How Strong And Propsperous Was Spain In 1556 Summary
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Charles I left Philip II of Spain an expansive but vulnerable empire with a government that required reform. The government lacked a fixed capital and relied on Charles' constant movement and presence. Local administration depended on nobles as councils grew in power to govern new policy areas like war. Finances were poor with debt and revenue failing to cover the costs of continuous war with France over dynastic rivalries. The economy was behind compared to places like the Netherlands. While Spain remained largely Catholic, Protestantism threatened the wider empire.
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Why Was Philip Unable To Resolve His Financial
Philip II of Spain faced immense financial difficulties in ruling his vast empire due to high military expenditures and an inability to resolve fiscal issues. Some key events that drained treasury funds included the Lepanto campaign of 1571, the ongoing Dutch Revolt from 1566-onwards which is estimated to have cost 80 million ducats, and the failed Spanish Armada invasion of England in 1588 which cost 10 million ducats. Despite efforts to raise funds through taxation, borrowing, and exploiting new American silver mines, the Spanish economy struggled to sustain the costs of Philip's vast imperial commitments over the long run.
Summary Financial Issues
Philip II of Spain made serious efforts to raise revenue to fund his empire through taxation and loans, but it led to problems and was ultimately unsustainable. He imposed taxes that heavily burdened the lower classes and sold crown lands for short-term gain. Constant warfare drained the Spanish economy, and Philip's borrowing led to high interest rates and debt that foreign financiers could exploit. Spain faced bankruptcy multiple times, high inflation, declining population, weak agriculture and industry, and over-reliance on trade, laying the roots for its later economic and geopolitical decline.
Successes Of Fp Summary
Philip II's foreign policy changed significantly over the course of his reign from 1556 to 1598. Initially defensive against the Ottoman Turks, he had some successes including the victory at Lepanto in 1571. However, the wars were very costly. His policy became more aggressive after 1584, including sending the Spanish Armada against England in 1588. However, the wars in France and the Netherlands drained Spanish resources and led to its economic decline. By 1598 Spain was bankrupt after overextending itself militarily across Europe, marking the start of the decline of its golden age.
Unit 3 – A Highly Unsuccessful King
King Philip II of Spain faced many challenges in ruling his vast empire in the 16th century. While he maintained Catholic unity and controlled the Church, the financial costs of defending the empire and fighting heresy led to government paralysis by the 1590s. Several provinces rebelled due to economic issues and military defeats against France, England, and the Dutch weakened Spanish power. By the end of Philip's reign, the seeds were sown for Spain's later decline, though he did unify the Iberian Peninsula and achieve some cultural and military successes for Spain.
Why Did The Dutch Triumph Over Their Imperial
The document summarizes the key events in the Dutch Revolt from 1566-1609 and analyzes reasons for the Spanish failure to crush the revolt. It outlines the chronology before examining arguments that Dutch leadership, economic growth, Calvinism, and Spanish failures in leadership, financing, and facing foreign intervention contributed to the Spanish inability to defeat the Dutch rebels and establish control.
Revolts In The Reign Of Philip Ii
There were several major revolts against Philip II's rule in Spain and Italy in the late 16th century. These included the Dutch Revolt from 1566-1609 over heresy laws and noble rights, the Morisco Revolt in Granada from 1568-1570 over religious freedom and taxes, and a revolt in Naples in 1585 in response to economic pressures. Philip II's increasingly oppressive treatment of the Morisco population, such as banning their language and customs, confiscating land, and higher taxes, led to the major Morisco Revolt in Granada. After suppressing the revolt, Philip deported over 80,000 Moriscos from Granada and dispersed them across Castile.
Summary Of Dutch Revolt Causes
The document discusses the causes of the Dutch revolt against Philip II of Spain's rule between 1566-1609. It analyzes several long-term and short-term factors, including Philip II's centralization of power, the growth of Calvinism, the repressive policies of the Duke of Alva, and the economic tensions that emerged. While Philip II deserves some blame for instigating tensions through his absolutist rule, the revolt was also a result of the interplay between these political, religious, and economic issues over decades.
Why Were Relations Between The Papacy And Philip
Relations between the papacy and Philip II of Spain were difficult for several ideological and political reasons. Politically, Philip controlled territories in Italy that the Pope saw as under his domain. Philip also sought to control the Spanish church and interfere in papal elections. Ideologically, Philip tightly controlled the Spanish Inquisition and implementation of reforms, limiting papal authority. While they wanted to present a united front against heresy, tensions over foreign policy and Philip's dominance strained their relationship and weakened the Catholic Church's overall effectiveness against the spread of Protestantism.
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Why Was Philip Unable To Resolve His Financial
Philip II of Spain faced immense financial difficulties in ruling his vast empire due to high military expenditures and an inability to resolve fiscal issues. Some key events that drained treasury funds included the Lepanto campaign of 1571, the ongoing Dutch Revolt from 1566-onwards which is estimated to have cost 80 million ducats, and the failed Spanish Armada invasion of England in 1588 which cost 10 million ducats. Despite efforts to raise funds through taxation, borrowing, and exploiting new American silver mines, the Spanish economy struggled to sustain the costs of Philip's vast imperial commitments over the long run.
