatic and eustatic. Isostatic changes are local and caused by land height changes, while eustatic changes are global and caused by ocean water volume changes. During ice ages, water is stored in glaciers causing eustatic sea levels to drop; melting then causes levels to rise. Coastlines can emerge from isostatic uplift or submerge through subsidence. Emergent coasts may have raised beaches and cliffs, while rias and fjords form in submerged areas. Sea level changes impact coastal ecosystems and infrastructure through flooding and erosion.
Global sea levels are rising due to two main factors: eustatic change caused by melting ice sheets and glaciers which adds water to the oceans, and isostatic change where land masses rise or sink in response to being weighed down by ice. As sea levels rise, coastal landforms emerge like raised beaches and relict cliffs, while others submerge to form drowned river valleys called rias and flooded glacial valleys called fjords. Rising seas are predicted to flood low-lying coastal areas and increase erosion, threatening habitats, settlements, infrastructure and fresh water sources over the coming decades.
1) The document describes various features of ocean morphology including seamounts, guyots, abyssal plains, continental slopes, submarine canyons, ocean trenches, and mid-ocean ridges.
2) It also discusses variations in ocean temperature with latitude, depth, and between surface and deeper waters. The thermocline and pycnocline are boundaries where temperature and density rapidly change with depth.
3) Salinity also changes with depth and latitude, being higher in warm tropical waters due to evaporation and lower in polar waters due to freshwater input from rivers.
Antarctic melting (with proof from diff. articles)Cheryl Mae Polo
Antarctic glaciers are experiencing rapid changes due to climate change. Satellite observations show glaciers in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica retreating rapidly, with Pine Island Glacier retreating 31 km and Thwaites Glacier retreating 14 km between 1992 and 2011. This sector contributes significantly to sea level rise and contains enough ice to raise sea levels by 1.2 meters. Reconstructing ice sheet changes during the Last Glacial Termination has shown that Antarctic ice sheet mass loss was sustained by feedbacks from warm Circumpolar Deep Water, and similar feedbacks today could accelerate sea level rise. If emissions continue unabated, Antarctica has the potential to contribute over 1 meter of sea level rise by 2100 and
Deserts are landscapes that receive extremely low amounts of precipitation, less than enough to support plant growth. They are defined as areas where more water is lost through evaporation than falls as precipitation. Ephemeral streams only carry water briefly after rainfall, sometimes for just hours or days, and can cause flash floods. The Basin and Range region features many small mountain ranges between 900-1500 meters found in western North America. Alluvial fans are cone-shaped deposits of debris formed at canyon mouths by flash flooding. Playa lakes are desert lakes that exist briefly after rainfall before evaporating, leaving dry lake beds called playas. Desertification is the expansion of deserts due to human and natural causes like drought-induced vegetation death.
The document discusses oxygen isotopes and how they can be used to study climate change during the Carboniferous Period. Oxygen isotopes are recorded in the calcite shells of microorganisms and preserved in limestone. Heavier oxygen isotopes are concentrated in the shells of microorganisms and limestone during glacial periods due to fractionation processes. Analyzing the ratio of oxygen isotopes over time in limestone reveals alternating warm and cold periods during the Carboniferous, dominated by the Carboniferous Ice Age when vast ice sheets covered the southern polar continents.
This document summarizes different types of coastal landforms including those formed by changes in sea level: rias are flooded river valleys with gently sloping sides; fjords are steep-walled glacial valleys flooded after ice melt; and raised beaches and abandoned coastlines provide evidence of higher former sea levels. Eustatic sea level changes are global in scale due to ice volume changes, while isostatic changes are local and caused by land level changes from glacial rebound or subsidence under ice weight.
The hydrosphere consists of all water on Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ice caps, groundwater, and water vapor. Most water is saltwater in the oceans, while freshwater exists on land in glaciers, groundwater, lakes, and rivers. Water moves through the hydrosphere in the water cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Ocean currents distribute heat around the globe and influence climate.
