How to develop a hypothesis
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This document provides guidance on developing hypotheses for research. It defines a hypothesis as a formal, testable statement about the relationship between variables. The nature of a hypothesis is that it clearly defines what is being investigated and allows the research objectives and concepts to be identified. Hypotheses come in two types: null hypotheses, which represent existing theories to be tested, and alternative hypotheses, which are the statements the research aims to establish. Special consideration is given to null hypotheses because conclusions are drawn about whether or not to reject them based on the evidence. The formulation of hypotheses varies between qualitative and quantitative research, with qualitative using open-ended research questions and quantitative specifying relationships between independent and dependent variables.
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Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, which are tentative theories or educated guesses about the real world or a population. A hypothesis aims to explain facts and makes testable predictions about what may happen in certain circumstances. Research hypotheses are created by researchers to speculate about the outcome of an experiment. There are two main kinds of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which expresses no difference or relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which is accepted if the null is rejected. When testing a hypothesis, there is a chance of making Type I or Type II errors in rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis.
Hypothesis
The document defines and describes different types of hypotheses. An hypothesis is a tentative explanation of the expected outcome of an investigation and serves to guide research. Hypotheses can be classified based on their derivation (inductive or deductive) or formulation (directional, non-directional, null). A null hypothesis states there is no association between variables, while the alternative hypothesis proposes an association. Directional hypotheses predict a positive or negative relationship. Well-formulated hypotheses are testable, clear, simple, and relevant.
Statistical hypothesis
The document defines a hypothesis as a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. Several authors contribute definitions stating that a hypothesis makes a specific, testable prediction and must be falsifiable. Key aspects of a hypothesis include identifying variables, having explanatory power, and being testable, quantifiable, and generalizable. The document also distinguishes between statistical hypotheses about population parameters, null hypotheses being tested, and critical regions for rejecting null hypotheses based on sample data.
Hypothesis
hypothesis-Meaning need for hypothesis qualities of good hypothesis type of hypothesis null and alternative hypothesis sources of hypothesis formulation of hypothesis, hypothesis testing
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a formal statement that represents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
It is an assumption about the relationship between two or more variables and is predictive in nature
Research hypothesis
This document discusses the formulation, testing, and importance of research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative assumption or predictive statement that can be tested scientifically. The key points covered include: how to properly formulate a hypothesis by ensuring it has conceptual clarity, is testable, and relates independent and dependent variables; the importance of hypotheses in providing direction for research and advancing knowledge; methods for testing hypotheses, including checking logical consistency and agreement with facts; and defining the process of rejecting or modifying a hypothesis based on testing results.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide further investigation. It provides the basis for investigation by establishing the direction of inquiry. A good hypothesis is specific, testable, and related to existing theory. There are two main types - crude hypotheses indicate what data to collect, while refined hypotheses state empirical relationships. Hypotheses come in descriptive, explanatory, null, and alternative forms and serve important functions such as explaining facts, directing inquiry, and enabling deductions.
Hypothesis
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by explaining that a hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide an investigation. The document then provides several definitions of a hypothesis from different authors. It outlines the key characteristics of a good hypothesis, including being clear, precise, testable, and relating to the research problem. The document also differentiates between different types of hypotheses, such as universal, existential, null, alternate, directional, and non-directional hypotheses. It concludes by discussing how research hypotheses are derived from existing theories or observations.
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Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, which are tentative theories or educated guesses about the real world or a population. A hypothesis aims to explain facts and makes testable predictions about what may happen in certain circumstances. Research hypotheses are created by researchers to speculate about the outcome of an experiment. There are two main kinds of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which expresses no difference or relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which is accepted if the null is rejected. When testing a hypothesis, there is a chance of making Type I or Type II errors in rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis.
Hypothesis
The document defines and describes different types of hypotheses. An hypothesis is a tentative explanation of the expected outcome of an investigation and serves to guide research. Hypotheses can be classified based on their derivation (inductive or deductive) or formulation (directional, non-directional, null). A null hypothesis states there is no association between variables, while the alternative hypothesis proposes an association. Directional hypotheses predict a positive or negative relationship. Well-formulated hypotheses are testable, clear, simple, and relevant.