Summary Financial Issues
Philip II of Spain made serious efforts to raise revenue to fund his empire through taxation and loans, but it led to problems and was ultimately unsustainable. He imposed taxes that heavily burdened the lower classes and sold crown lands for short-term gain. Constant warfare drained the Spanish economy, and Philip's borrowing led to high interest rates and debt that foreign financiers could exploit. Spain faced bankruptcy multiple times, high inflation, declining population, weak agriculture and industry, and over-reliance on trade, laying the roots for its later economic and geopolitical decline.
Successes Of Fp Summary
Philip II's foreign policy changed significantly over the course of his reign from 1556 to 1598. Initially defensive against the Ottoman Turks, he had some successes including the victory at Lepanto in 1571. However, the wars were very costly. His policy became more aggressive after 1584, including sending the Spanish Armada against England in 1588. However, the wars in France and the Netherlands drained Spanish resources and led to its economic decline. By 1598 Spain was bankrupt after overextending itself militarily across Europe, marking the start of the decline of its golden age.
Unit 3 – A Highly Unsuccessful King
King Philip II of Spain faced many challenges in ruling his vast empire in the 16th century. While he maintained Catholic unity and controlled the Church, the financial costs of defending the empire and fighting heresy led to government paralysis by the 1590s. Several provinces rebelled due to economic issues and military defeats against France, England, and the Dutch weakened Spanish power. By the end of Philip's reign, the seeds were sown for Spain's later decline, though he did unify the Iberian Peninsula and achieve some cultural and military successes for Spain.
Why Did The Dutch Triumph Over Their Imperial
The document summarizes the key events in the Dutch Revolt from 1566-1609 and analyzes reasons for the Spanish failure to crush the revolt. It outlines the chronology before examining arguments that Dutch leadership, economic growth, Calvinism, and Spanish failures in leadership, financing, and facing foreign intervention contributed to the Spanish inability to defeat the Dutch rebels and establish control.
Revolts In The Reign Of Philip Ii
There were several major revolts against Philip II's rule in Spain and Italy in the late 16th century. These included the Dutch Revolt from 1566-1609 over heresy laws and noble rights, the Morisco Revolt in Granada from 1568-1570 over religious freedom and taxes, and a revolt in Naples in 1585 in response to economic pressures. Philip II's increasingly oppressive treatment of the Morisco population, such as banning their language and customs, confiscating land, and higher taxes, led to the major Morisco Revolt in Granada. After suppressing the revolt, Philip deported over 80,000 Moriscos from Granada and dispersed them across Castile.
Summary Of Dutch Revolt Causes
The document discusses the causes of the Dutch revolt against Philip II of Spain's rule between 1566-1609. It analyzes several long-term and short-term factors, including Philip II's centralization of power, the growth of Calvinism, the repressive policies of the Duke of Alva, and the economic tensions that emerged. While Philip II deserves some blame for instigating tensions through his absolutist rule, the revolt was also a result of the interplay between these political, religious, and economic issues over decades.
Why Were Relations Between The Papacy And Philip
Relations between the papacy and Philip II of Spain were difficult for several ideological and political reasons. Politically, Philip controlled territories in Italy that the Pope saw as under his domain. Philip also sought to control the Spanish church and interfere in papal elections. Ideologically, Philip tightly controlled the Spanish Inquisition and implementation of reforms, limiting papal authority. While they wanted to present a united front against heresy, tensions over foreign policy and Philip's dominance strained their relationship and weakened the Catholic Church's overall effectiveness against the spread of Protestantism.
Wars Of Religion Spain Netherlands
Philip II of Spain fanatically sought to re-impose Catholicism throughout Europe like his father Charles V had. He built the Escorial palace to symbolize his power and commitment to the Catholic crusade. While Spain defeated the Turkish navy at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, preserving Catholic control of the Mediterranean, the Dutch Revolt from 1568 to 1648 established the Protestant Dutch Republic and marked a major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining a wholly Catholic empire. Spain's failed invasion of England with the Spanish Armada in 1588 ended its naval power and marked the rise of England as a world power, though Spain remained powerful on land until the mid-17th century.
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Cardinal Mazarin groomed Jean-Baptiste Colbert to take his place as an economic advisor to King Louis XIV of France. As Controller-General of Finances under Louis XIV, Colbert implemented a four-part economic plan to make France economically self-sufficient and maintain its position as the wealthiest state in Europe. This included improving tax collection, promoting imperialism and colonial expansion, protecting French industries through tariffs and regulations, and monitoring industry quality standards. However, Louis XIV later squandered the wealth Colbert had generated by oppressing Protestants and failing to reform the unjust tax system, and spending lavishly on the Palace of Versailles and costly wars.
Positives and Negatives of Philip II's Inheritance
The document summarizes both the positives and negatives of Philip II's inheritance when he became King of Spain in 1556. On the positive side, the government was functioning well and Philip appointed loyal family members. However, Philip disliked delegating and family appointees were not always best qualified. Separate assemblies in different Spanish states complicated governance. Financially, Spain benefited from New World bullion but had large debts. The Spanish Empire was vast but maintaining and defending it strained resources. Potential religious and economic issues also threatened Spain's stability.