Sea level change can occur through two main processes: isostatic and eustatic. Isostatic changes are local and caused by land height changes, while eustatic changes are global and caused by ocean water volume changes. During ice ages, water is stored in glaciers causing eustatic sea levels to drop; melting then causes levels to rise. Coastlines can emerge from isostatic uplift or submerge through subsidence. Emergent coasts may have raised beaches and cliffs, while rias and fjords form in submerged areas. Sea level changes impact coastal ecosystems and infrastructure through flooding and erosion.
Global sea levels are rising due to two main factors: eustatic change caused by melting ice sheets and glaciers which adds water to the oceans, and isostatic change where land masses rise or sink in response to being weighed down by ice. As sea levels rise, coastal landforms emerge like raised beaches and relict cliffs, while others submerge to form drowned river valleys called rias and flooded glacial valleys called fjords. Rising seas are predicted to flood low-lying coastal areas and increase erosion, threatening habitats, settlements, infrastructure and fresh water sources over the coming decades.
There are four main types of estuaries: 1) Drowned river valleys like Chesapeake Bay, formed along low coastal plains; 2) Fjord-type estuaries like in Norway, formed by glacial activity; 3) Bar-built estuaries like in North Carolina, formed by offshore sand bars or barrier islands; 4) Tectonically formed estuaries like San Francisco Bay, created by geological faults or subsidence.
The document discusses the global water cycle and distribution of water on Earth. Most of Earth's water is salt water located in oceans, while only 2% is fresh water found in lakes, rivers, and underground aquifers. The water cycle involves evaporation of water from bodies of water into clouds, which condenses and falls as precipitation back to Earth. Humans have significantly impacted water through use for agriculture, industry, trade, and more, with 2/3 of the population dependent on fish and water used for power generation and transportation.
The document discusses how bodies of water influence climate. Water has a higher heat capacity than air, so it takes longer for water to heat up and cool down. During the day, water bodies absorb heat from the sun, and then slowly release that heat overnight and in winter, keeping surrounding areas warmer. Ocean currents also affect climate by transporting water—and the temperatures associated with its origin—to other regions.
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).
The document discusses periglacial processes and landforms. Periglacial areas were originally defined as areas near glaciers, but now refer to regions with permafrost, seasonal temperature variations above freezing, and landforms shaped by freeze-thaw cycles. Such areas make up 25% of the world's land. Examples described include frost-shattered granite, stone circles formed by frost churning, and ice-wedge polygons. Pingos are also discussed, which are mound-like hills formed by ice lenses. Key terms defined include continuous permafrost, discontinuous permafrost, sporadic permafrost, active layer, and talik.
Periglacial environments are defined by the presence of permafrost. Unique landforms such as pingos, palsas, patterned ground including ice-wedge polygons, and thermokarst features form due to freezing and thawing of ice in soils. Permafrost poses challenges for infrastructure development but techniques like using thermosyphons can help ensure stability.
The coastal zone is defined as the narrow contact area between land and sea that is constantly changing due to land, air, and marine processes. Waves are often the dominant process shaping many coastlines. Key coastal landforms include bays, sand dunes, islands, groynes, caves, lagoons, headlands/points, and oil wells.
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
The document discusses rivers, including their definition, formation, and key processes. It notes that rivers are natural flowing watercourses that drain into oceans, lakes, or other bodies of water. Small rivers may have other names like stream or creek. Rivers form through the hydrological cycle as water collects from precipitation through drainage basins. The main processes in rivers are erosion, transportation, and deposition, which are driven by the river's energy. Erosion can make a river wider, deeper, or longer through various types of erosion. Transported materials are eventually deposited through sedimentation.
The document discusses various topics related to groundwater and surface water systems. It explains that groundwater and surface water are connected, with pumping wells able to cause interference between cones of depression. It notes that extraction should not exceed recharge to avoid water mining and subsidence, and that recharge zones need protection. The hyporheic zone of water exchange between surface and groundwater is also described. Rainwater harvesting and the water cycle are briefly covered.
Lake formation - Lentic system formationIshan Chanuka
This document contains types of lakes and their formation patterns with the examples. This will be very helpful for students who studying an introduction to Limnology.