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The document defines a hypothesis as a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. Several authors contribute definitions stating that a hypothesis makes a specific, testable prediction and must be falsifiable. Key aspects of a hypothesis include identifying variables, having explanatory power, and being testable, quantifiable, and generalizable. The document also distinguishes between statistical hypotheses about population parameters, null hypotheses being tested, and critical regions for rejecting null hypotheses based on sample data.
Hypothesis
hypothesis-Meaning need for hypothesis qualities of good hypothesis type of hypothesis null and alternative hypothesis sources of hypothesis formulation of hypothesis, hypothesis testing
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a formal statement that represents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
It is an assumption about the relationship between two or more variables and is predictive in nature
Research hypothesis
This document discusses the formulation, testing, and importance of research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative assumption or predictive statement that can be tested scientifically. The key points covered include: how to properly formulate a hypothesis by ensuring it has conceptual clarity, is testable, and relates independent and dependent variables; the importance of hypotheses in providing direction for research and advancing knowledge; methods for testing hypotheses, including checking logical consistency and agreement with facts; and defining the process of rejecting or modifying a hypothesis based on testing results.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide further investigation. It provides the basis for investigation by establishing the direction of inquiry. A good hypothesis is specific, testable, and related to existing theory. There are two main types - crude hypotheses indicate what data to collect, while refined hypotheses state empirical relationships. Hypotheses come in descriptive, explanatory, null, and alternative forms and serve important functions such as explaining facts, directing inquiry, and enabling deductions.
Hypothesis
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by explaining that a hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide an investigation. The document then provides several definitions of a hypothesis from different authors. It outlines the key characteristics of a good hypothesis, including being clear, precise, testable, and relating to the research problem. The document also differentiates between different types of hypotheses, such as universal, existential, null, alternate, directional, and non-directional hypotheses. It concludes by discussing how research hypotheses are derived from existing theories or observations.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, including:
1. A hypothesis is a prediction about possible outcomes of a study used to direct research. An example hypothesis predicts staff trained in change management will cope better with organizational changes.
2. Hypotheses should explain facts, direct relevant data collection, and prevent blind searches. They clarify research goals.
3. For a hypothesis to be good, it must be clear, testable, consistent with facts, and better than alternative hypotheses.
Types of hypotheses
The document discusses the different types of hypotheses used in research, including directional and non-directional hypotheses, declarative hypotheses that state relationships between variables, null hypotheses that state no significant differences exist, question form hypotheses used to raise research questions, alternative hypotheses that anticipate differences between variables, and predication form hypotheses that state expected principles for action research studies.
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing allows us to use sample data to test claims about population parameters, such as determining whether a population mean equals a specific value. The process involves making an initial assumption called the null hypothesis, collecting sample data as evidence, and determining whether the evidence makes the null hypothesis reasonable or not based on the probability of obtaining that evidence. If the evidence makes the null hypothesis unlikely, it is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis; otherwise, the null hypothesis is not rejected due to insufficient evidence against it. Important assumptions for valid hypothesis testing include that the sample is random and large enough for its distribution to be approximately normal.
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The document discusses hypothesis testing in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposition that can be tested scientifically. The key points are:
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- Statistical hypothesis testing involves a null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (Ha). H0 is the initial assumption being tested, while Ha is what would be accepted if H0 is rejected.
- Type I errors incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis. Type II errors fail to reject a false null hypothesis. Hypothesis tests aim to control the probability of type I errors.
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This document provides an introduction to hypothesis testing. It discusses how hypothesis testing involves both induction and deduction. Researchers use induction to make observations and form hypotheses to explain facts. They use deduction to test hypotheses. The document defines what a hypothesis is and lists its key characteristics. It discusses the classical and Bayesian approaches to hypothesis testing. It also explains statistical significance and how the logic of hypothesis testing involves stating a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. Researchers use statistical tests to determine if their data provides enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
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The presentation discusses null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis expresses no difference or inequality between variables, while the alternative hypothesis expresses a difference or conflict. The null hypothesis is what researchers expect will definitely happen, while the alternative hypothesis is what researchers want to test. Examples are provided of null hypotheses stating children who eat oily fish do not show higher IQ increases than others, and that extroverts and introverts are equally healthy. The alternative hypotheses are that children eating oily fish will show higher IQ increases, and that introverts are not healthier than extroverts.
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1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
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1. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. It represents a relationship between two or more variables that can be measured.
2. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, directional, and null hypotheses. A good hypothesis is clear, testable, parsimonious, and related to existing theories.