Silver destroys Spain
The Spanish Empire experienced a downfall due to its overreliance on silver imports from the New World. The Habsburg dynasty that controlled Spain used the wealth from the empire's trade policies and silver mines in the Americas to fund costly military campaigns against its enemies like France. This led to rampant inflation as the value of silver plummeted from oversupply, bankrupting Spain repeatedly and stretching its economy to the breaking point. The Spanish were eventually defeated at the Battle of Rocroi, signaling the end of their once powerful empire.
Unit 12 spanish empire
During the reign of Charles I and Philip II the Spanish monarchy achieved a great territorial expansion with presence in the five continents. However, the control of this large territory caused several problemsand wars.
Unit 3 – Spain As A Great Power Revision
The document discusses Philip II's reign as King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. It examines several key themes, including the condition of Spain when Philip inherited the throne, his policies towards the court, provinces, and religion, and problems he faced such as rebellions and economic issues. While Philip united Spain religiously and preserved Spanish power for a time, his reign also sowed the seeds for Spain's later decline through costly wars, government paralysis, and the rebellions of the provinces.
Philip Ii Overview
Philip II of Spain inherited a vast empire from his father Charles V in 1556 that included Spain, the Netherlands, and territories in Italy and the Americas. This empire was difficult to govern as it consisted of separate territories with their own laws and privileges. Philip faced ongoing conflicts with France and the Ottoman Empire that strained the imperial treasury. Charles V left Philip extensive instructions on ruling his dispersed realms, but effective communication and control remained challenging due to the empire's size and slow travel.
Absolutism in Europe
This document discusses absolutism in several European countries including France, Spain, and Russia. It provides details on:
- France transitioned to absolutism under King Henry IV in the 16th century and his minister Cardinal Richelieu strengthened the centralized authority of the monarchy. King Louis XIV further consolidated power under the doctrine of the divine right of kings.
- In Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored Columbus and wealth from American colonies initially strengthened the monarchy, but decline set in later due to revolts, bankruptcy, and economic problems.
- Absolute rule was also implemented in other countries like Russia, Austria, and Prussia through unrestrained monarchical power over laws and citizens.
NING Project 5 #6
The document summarizes the decline of the Spanish Empire between the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It discusses how overextension of resources through wars and colonial enterprises bankrupted the empire. It faced strong adversaries like England, France and the Netherlands. Economic troubles were compounded by inflation from New World silver and gold, as well as plagues that killed many Castilians. While Spain had once dominated Europe, it continued to weaken throughout the 1600s due to its financial troubles and losses until it was no longer the dominant power on the continent by the mid-1600s.
The french court
The French Court served important political, social, and cultural functions. Politically, it was where the King and nobles made decisions and formed councils. Socially, it attracted people seeking advancement in their careers and status. Culturally, the court promoted innovation as nobles introduced new ideas from their travels abroad and patrons like Charles VIII employed artists like Leonardo Da Vinci. However, attendance at the lavish court was also a financial burden for nobles.
Who is this man
Philip III's pacifist policies led to peace treaties, but the Twelve Years Truce with the Netherlands was very expensive. He expelled the Moriscos in 1609, deporting 275,000 people and ruining many regions. Philip IV left government responsibilities to the Count-Duke of Olivares, whose foreign and domestic policies were unpopular and led to revolts in Catalonia and Portugal declaring independence. The Thirty Years War ended Spanish supremacy in Europe with the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia. Charles II was ill and unable to rule effectively, starting a civil war over succession without an heir.
Summary Of Failure
The document discusses several factors that contributed to Spain's failure to crush the Dutch revolt, including:
1) Weak and ineffective Spanish leadership under figures like Granvelle, Alva, and Don John which antagonized the Dutch and lacked direction from Philip.
2) Foreign intervention from enemies of Spain like the Ottoman Empire, France, and England which drained Spanish resources and provided some support to the Dutch.
3) The nature of the fighting as a long war of sieges amid fortified towns, difficult terrain, and the Dutch ability to continue trading via sea lanes, which hampered the Spanish war effort.
Philip ii of_spain[1]
Philip II ruled over a vast Spanish empire from 1556 until his death in 1598. He was king of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and England and Ireland through his marriage to Mary I of England. Philip faced many restrictions on his power from local rulers in Spain and had ongoing conflicts with the Moriscos people of Granada and financial problems due to high taxes. In foreign policy, he fought the Ottoman Turks in the Mediterranean and had numerous wars with France over territory in Italy. The defeat of the Spanish Armada weakened Spain relative to other European powers like France and England.
The practice of absolutism
Absolute monarchy in theory granted the king ultimate divine power over laws, taxes, justice, administration, and foreign policy. In practice, Louis XIV of France largely embodied this theory as the Sun King, centralizing authority at Versailles through ministers rather than nobles. However, the enormous costs of warfare and maintaining the extravagant court led to financial crises, and France was ultimately weakened after Louis XIV's wars of expansion resulted in military defeat and the loss of territory.
Dutch
The document summarizes the history of the Dutch Republic and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It describes how the Eighty Years' War led to Dutch independence from Spain and marked the beginning of the Dutch Golden Age period in the 17th century. During this time, the VOC was established and became the first multinational corporation and megacorporation, holding colonial possessions and monopolies across Asia and becoming enormously profitable for almost 200 years until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century.
Peoples and empires part 3
1) In the mid-16th century, the decline of Spain's overseas empire had begun due to financial and moral bankruptcy from its war with the Dutch and failure to develop its overseas possessions for trade.