The document discusses various topics related to hydrology and oceanography. It defines hydrology as the study of Earth's water in its different states and how it circulates between oceans, atmosphere, and land. It also defines oceanography as the scientific study of oceans, their physical and biological properties, and the ocean floor. It outlines the major water reservoirs on Earth and describes the water cycle and groundwater systems.
The document summarizes key aspects of the global water cycle and distribution of Earth's water resources. It describes that 97% of water is in oceans, with the remaining 3% being freshwater found mainly as ice (69%), groundwater (30%), and a very small amount (0.3%) in rivers and lakes. The hydrologic cycle involves processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration and groundwater flow that continuously circulate and redistribute water around the planet. Different precipitation processes are also defined, along with other hydrologic cycle terms like interception, snowmelt, infiltration and evaporation.
This document discusses several topics related to oceanography: 1) It describes how ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis effect, and continents. 2) It explains how density currents cause ocean water below the surface to circulate. 3) It defines parts of a wave and describes how waves are created by wind energy and gravitational forces.
Periglacial processes occur in areas surrounding glaciers where freeze-thaw action takes place. This leads to the formation of various landforms through processes like solifluction, frost heaving, and mass movement. Permafrost and seasonal thawing causes saturated soil to flow downhill, forming lobes and terraces. Patterned ground also results from frost action pushing stones upwards until they roll downhill into organized patterns.
This document discusses different types of estuaries:
- Bar-built estuaries are formed by sandbars along coastlines that partially block water flow and mixing. Wind is the main factor mixing fresh and salt water. Examples include Florida, Netherlands, North Carolina, and Texas coasts.
- Coastal plain estuaries formed as sea levels rose after the last ice age. They tend to be shallow with sloping bottoms and contain various fish and crab species.
- Tectonic estuaries are formed by earth's crust movements that cause sinking. Most form along fault lines during earthquakes, like San Francisco Bay.
- Fjords are long, narrow inlets with steep cliffs carved by
Earth is mostly covered in salt water and has little potable fresh water. There are two common ways to make salt water potable: distillation and reverse osmosis. Water quality is tested using various criteria like salinity, turbidity, bacteria, and mineral content.
1. Dissolved oxygen - Low DO can cause fish stress and death.
2. pH - Extreme pH outside the tolerance range of fish can kill them.
3. Ammonia - High ammonia is toxic to fish.
4. Temperature - Sudden temperature changes can shock and kill fish.
Testing these basic water quality parameters will help the students determine if pollution or low oxygen caused the fish kill.
The ocean water is salty because minerals are washed from the land into the ocean where the water evaporates, leaving the salt behind. While salinity does not vary much by location, other conditions like temperature and pressure change with depth. Most of the ocean is deep and cold, with temperatures between 0-3 degrees Celsius. Pressure also increases with depth as more water pushes down from above.
Ocean water is salty because salt is left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surface. The salinity of ocean water is relatively consistent everywhere but varies more in places like the Dead Sea where evaporation far exceeds water inflow. While ocean surface water is warmed by the sun, about 90% of the ocean is deep and cold with temperatures between 0-3 degrees Celsius. Ocean water absorbs and scatters light, getting darker with depth until there is no light at around 150 meters in some areas or only 30 meters in others. Water pressure also increases with depth as more water pushes down, reaching crushing levels at great ocean depths.
The document discusses several key topics related to oceans and oceanography:
- The study of oceans (oceanography) began in earnest in the late 1800s with explorations of the HMS Challenger.
- Modern technology like satellites and sonar have expanded understanding of ocean currents, seafloor topography, and conditions at the surface and below.
- Evidence indicates the Earth has had oceans throughout its history, and water was initially delivered via comet impacts and volcanic outgassing in the early Earth.
- The oceans cover over 70% of the planet and are composed primarily of salty water, with salinity variations caused by precipitation, evaporation, and river inflow.
- Ocean
The document summarizes key aspects of oceanography and hydrology. It discusses the hydrological cycle and how water circulates between the atmosphere, oceans, and lithosphere. It also describes the ocean floor's relief features formed by tectonic, volcanic, and depositional processes. Finally, it outlines ocean water movements including waves, tides, currents, and how currents are influenced by factors like temperature, winds, and Coriolis effect.