3. Formulating a research hypothesis can be challenging due to a lack of theoretical knowledge or awareness of research techniques. Hypotheses must be stated in a way that allows for testing, such as using an if-then structure.
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This document discusses hypotheses, including:
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This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a research hypothesis as a statement created by researchers to speculate on the outcome of an experiment. The hypothesis is at the core of any experimental design and is the ultimate aim. Researchers use inductive and deductive reasoning on observations to form a testable and falsifiable hypothesis. There are different types of hypotheses, including null, non-directional, directional, and causal hypotheses. The precursor to a hypothesis is usually a research problem framed as a question.
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The presentation discusses null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis expresses no difference or inequality between variables, while the alternative hypothesis expresses a difference or conflict. The null hypothesis is what researchers expect will definitely happen, while the alternative hypothesis is what researchers want to test. Examples are provided of null hypotheses stating children who eat oily fish do not show higher IQ increases than others, and that extroverts and introverts are equally healthy. The alternative hypotheses are that children eating oily fish will show higher IQ increases, and that introverts are not healthier than extroverts.
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This document discusses hypotheses, including their definition, characteristics of a good hypothesis, and different types of hypotheses. Some key points:
- A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or proposed solution to a problem that can be tested. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
- Good hypotheses clearly state the relationship between measurable variables and have implications that allow them to be tested.
- There are different types of hypotheses, including null hypotheses, alternative hypotheses, directional hypotheses, and universal vs. existential hypotheses.
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1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
Hypothesis
1. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. It represents a relationship between two or more variables that can be measured.
2. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, directional, and null hypotheses. A good hypothesis is clear, testable, parsimonious, and related to existing theories.
3. Formulating a research hypothesis can be challenging due to a lack of theoretical knowledge or awareness of research techniques. Hypotheses must be stated in a way that allows for testing, such as using an if-then structure.
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Hypothesis
The document discusses hypothesis, its meaning, purpose, characteristics, types and testing. Some key points:
- Hypothesis is a conjectural statement proposed for testing through research. It suggests a possible relationship between two or more variables.
- The purpose of a hypothesis is to guide research and provide a framework to organize conclusions. It helps define relevant and irrelevant facts.
- There are different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, null, research, directional, non-directional.
- A hypothesis must be testable, clear, precise and related to the research problem.
- Testing a hypothesis involves collecting data, evaluating the null hypothesis to accept or reject it based on results.
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原版制作(Sunderland毕业证书)桑德兰大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Sunderland毕业证书)桑德兰大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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As we advance further into the digital age, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to evolve, shaping various industries and aspects of our daily lives. The advancements in AI for 2024 promise significant transformations across multiple sectors. From agentic AI and open-source AI to AI-powered cybersecurity and sustainability, these trends highlight the growing influence of AI on our world. By staying informed and embracing these trends, businesses and individuals can harness the power of AI to innovate and thrive.
This article explores the top 10 AI trends to watch in 2024, providing an overview, impact, and examples of each trend.
Top 10 AI Trends to Watch in 2024
Trend 1: Agentic AI
Overview of Agentic AI
Agentic AI represents a fundamental shift in artificial intelligence. These AI systems are designed to comprehend complex workflows and pursue difficult objectives autonomously, with minimal human assistance. Essentially, agentic AI functions similarly to human employees, understanding intricate contexts and instructions in normal language, defining goals, deducing subtasks, and adapting actions to changing circumstances.
Impact of Agentic AI
Agentic AI has the potential to drastically alter organizational roles, procedures, and relationships. AI assistants with advanced thinking and planning capabilities can perform tasks previously managed by humans. This shift enhances productivity by fully automating complex processes, freeing workers from repetitive tasks to focus on more critical activities. The ability to adapt quickly to changing circumstances ensures continuous operational improvements.
Examples and Use Cases of Agentic AI
Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars use agentic AI to navigate roads, interpret traffic signals, and make real-time decisions to ensure passenger safety.
Smart Home Devices: AI-powered home assistants, like smart thermostats and security systems, operate autonomously to optimize energy usage and enhance security.
Customer Service Bots: Advanced chatbots handle complex customer queries, provide solutions, and escalate issues to human agents when necessary.