2) By the late 16th century, the Dutch had begun attacking Portugal's Asian territories, and Spain started losing its grip on its global empire.
3) The War of the Spanish Succession in 1700 following the death of the last Habsburg king of Spain further weakened the Spanish and Portuguese empires.
Powerpoint History Project
Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin strengthened the French monarchy and reduced the power of the nobility and Huguenots under Kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV. Richelieu reformed France by weakening internal threats and centralizing power under the king. Mazarin continued Richelieu's policies and faced a rebellion from nobles seeking to regain power, called the Fronde, which eventually failed. Louis XIV further consolidated power by revoking rights of Huguenots, building the grand palace at Versailles, and pursuing expansionary foreign policies, establishing France as a dominant European power.
Hre and the popes
The document discusses the relationship between the Holy Roman Emperors and the Popes from the 10th century to the early 13th century. It describes key events like Otto I being crowned Emperor by the Pope, establishing the Holy Roman Empire. It also discusses conflicts over lay investiture between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV, resolved by the Concordat of Worms. Later emperors like Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II continued struggles with the popes over power and territories in Italy. Pope Innocent III asserted supremacy over all rulers and launched the Albigensian Crusade against heretics in Southern France.
Louis XIV: The Sun King
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation was designed to accompany an introductory lecture on Louis XIV for Western Civilization, World History, and AP European History students.
Philip II And The Papacy
Relations between Philip II of Spain and the Papacy were often strained for several reasons. Philip exercised significant control over the Spanish church, which worried the Papacy. There were also tensions over foreign policy, as Philip and the Popes did not always agree on the best approach towards countries like England and France. While they shared the goal of defending Catholicism, Philip saw himself as God's representative on Earth rather than an agent of the Pope, and the two powers had different priorities.
Age of absolutism
Peter I the Great and Catherine II the Great ruled Russia as absolute monarchs seeking to modernize and expand the nation. Peter I Westernized Russia through reforms like improving education, importing technology, and developing industry. He founded St. Petersburg and defeated the Ottoman Empire to gain a warm-water port. Catherine II continued modernizing Russia and extended its territory through war and the partitioning of Poland. Both monarchs ruled autocratically and pushed Russia to become a European great power.
Unit 8 Political and Economic Change
The document summarizes the political and economic changes in Europe during the 15th-16th centuries. It focuses on the rise of powerful monarchies like Spain under the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. It describes how the economies and populations of European states grew after the devastation of the 14th century's Black Death. Society became divided into estates rather than serfs and peasants. Kings centralized power by reducing the influence of nobles, the church, and parliaments. In Iberia, Castile and Aragon united through marriage and conquest, establishing Spain as a major power under Ferdinand and Isabella, who pursued policies of religious unity, territorial expansion, and strengthening royal authority.
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Wars Of Religion Spain Netherlands
Philip II of Spain fanatically sought to re-impose Catholicism throughout Europe like his father Charles V had. He built the Escorial palace to symbolize his power and commitment to the Catholic crusade. While Spain defeated the Turkish navy at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, preserving Catholic control of the Mediterranean, the Dutch Revolt from 1568 to 1648 established the Protestant Dutch Republic and marked a major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining a wholly Catholic empire. Spain's failed invasion of England with the Spanish Armada in 1588 ended its naval power and marked the rise of England as a world power, though Spain remained powerful on land until the mid-17th century.
Hum1020 1330 louis xiv's economic, political & military policies
Cardinal Mazarin groomed Jean-Baptiste Colbert to take his place as an economic advisor to King Louis XIV of France. As Controller-General of Finances under Louis XIV, Colbert implemented a four-part economic plan to make France economically self-sufficient and maintain its position as the wealthiest state in Europe. This included improving tax collection, promoting imperialism and colonial expansion, protecting French industries through tariffs and regulations, and monitoring industry quality standards. However, Louis XIV later squandered the wealth Colbert had generated by oppressing Protestants and failing to reform the unjust tax system, and spending lavishly on the Palace of Versailles and costly wars.
Positives and Negatives of Philip II's Inheritance
The document summarizes both the positives and negatives of Philip II's inheritance when he became King of Spain in 1556. On the positive side, the government was functioning well and Philip appointed loyal family members. However, Philip disliked delegating and family appointees were not always best qualified. Separate assemblies in different Spanish states complicated governance. Financially, Spain benefited from New World bullion but had large debts. The Spanish Empire was vast but maintaining and defending it strained resources. Potential religious and economic issues also threatened Spain's stability.
Silver destroys Spain
The Spanish Empire experienced a downfall due to its overreliance on silver imports from the New World. The Habsburg dynasty that controlled Spain used the wealth from the empire's trade policies and silver mines in the Americas to fund costly military campaigns against its enemies like France. This led to rampant inflation as the value of silver plummeted from oversupply, bankrupting Spain repeatedly and stretching its economy to the breaking point. The Spanish were eventually defeated at the Battle of Rocroi, signaling the end of their once powerful empire.
Unit 12 spanish empire
During the reign of Charles I and Philip II the Spanish monarchy achieved a great territorial expansion with presence in the five continents. However, the control of this large territory caused several problemsand wars.