There are four main types of estuaries: 1) Drowned river valleys like Chesapeake Bay, formed along low coastal plains; 2) Fjord-type estuaries like in Norway, formed by glacial activity; 3) Bar-built estuaries like in North Carolina, formed by offshore sand bars or barrier islands; 4) Tectonically formed estuaries like San Francisco Bay, created by geological faults or subsidence.
The document discusses the global water cycle and distribution of water on Earth. Most of Earth's water is salt water located in oceans, while only 2% is fresh water found in lakes, rivers, and underground aquifers. The water cycle involves evaporation of water from bodies of water into clouds, which condenses and falls as precipitation back to Earth. Humans have significantly impacted water through use for agriculture, industry, trade, and more, with 2/3 of the population dependent on fish and water used for power generation and transportation.
The document discusses how bodies of water influence climate. Water has a higher heat capacity than air, so it takes longer for water to heat up and cool down. During the day, water bodies absorb heat from the sun, and then slowly release that heat overnight and in winter, keeping surrounding areas warmer. Ocean currents also affect climate by transporting water—and the temperatures associated with its origin—to other regions.
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).
The document discusses periglacial processes and landforms. Periglacial areas were originally defined as areas near glaciers, but now refer to regions with permafrost, seasonal temperature variations above freezing, and landforms shaped by freeze-thaw cycles. Such areas make up 25% of the world's land. Examples described include frost-shattered granite, stone circles formed by frost churning, and ice-wedge polygons. Pingos are also discussed, which are mound-like hills formed by ice lenses. Key terms defined include continuous permafrost, discontinuous permafrost, sporadic permafrost, active layer, and talik.
Periglacial environments are defined by the presence of permafrost. Unique landforms such as pingos, palsas, patterned ground including ice-wedge polygons, and thermokarst features form due to freezing and thawing of ice in soils. Permafrost poses challenges for infrastructure development but techniques like using thermosyphons can help ensure stability.
The coastal zone is defined as the narrow contact area between land and sea that is constantly changing due to land, air, and marine processes. Waves are often the dominant process shaping many coastlines. Key coastal landforms include bays, sand dunes, islands, groynes, caves, lagoons, headlands/points, and oil wells.
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
The document discusses rivers, including their definition, formation, and key processes. It notes that rivers are natural flowing watercourses that drain into oceans, lakes, or other bodies of water. Small rivers may have other names like stream or creek. Rivers form through the hydrological cycle as water collects from precipitation through drainage basins. The main processes in rivers are erosion, transportation, and deposition, which are driven by the river's energy. Erosion can make a river wider, deeper, or longer through various types of erosion. Transported materials are eventually deposited through sedimentation.
The document discusses various topics related to groundwater and surface water systems. It explains that groundwater and surface water are connected, with pumping wells able to cause interference between cones of depression. It notes that extraction should not exceed recharge to avoid water mining and subsidence, and that recharge zones need protection. The hyporheic zone of water exchange between surface and groundwater is also described. Rainwater harvesting and the water cycle are briefly covered.
Lake formation - Lentic system formationIshan Chanuka
This document contains types of lakes and their formation patterns with the examples. This will be very helpful for students who studying an introduction to Limnology.
The document discusses various topics related to hydrology and oceanography. It defines hydrology as the study of Earth's water in its different states and how it circulates between oceans, atmosphere, and land. It also defines oceanography as the scientific study of oceans, their physical and biological properties, and the ocean floor. It outlines the major water reservoirs on Earth and describes the water cycle and groundwater systems.
The document summarizes key aspects of the global water cycle and distribution of Earth's water resources. It describes that 97% of water is in oceans, with the remaining 3% being freshwater found mainly as ice (69%), groundwater (30%), and a very small amount (0.3%) in rivers and lakes. The hydrologic cycle involves processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration and groundwater flow that continuously circulate and redistribute water around the planet. Different precipitation processes are also defined, along with other hydrologic cycle terms like interception, snowmelt, infiltration and evaporation.