Trend 2: Open Source AI
Overview of Open Source AI
Open-source AI involves freely available source code, encouraging developers to collaborate, use, adapt, and share AI technology. This openness fosters innovation and speeds up the development of practical AI solutions across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, and education.
Impact of Open Source AI
The collaborative nature of open-source AI promotes transparency and facilitates continuous improvement, leading to feature-rich, reliable, and modular solutions. These platforms enable the creation of applications such as real-time fraud detection, medical image analysis, personalized recommendations, and customized learning experiences.
Examples and Use Cases of Open Source AI
TensorFlow: An open-source machine learning framework by Google, widely used for building and deploying AI models.
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在线办理(英国UWS毕业证书)西苏格兰大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(英国UWS毕业证书)西苏格兰大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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一比一原版美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国加州大学戴维斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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The future of SEO is trending toward a more human-first and user-centric approach, powered by AI intelligence and collaboration. Are you ready?
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With Zack Kadish and Alex Carchietta, we’ll show you which SEO trends to ignore and which to focus on, along with the solution to overcoming rapid, significant and disruptive Google algorithm updates.
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How to develop a hypothesis
- 1. How to develop a hypothesis by Vimbainashe Mutema 151494
- 2. Table of contents ✖Definition ✖Nature of Hypothesis ✖Types ✖How to formulate hypotheses in quantitative and qualitative research
- 3. Definition • “Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.”(Creswell, 1994) • “It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.”
- 4. Nature of the hypothesis ✖The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in reporting the results. ✖This allows to: Identify the research objectives Identify the key abstract concepts involved in the research Identify its relationship to both the problem statement and the literature review
- 5. NATURE HYPOTHESIS ✖A problem cannot be scientifically solved unless it is reduced to hypothesis form. ✖It is a powerful tool of advancement of knowledge, consistent with existing knowledge and conducive to further enquiry ✖It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiable
- 6. NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS ✖Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions ✖It is neither too specific nor to general ✖It is a prediction of consequences ✖It is considered valuable even if proven false
- 8. NULL HYPOTHESES Designated by: H0 or HN Types of hypotheses ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES Designated by: H1 or HA
- 9. ✖The null hypothesis represents a theory that has been put forward, either because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for argument, but has not been proved. Null Hypothesis
- 10. ✖The alternative hypothesis is a statement of what a hypothesis test is set up to establish.
- 11. example ✖In a market test of a new product packaging, the null hypothesis might be that the new packaging is no better, on average, than the current packaging. We would write H0: there is no difference between the two packages on average.
- 12. ✖The alternative hypothesis might be that: the new packaging has a different effect, on average, compared to that of the current packaging. ✖We would write H1: the two packages have different effects, on average. ✖ The new packaging is better, on average, than the current packaging. We would write H1: the new packaging is better than the current packaging, on average.
- 13. We give special consideration to the null hypothesis because... • This is due to the fact that the null hypothesis relates to the statement being tested, whereas the alternative hypothesis relates to the statement to be accepted if / when the null is rejected. • The final conclusion, once the test has been carried out, is always given in terms of the nu1ll hypothesis. We either 'reject H0 in favor of H1' or 'do not reject H0'; we never conclude 'reject H1', or even 'accept H1'. • If we conclude 'do not reject H0', this does not necessarily mean that the null hypothesis is true, it only suggests that there is not sufficient evidence against H0 in favor of H1; rejecting the null hypothesis then, suggests that the alternative hypothesis may be true
- 14. The formulation of the hypothesis basically varies with the kind of research project conducted Qualitative Quantitative
- 15. Qualitative approach • The use of Research Questions as opposed to objectives or hypothesis, is more frequent Characteristics o Use of words- what or how. Specify whether the study: discovers, seeks to understand, explores or describes the experiences o Use of non-directional wording in the question. These questions describe, rather than relate variables or compare groups. o The questions are under continual review and reformulation-will evolve and change during study. o The questions are usually open-ended, without reference to the literature or theory. o Use of a single focus.
- 16. Quantitative Approach In survey projects the use of research questions and objectives is more frequent In experiments the use of hypotheses are more frequent Represent comparison between variables relationship between variables
- 17. Characteristics ✖The testable proposition to be deduced from theory. ✖Independent and dependent variables to be separated and measured separately ✖To be either writing-questions, or objectives or hypotheses, but not a combination. ✖Consider the alternative forms for writing and make a choice based on the audience for the research.