Unit 3 – Spain As A Great Power Revision
The document discusses Philip II's reign as King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. It examines several key themes, including the condition of Spain when Philip inherited the throne, his policies towards the court, provinces, and religion, and problems he faced such as rebellions and economic issues. While Philip united Spain religiously and preserved Spanish power for a time, his reign also sowed the seeds for Spain's later decline through costly wars, government paralysis, and the rebellions of the provinces.
Philip Ii Overview
Philip II of Spain inherited a vast empire from his father Charles V in 1556 that included Spain, the Netherlands, and territories in Italy and the Americas. This empire was difficult to govern as it consisted of separate territories with their own laws and privileges. Philip faced ongoing conflicts with France and the Ottoman Empire that strained the imperial treasury. Charles V left Philip extensive instructions on ruling his dispersed realms, but effective communication and control remained challenging due to the empire's size and slow travel.
Absolutism in Europe
This document discusses absolutism in several European countries including France, Spain, and Russia. It provides details on:
- France transitioned to absolutism under King Henry IV in the 16th century and his minister Cardinal Richelieu strengthened the centralized authority of the monarchy. King Louis XIV further consolidated power under the doctrine of the divine right of kings.
- In Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored Columbus and wealth from American colonies initially strengthened the monarchy, but decline set in later due to revolts, bankruptcy, and economic problems.
- Absolute rule was also implemented in other countries like Russia, Austria, and Prussia through unrestrained monarchical power over laws and citizens.
NING Project 5 #6
The document summarizes the decline of the Spanish Empire between the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It discusses how overextension of resources through wars and colonial enterprises bankrupted the empire. It faced strong adversaries like England, France and the Netherlands. Economic troubles were compounded by inflation from New World silver and gold, as well as plagues that killed many Castilians. While Spain had once dominated Europe, it continued to weaken throughout the 1600s due to its financial troubles and losses until it was no longer the dominant power on the continent by the mid-1600s.
The french court
The French Court served important political, social, and cultural functions. Politically, it was where the King and nobles made decisions and formed councils. Socially, it attracted people seeking advancement in their careers and status. Culturally, the court promoted innovation as nobles introduced new ideas from their travels abroad and patrons like Charles VIII employed artists like Leonardo Da Vinci. However, attendance at the lavish court was also a financial burden for nobles.
Who is this man
Philip III's pacifist policies led to peace treaties, but the Twelve Years Truce with the Netherlands was very expensive. He expelled the Moriscos in 1609, deporting 275,000 people and ruining many regions. Philip IV left government responsibilities to the Count-Duke of Olivares, whose foreign and domestic policies were unpopular and led to revolts in Catalonia and Portugal declaring independence. The Thirty Years War ended Spanish supremacy in Europe with the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia. Charles II was ill and unable to rule effectively, starting a civil war over succession without an heir.
Summary Of Failure
The document discusses several factors that contributed to Spain's failure to crush the Dutch revolt, including:
1) Weak and ineffective Spanish leadership under figures like Granvelle, Alva, and Don John which antagonized the Dutch and lacked direction from Philip.
2) Foreign intervention from enemies of Spain like the Ottoman Empire, France, and England which drained Spanish resources and provided some support to the Dutch.
3) The nature of the fighting as a long war of sieges amid fortified towns, difficult terrain, and the Dutch ability to continue trading via sea lanes, which hampered the Spanish war effort.
Philip ii of_spain[1]
Philip II ruled over a vast Spanish empire from 1556 until his death in 1598. He was king of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and England and Ireland through his marriage to Mary I of England. Philip faced many restrictions on his power from local rulers in Spain and had ongoing conflicts with the Moriscos people of Granada and financial problems due to high taxes. In foreign policy, he fought the Ottoman Turks in the Mediterranean and had numerous wars with France over territory in Italy. The defeat of the Spanish Armada weakened Spain relative to other European powers like France and England.
The practice of absolutism
Absolute monarchy in theory granted the king ultimate divine power over laws, taxes, justice, administration, and foreign policy. In practice, Louis XIV of France largely embodied this theory as the Sun King, centralizing authority at Versailles through ministers rather than nobles. However, the enormous costs of warfare and maintaining the extravagant court led to financial crises, and France was ultimately weakened after Louis XIV's wars of expansion resulted in military defeat and the loss of territory.
Dutch
The document summarizes the history of the Dutch Republic and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It describes how the Eighty Years' War led to Dutch independence from Spain and marked the beginning of the Dutch Golden Age period in the 17th century. During this time, the VOC was established and became the first multinational corporation and megacorporation, holding colonial possessions and monopolies across Asia and becoming enormously profitable for almost 200 years until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century.
Peoples and empires part 3
1) In the mid-16th century, the decline of Spain's overseas empire had begun due to financial and moral bankruptcy from its war with the Dutch and failure to develop its overseas possessions for trade.
2) By the late 16th century, the Dutch had begun attacking Portugal's Asian territories, and Spain started losing its grip on its global empire.
3) The War of the Spanish Succession in 1700 following the death of the last Habsburg king of Spain further weakened the Spanish and Portuguese empires.
Powerpoint History Project
Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin strengthened the French monarchy and reduced the power of the nobility and Huguenots under Kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV. Richelieu reformed France by weakening internal threats and centralizing power under the king. Mazarin continued Richelieu's policies and faced a rebellion from nobles seeking to regain power, called the Fronde, which eventually failed. Louis XIV further consolidated power by revoking rights of Huguenots, building the grand palace at Versailles, and pursuing expansionary foreign policies, establishing France as a dominant European power.