This document discusses several topics related to oceanography: 1) It describes how ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis effect, and continents. 2) It explains how density currents cause ocean water below the surface to circulate. 3) It defines parts of a wave and describes how waves are created by wind energy and gravitational forces.
Periglacial processes occur in areas surrounding glaciers where freeze-thaw action takes place. This leads to the formation of various landforms through processes like solifluction, frost heaving, and mass movement. Permafrost and seasonal thawing causes saturated soil to flow downhill, forming lobes and terraces. Patterned ground also results from frost action pushing stones upwards until they roll downhill into organized patterns.
This document discusses different types of estuaries:
- Bar-built estuaries are formed by sandbars along coastlines that partially block water flow and mixing. Wind is the main factor mixing fresh and salt water. Examples include Florida, Netherlands, North Carolina, and Texas coasts.
- Coastal plain estuaries formed as sea levels rose after the last ice age. They tend to be shallow with sloping bottoms and contain various fish and crab species.
- Tectonic estuaries are formed by earth's crust movements that cause sinking. Most form along fault lines during earthquakes, like San Francisco Bay.
- Fjords are long, narrow inlets with steep cliffs carved by
Earth is mostly covered in salt water and has little potable fresh water. There are two common ways to make salt water potable: distillation and reverse osmosis. Water quality is tested using various criteria like salinity, turbidity, bacteria, and mineral content.
1. Dissolved oxygen - Low DO can cause fish stress and death.
2. pH - Extreme pH outside the tolerance range of fish can kill them.
3. Ammonia - High ammonia is toxic to fish.
4. Temperature - Sudden temperature changes can shock and kill fish.
Testing these basic water quality parameters will help the students determine if pollution or low oxygen caused the fish kill.
The ocean water is salty because minerals are washed from the land into the ocean where the water evaporates, leaving the salt behind. While salinity does not vary much by location, other conditions like temperature and pressure change with depth. Most of the ocean is deep and cold, with temperatures between 0-3 degrees Celsius. Pressure also increases with depth as more water pushes down from above.
Ocean water is salty because salt is left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surface. The salinity of ocean water is relatively consistent everywhere but varies more in places like the Dead Sea where evaporation far exceeds water inflow. While ocean surface water is warmed by the sun, about 90% of the ocean is deep and cold with temperatures between 0-3 degrees Celsius. Ocean water absorbs and scatters light, getting darker with depth until there is no light at around 150 meters in some areas or only 30 meters in others. Water pressure also increases with depth as more water pushes down, reaching crushing levels at great ocean depths.
The document discusses several key topics related to oceans and oceanography:
- The study of oceans (oceanography) began in earnest in the late 1800s with explorations of the HMS Challenger.
- Modern technology like satellites and sonar have expanded understanding of ocean currents, seafloor topography, and conditions at the surface and below.
- Evidence indicates the Earth has had oceans throughout its history, and water was initially delivered via comet impacts and volcanic outgassing in the early Earth.
- The oceans cover over 70% of the planet and are composed primarily of salty water, with salinity variations caused by precipitation, evaporation, and river inflow.
- Ocean
The document summarizes key aspects of oceanography and hydrology. It discusses the hydrological cycle and how water circulates between the atmosphere, oceans, and lithosphere. It also describes the ocean floor's relief features formed by tectonic, volcanic, and depositional processes. Finally, it outlines ocean water movements including waves, tides, currents, and how currents are influenced by factors like temperature, winds, and Coriolis effect.
The document discusses methods used by scientists to study Earth's oceans. It describes how oceanography developed as a field in the late 1800s and 1920s using ships equipped with new measuring devices like sonar. Modern techniques like satellites and submersibles now map ocean surfaces, temperatures, currents, and seafloor features. Studies indicate Earth's early oceans formed from water released by volcanism that condensed as the planet cooled. Oceans now contain 97% of Earth's water and cover 71% of its surface.
Ocean currents are formed due to differences in temperature, density, and planetary winds. Warm currents flow away from the equator while cold currents flow toward the equator. In 1992, a strange incident occurred where a ship lost a container of toys in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. These toys then traveled through the ocean currents, with some reaching Alaska after 10 months and others crossing into the Arctic Ocean by 2000. Ocean currents impact climate by keeping some coastal regions warmer in winter and influencing precipitation levels in other areas. They also concentrate nutrients and plankton which leads to large fishing grounds.
1) Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pulled away from shore by wind stress, causing deeper, colder, nutrient-rich waters to rise to the surface.
2) These nutrient-rich upwelled waters fuel large phytoplankton blooms, supporting rich fisheries and marine life. Approximately 25% of global fish catches come from upwelling regions.
3) Satellite imagery can identify areas of upwelling by detecting cooler sea surface temperatures and higher ocean color (chlorophyll) concentrations from phytoplankton blooms.
El Niño is a periodic warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific that occurs every 2-7 years. It causes changes to weather patterns around the world like droughts. Ocean currents are driven by factors like wind and the Coriolis effect. The ocean can be divided into layers with different temperatures and pressures. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. They have high and low phases. Salinity measures the salt content in ocean water, which is mostly sodium chloride. Evaporites form when minerals precipitate out of waters with high salinity in areas with high evaporation rates.
Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater rivers meet saltwater oceans, forming brackish water. They support rich ecosystems but are threatened by pollution and climate change. The Chesapeake Bay estuary is suffering from agricultural and industrial runoff, which is lowering oxygen levels and harming fish and crab populations. Rising sea levels and warmer water temperatures due to global warming are eroding wetlands and stressing native species in estuaries like Delaware Bay. Protecting these vital ecosystems is important for wildlife and coastal communities.
Sea levels have changed dynamically throughout the Holocene epoch due to the interplay between absolute sea level changes and vertical land movement. As ice sheets melted after the last glacial period, sea levels rose globally from -130m to current levels through a combination of glacio-eustatic sea level rise and local glacio-isostatic land rebound and subsidence. Records of past sea level changes are reconstructed from dated geological indicators to develop sea level curves. Interpreting these indicators requires understanding their relationship to contemporaneous tide levels.
Explore the dynamic world of ocean water and currents with this engaging PPT lesson by IAS Next. Dive deep into the intricate mechanisms governing ocean currents, their impact on climate, marine life, and more. Gain insights into the significance of understanding oceanic processes for various competitive exams, including IAS. This comprehensive presentation combines visuals and informative content to make learning about oceanography both educational and enjoyable.
This document provides an overview of natural resources found in the sea ("SEA"). It discusses how the sea moderates the Earth's climate and is involved in water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. The sea is divided into the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic oceans. The sea provides resources for human development, trade, travel, and more. Key aspects of the sea discussed include temperature, oxygen levels, waves, tides, bathymetry, and more. In conclusion, the sea contains salt water and is essential for human development, though too saline for direct consumption. A standardized form of artificial seawater is often used for scientific purposes.
Scientists have mapped the remnants of a prehistoric landscape lying under the North Sea that was once above water. It contained human settlements, lakes, hills, coastlines, and rivers before being flooded by rising sea levels over 5,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. The submerged landscape, called Doggerland, was larger than modern day Britain and was home to early humans and animals until it was overwhelmed by rising waters. Seismic data collected by oil companies revealed the sunken features of this lost world.
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's oceans, centered around the North Pole. It is surrounded by landmasses and its seas have seasonal or perennial ice cover, making it one of the least explored ocean basins. The Arctic Ocean may be highly sensitive to global climate change and could initiate dramatic climatic shifts through changes to ocean currents or the global albedo from alterations to its ice cover. The document then describes the ocean's origin from seafloor spreading, the sediments that provide evidence of its past warmer climate, its unique physical characteristics compared to other oceans like its extensive shallow marginal seas, and details of its water masses and circulation patterns.
Ocean currents are large bodies of water that flow in a continuous direction through oceans. They are driven by forces like wind, water density differences from temperature and salinity variations, gravity, and geological events. Ocean currents regulate global climate by transporting warm water from the equator towards the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. They also affect shipping, fishing, and recreational boating. The largest ocean current is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which circles Antarctica. Ocean currents are categorized as either cold currents that flow towards the equator, like the California Current, or warm currents that flow away from the equator, like the Gulf Stream.