Hre and the popes
The document discusses the relationship between the Holy Roman Emperors and the Popes from the 10th century to the early 13th century. It describes key events like Otto I being crowned Emperor by the Pope, establishing the Holy Roman Empire. It also discusses conflicts over lay investiture between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV, resolved by the Concordat of Worms. Later emperors like Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II continued struggles with the popes over power and territories in Italy. Pope Innocent III asserted supremacy over all rulers and launched the Albigensian Crusade against heretics in Southern France.
Louis XIV: The Sun King
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation was designed to accompany an introductory lecture on Louis XIV for Western Civilization, World History, and AP European History students.
Philip II And The Papacy
Relations between Philip II of Spain and the Papacy were often strained for several reasons. Philip exercised significant control over the Spanish church, which worried the Papacy. There were also tensions over foreign policy, as Philip and the Popes did not always agree on the best approach towards countries like England and France. While they shared the goal of defending Catholicism, Philip saw himself as God's representative on Earth rather than an agent of the Pope, and the two powers had different priorities.
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Hum1020 1330 louis xiv's economic, political & military policies
Hum1020 1330 louis xiv's economic, political & military policies
Positives and Negatives of Philip II's Inheritance
Positives and Negatives of Philip II's Inheritance
Similar to How Strong And Propsperous Was Spain In 1556 Summary
Age of absolutism
Peter I the Great and Catherine II the Great ruled Russia as absolute monarchs seeking to modernize and expand the nation. Peter I Westernized Russia through reforms like improving education, importing technology, and developing industry. He founded St. Petersburg and defeated the Ottoman Empire to gain a warm-water port. Catherine II continued modernizing Russia and extended its territory through war and the partitioning of Poland. Both monarchs ruled autocratically and pushed Russia to become a European great power.
Unit 8 Political and Economic Change
The document summarizes the political and economic changes in Europe during the 15th-16th centuries. It focuses on the rise of powerful monarchies like Spain under the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. It describes how the economies and populations of European states grew after the devastation of the 14th century's Black Death. Society became divided into estates rather than serfs and peasants. Kings centralized power by reducing the influence of nobles, the church, and parliaments. In Iberia, Castile and Aragon united through marriage and conquest, establishing Spain as a major power under Ferdinand and Isabella, who pursued policies of religious unity, territorial expansion, and strengthening royal authority.
1. The Spanish Empire And The Reformation
The document summarizes the rise and decline of Spanish power during the 16th and 17th centuries. It describes how Spain's wealth from American colonies allowed it to fund large armies and support a golden age of arts under King Philip II. However, this influx of silver led to economic problems like inflation. Conflicts with the Dutch over religion and taxes, as well as the defeat of the Spanish Armada against England, marked the beginning of Spain's decline as a dominant world power. The northern provinces of the Netherlands gained independence from Catholic Spain after the Protestant Dutch flooded their lands and established a tolerant and prosperous republic.
4. The Spanish Empire And The Reformation
1) The document discusses the rise and decline of the Spanish Empire during the 16th-17th centuries under rulers like Charles V and Philip II.
2) It describes Spain's vast colonial wealth that led to economic issues like inflation and reliance on foreign loans to finance wars.
3) Religious conflicts like the Dutch revolt against Philip II's Catholic rule over their Protestant territories weakened Spain's control over its empire.
2º unit 10 - the spanish empire
1. Charles V was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. When he departed for Germany in 1520, he left Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht to rule Castile. This led to a revolt called the Revolt of the Comuneros by citizens in Castile against Charles V's rule.
2. Philip II inherited a vast empire from his father Charles I. He faced many problems during his reign including wars with France and confrontations with the Turks and English.
3. Spain began to lose its supremacy in the 17th century due to economic crisis, population decline, and an impoverished society. France rose to supremacy under the absolute rule of Louis XIV.
Europe in AsiaGunpowder, expansion and state consolidation in .docx
Europe in Asia
Gunpowder, expansion and state consolidation in a world of limited good
Topics
European Overseas Expansion
State consolidation
The Gunpowder Revolution
Mercantilism: The policy of imperial expansion and state consolidation in a world of limited good
Southwest Asia
European Exploration as Desperation
Cut off from access to main trade centers.
Even before cut off, access difficult and expensive.
Access connected to European state formation/consolidation
Henry the Navigator
Connecting through N. Africa
Finding Prester John
Portuguese Exploration
European Entry into Indian Ocean and End of Polycentrism
Reconquista in Spain (unification of Iberian peninnsula by kicking out Muslims and Jews)
State building
Gunpowder (shift in military technology)
Different attitude to property (concept of private property based on application of labor: labor theory of value)
Different attitude toward trade; modeled on practices of Italian city-states in Mediterranean, which extended practice of control over trade in ports (common throughout the world) to shipping lanes.