This document provides information about oceanography and beaches. It discusses how the oceans formed from volcanic activity and impacts from comets and meteorites over 4.6 billion years. Key topics covered include ocean composition, temperature variation with depth, ocean currents like gyres, and coastal landforms shaped by wave erosion and deposition such as barrier islands, spits, and sea stacks. Ocean features like continental shelves, trenches, and guyots are also mentioned.
Hydrosphere add By Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses the structure and distribution of Earth's hydrosphere. It notes that 96.5% of water is found in oceans, with the remaining 3.5% being fresh water distributed between ice (1.762%), groundwater (1.7%), surface fresh water (0.014%), and the atmosphere and soil (0.002%). It also describes the locations of fresh water including rivers, streams, lakes, aquifers, and wetlands. Finally, it discusses the roles of the hydrosphere, cryosphere, and atmosphere in weathering land surfaces and influencing climate through ice ages and global warming.
This document provides information on various topics related to oceanography. It discusses features of the ocean floor like the continental shelf and slope. It also covers properties of water such as its incompressibility and transparency to sound. Additionally, it summarizes the dissolved salts in seawater, how fresh water density varies with temperature, and temperature variations in the ocean. Further topics include salinity, density, freezing points, energy spectrums, sound speed, and ocean circulation forces like winds, Coriolis effect, and Ekman transport. The document also briefly outlines surface currents, deep water currents, upwelling and downwelling, and interactions between surface and deep sea currents.
This is PPT of class -7 ,Geography, Chapter -5, Water
Reference book is NCERT, .
This is useful for teachers who teach in CBSE and Chhattisgarh board.
so download and use online and offline teaching.
Oregon has abundant water resources but also faces challenges from climate change. Precipitation and river flows vary greatly over the year and between years. Rising sea levels and increased coastal erosion threaten coastal areas, while longer dry periods impact water supply. Equitable access to water is important for human and environmental justice.
Climate change occurs both naturally and as a result of human activities. Various scientific records such as tree rings, pollen, and oxygen isotope ratios found in ice cores provide evidence of climate fluctuations over hundreds of thousands of years. Factors that influence the climate on long timescales include variations in solar energy output, shifts in the positions of continents and opening/closing of ocean gateways, and changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations from natural processes like volcanism and the carbon cycle. Human activities like burning fossil fuels have recently caused increased levels of greenhouse gases and global warming above natural variability.
This document discusses various types and sources of ocean pollution. Coastal areas are most impacted by pollution due to their proximity to human activity and populations. Various pollutants like plastic, petroleum, sewage, and toxic chemicals contaminate the oceans from both point sources like oil spills and non-point sources like urban and agricultural runoff. International laws and regulations have been enacted to help curb ocean pollution and mitigate its harmful effects on marine ecosystems.
Soil is composed of mineral grains, organic matter, water, and air. It develops in layers called horizons from the surface down. The top O and A horizons contain organic matter and form topsoil. The lower B horizon contains less organic matter. Soil type is determined by the percentages of sand, silt, and clay particles. Soil erosion degrades soil quality and harms waterways by removing fertile topsoil. Conservation efforts since 1985 have reduced U.S. soil erosion by 40%.
The document summarizes the development of theories about continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early geologists theorized that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea, based on matching fossil and rock formations found on separate continents. While the data supported continental drift, there was no agreed upon mechanism until the discoveries of sonar mapping of the ocean floor and development of the plate tectonic theory. The plate tectonic theory proposes that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the asthenosphere caused by heat from the Earth's core.