Running a protection racket along shipping routes like modern day pirates)
As such, brought different attitude to trade into the largely self-regulating, polycentric system of Indian Ocean basin
Armed trade
Beginning of end of polycentrism in global economy
Europeans arrived and did not find this
China as the big player in all of this, the driver of global trade
Voyages of Admiral Zheng He, 1405-1433
Specifically charged w/ encouraging trade after collapse of Mongol empire, years of Chinese isolation and earlier policies (and lack of silver) led to collapse of trade and Chinese currency
And then, as suddenly as they appeared, the Chinese were gone
By beginning of 16th c., everyone wants in on the action
The Emergence of the Modern State, c. 1500-1700 as means to achieve this
What do we mean by “modern” or “nation” in this context?
What factors contributed to consolidation of political authority in centralized states?
Gunpowder
What policies sustained consolidated states?
Revenue, recruits and labor
All had to be extracted from a world of limited good
What do we mean by “modern” state?
Modern:
Centrally administered states that can extend their authority throughout territory (more or less)
Nation?
yes and no
although rhetoric was there, much still missing, such as homogenous print culture and internal markets
New types of identities
Medieval “local” erodes further, even for rural inhabitants
Social estate (more caste than class) still important, but “subject” of a particular ruler becoming more prevalent among population
But remember…
“I’m not dead yet!”
Empire as a form of political organization still viable, vibrant and, in many ways, victorious (made it to 20th Century):
Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
Qing Dynasty
11
Two Tracks for State Development
Both claimed to benefit the commonweal/the common good
Limitation of monarchy by law and representa.
Age of Absolutism
This document provides an overview of the rise of absolutism in Europe between 1550-1800. It covers:
- The expansion of Spanish power under Charles V and Philip II, as well as Spain's Golden Age in arts and literature. However, costly wars and economic issues led to decline.
- In France, Louis XIV strengthened royal authority through expanding the bureaucracy and building the palace of Versailles. However, his religious persecutions and costly wars had negative impacts.
- In England, the Stuarts increasingly challenged Parliament's authority, leading to the English Civil War and Cromwell's rule. The Glorious Revolution established a limited monarchy under William and Mary.
- It also briefly mentions the
El imperio de Carlos V Resumen
Carlos V inherited a vast empire from his grandparents including the Spanish throne and the right to be elected Holy Roman Emperor. He faced internal problems like rebellions from native Spanish upset by his favoritism towards Flemish nobles. Externally, he fought wars with France and dealt with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and spread of Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1556, Carlos abdicated and divided his territories between his brother and son, beginning the rule of King Philip II of Spain.
14 the high ( late) middle ages v2018
This document provides context on social, economic, and political developments in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. It discusses the rise of cities and the merchant class in Italy, with Florence and the Medici family as an example. It also covers the growth of the middle class, increased power of monarchies, universities, the Hundred Years' War, the Black Death plague, and developments in art, architecture, and the economy in the Late Middle Ages period.
Habsburg dinasty
The document discusses the modern age in Spain from 1580-1700. It summarizes the reigns of several Spanish monarchs during this period including Charles I, Philip II, Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II. Key events included the territorial unification of Spain, wars with France and the Ottoman Empire, the Spanish Armada against England, revolts in the Low Countries and Portugal, and the gradual decline of the Habsburg dynasty's control over its vast empire in this period.
Unit 8. the habsburg spain
The document discusses various terms that can be related to the concept of "monarchy" in the Modern Age, including authoritarian, democratic, powerful, weak, controlled by nobles, nobility in rebellion, and bureaucracy. It also asks what terms can be linked to the monarchy and provides potential Spanish terms like authoritarian, democratic, more taxes, royal armies, ruled by nobles, inquisition, and peasant uprisings.
AP Euro_CH 16.1
This document discusses the rise of absolutism in 17th century France and Spain. It describes the economic and political crises of the period and how monarchs like Henry IV, Richelieu, Louis XIV, and Colbert centralized power in France. They curbed the nobility, grew the size of government bureaucracies and armies, revoked rights of religious dissent, and pursued mercantilist policies to rebuild their nations' strength. By the early 1700s, France had become the dominant power in Europe under Louis XIV, while Spain's empire had entered decline.
21.1 - Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
King Philip II of Spain presided over the height of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century, as Spain extracted vast amounts of gold and silver from its American colonies. However, several factors led to the decline of Spain's empire in the following centuries, including inflation from the influx of precious metals, a weak manufacturing base, costly wars to put down rebellions in the Netherlands and Portugal, and attacks on Spanish shipping by privateers from England and other countries. By the late 1600s, Spain was facing financial troubles and the rise of absolutism in Europe as monarchies centralized power.
Religious wars & new order in science
The document discusses religious wars and state-building in Europe between 1600-1715. It describes how religious conflicts in France between Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) led to decades of violence and weakened the country. The revolt of the Dutch provinces against Spanish Catholic rule established the independent Dutch Republic. The Thirty Years' War in Germany involved most of continental Europe and devastated the region. The Scientific Revolution during this period overturned the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the universe in favor of the heliocentric model through the works of scientists like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton.
Chapter 16 Transformations in Europe
This document provides an overview of transformations in Europe from 1500-1750. It discusses the Protestant Reformation and resulting religious wars. Martin Luther rejected the Pope's authority and ideas spread rapidly with the printing press. The Scientific Revolution led figures like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton to explore natural causes for the universe rather than supernatural forces. Socioeconomically, the bourgeoisie class grew wealthy through trade while most peasants saw declining standards of living. Politically, monarchies consolidated power through absolutism while philosophers like Locke began asserting people's rights and duties against the monarch.