This document provides an overview of methods used to evaluate and date the geological record of Earth's past. Key methods discussed include examining rock formations and fossils to understand past environmental conditions and organisms. The principles of relative dating, such as superposition and cross-cutting relationships, are used to determine the relative order of geological events. Absolute dating methods like radiometric dating use the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure the precise ages of rocks in millions to billions of years, establishing the geologic time scale.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
4. 16.2 Seawater
►Salinity – total amount of dissolved salts
expressed as a percentage
Six main ions: Cl, Na, Mg, SO4, Ca, K
Also contains gases; CO2 & O2 mainly
►Gases in equilibrium w/atmosphere
Salinity not uniform
►Average is 3.5% (35 parts per 1000)
8. 16.2 Seawater
►Temperature in oceans is layered
Warm surface – 450m
Thermocline – next 2 km, temperature drops off
rapidly with depth
Cold deep layer – below thermocline and
extends to poles, 1oC to 2.5oC
11. Density of ocean water
► D = M/V
► Temperature affects volume
As temperature goes up volume goes up and thus
density goes DOWN
As temperature goes down volume goes down and
density goes UP
► Salinity affects mass
As salinity goes up density goes UP
As salinity goes down density goes DOWN
► Therefore
Most dense water is Salty and cold
Least dense water is warm and less salty
12. 16.6 Ocean currents
►Current – continuous flow of water in a
given direction
►Surface currents – wind-driven flow in the
top 400m of seas
Commonly used to aid ocean transport
►Gulf Stream – 80km wide by 650m deep, 5km
velocity (at fastest)
Westerlies and trade winds produce gyres –
broad loop currents
15. 16.6 Ocean currents
Coriolis effect – objects moving in a fluid are
curved due to earth’s rotation.
Eckman transport – another “twist” imparted to
currents due to constant Coriolis and decreasing
wind effects, with depth
17. 16.6 Ocean currents
Deep-sea currents – move both vertically and
horizontally
►Thermohaline circulation – vertical currents caused
by density differentials
Cooling – cold water is more dense than warm
Salinity – more salt = denser water
►Surface currents change in both temperature and
salinity as they move
►Water takes 500 – 2,000 years to make a vertical
loop
Deep current flow is responsible for the
exchange of heat energy around the globe.
19. 16.6 Ocean currents
►Upwelling – upward flow
in response to water sinking elsewhere
Winds blowing offshore or along shore can
cause upwelling
►Brings cold water up
►Also brings nutrients up
►Exchanges gases with the atmoshere
►Redistributes heat
Weak Coriolis force at low latitudes causes
equatorial upwelling
21. Estuaries
► enclosed body of water formed
where freshwater from rivers
and streams flows into the
ocean, mixing with the salty
sea water
► places of transition from land
to sea, and from fresh to salt
water
► influenced by the tides, but
protected from the full force of
ocean waves, winds, and
storms by the reefs, barrier
islands, or fingers of land,
mud, or sand that define an
estuary's seaward boundary
22. Estuaries
►Subdivided into three types based upon
the relative importance of river inflow
and tidal mixing.
Salt-wedge estuaries are dominated by the
outflow from rivers.
Partially-mixed estuaries are dominated by
neither river inflow nor tidal mixing.
In well-mixed estuaries tidal turbulence destroys
the halocline and water stratification.
23. Estuaries
► Estuaries are extremely fertile
because nutrients are brought
in by rivers and recycled from
the bottom because of the
turbulence.
► Stressful conditions and
abundant nutrients result in
low species diversity, but great
abundance of the species
present.
► Despite abundance of
nutrients, phytoplankton
blooms are irregular and the
base of the food chain is
detritus washed in from
adjacent salt marshes.
24. Functions of Estuaries
► Estuaries are sometimes
called “marine nurseries”
habitats for many juvenile
organisms, especially for
fishes
many fish are born and
grow up in estuaries
migrate to the open ocean
► Wildlife Habitat
► Recreation
25. NC Coast to Sea
►Rivers and streams flow to sea
►Empty into bays, estuaries and sounds
►Sometimes protected by barrier islands
►Coastal areas are vulnerable
26. 16.9 Beaches
►Development along sandy shores
Beachfront property & barrier islands are “hot
property”
►Many resorts, hotels, etc. built in these areas
Problems with beach development
►Erosion of the coast
►Sea level rise
►pollution
29. 16.8 Emergent and
submergent coastlines
►Factor affecting sea-level
Tectonic processes
Isostatic adjustment
Eustatic sea-level change
►Growth or melting of glaciers
►Changes in water temperature
Changes water volume via thermal expansion/contraction
►Changes in volumes of mid-ocean ridges
Rapid spreading creates a higher ridge zone, displacing
more water