Unit 8 political and economic change
1. In 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile, uniting their kingdoms. Together as the Catholic Monarchs, they strengthened royal authority and unified Spain religiously and politically.
2. They established a professional bureaucracy and army, increased taxes, and created the Holy Brotherhood police force to curb noble power. Religiously, they founded the Spanish Inquisition and expelled Jews in 1492.
3. By expanding their territories through conquest and annexation, the Catholic Monarchs centralized power in the Spanish throne and laid the foundations for Spain's golden age in the 16th century.
Rise of the Hispanic Empire: Charles V
Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire built a vast empire through inheritance. As king of Spain, he faced rebellions from nobles upset by his appointments of Flemish advisers. His empire included Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and territories in Italy and the Americas. Charles fought wars against France to maintain control of European territories and against the Ottoman Empire along eastern borders. By 1556, he abdicated and divided his empire between his son Philip II and brother Ferdinand I.
Rise of the Hispanic Monarchy: Philip II
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of Social Sciences, History and Geography at a bilingual section in Madrid (Spain).
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
6. Absolutism, Power, And More Conflict
The document discusses the causes and events of the French Revolution. It began with widespread discontent among the lower classes due to high bread prices and poverty while the king lived extravagantly. Enlightenment ideas of equality and representative government also grew increasingly influential. When the Estates-General met in 1789 to address the country's debt crisis, the Third Estate demanded equal representation which led to the formation of the National Assembly and the abolition of feudalism. The storming of the Bastille and fear among peasants further radicalized the Revolution.
Absolutism Review
Peter the Great sought to westernize and modernize Russia through various reforms. He founded the city of St. Petersburg to gain access to trade routes to Europe. Through conquest, he acquired territory and defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War. Peter centralized authority, reformed the military, promoted education, and weakened the influence of the Orthodox Church. He made Russia a major power in Europe through expansion, westernization efforts, and grand architectural projects like the Winter Palace.
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Summary Of Failure
The document discusses several factors that contributed to Spain's failure to crush the Dutch revolt, including:
1) Weak and ineffective Spanish leadership under figures like Granvelle, Alva, and Don John which antagonized the Dutch and lacked direction from Philip.
2) Foreign intervention from enemies of Spain like the Ottoman Empire, France, and England which drained Spanish resources and provided some support to the Dutch.
3) The nature of the fighting as a long war of sieges amid fortified towns, difficult terrain, and the Dutch ability to continue trading via sea lanes, which hampered the Spanish war effort.
1 Spain Historic Background
The document provides a historical overview of Spain from Roman times to the 16th century. It discusses how the Iberian Peninsula was united under Roman rule then Christianized in the 8th century before a Muslim invasion in the 10th century. It then summarizes the Reconquest by Christian kingdoms, the establishment of separate kingdoms, and marriages that brought much of Spain under shared rulers Ferdinand and Isabella. Their rule marked Spain's rise as a great power extending across Europe and into the Americas.
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While public works programs and rearmament reduced unemployment in Germany under Nazi rule, this came at the cost of individual liberties and paved the way for war. The German Labour Front maintained strict control over workers, banning strikes and unions to keep wages low while propaganda campaigns promoted consumerism and traditional gender roles to boost employment. However, many Jews lost their jobs as anti-Semitic policies took hold, and few truly benefited from the Nazis' oppressive social and economic reforms.
Versailles Summary
By 1918, Germany was experiencing severe hardships from World War 1:
- Germany was virtually bankrupt and national income had fallen significantly.
- Over 600,000 widows and 2 million children had lost their fathers, straining Germany's welfare system.
- Industrial production had fallen by one-third, deepening divisions within German society.
- The war led to a revolution in late 1918 and the establishment of a democratic republic, though it remained unstable.
League Of Nations Summary 1930\ S
The document discusses why the League of Nations failed in Manchuria and Abyssinia. In Manchuria, Japan invaded in 1931 and the League took a long time to respond, appearing weak. Germany then left the League and began openly rearming. In Abyssinia, Italy invaded in 1935 and the League could not agree on effective sanctions, with Britain and France seeking a secret deal. The League was seen as powerless and irrelevant against the actions of dictators like Japan, Germany, and Italy.
League Of Nations Summary
The document discusses the League of Nations, its aims and structure, and factors that influenced its effectiveness. It examines why some countries like Germany, Russia and the US did not initially join. It outlines the League's main strengths like its inclusive membership, and weaknesses such as lacking enforcement powers and unanimous decision making. Specific cases like Corfu, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and responses to events in Bulgaria, Poland and the Ruhr Valley are examined in terms of what they reveal about the League's impact.
Philip Ii Government Summary
Philip II's personal style of micromanaging the Spanish government led to problems. He demanded detailed information from across his vast empire, which overloaded him with paperwork. This made him indecisive and slowed decision-making. It also alienated provinces that felt neglected. Factions within his government competed for influence, sometimes damagingly, as seen in the Perez Affair scandal. Philip's distrust and reliance on paperwork undermined efficient governance.
Summary
There were several factors that contributed to a crisis in 16th century England, including a growing population that put pressure on limited food supplies. Agricultural practices were changing as farming became more specialized and enclosed. These changes, along with poor harvests and inflation, led to higher food prices, lower wages, and increased poverty and unrest among common people. The Tudor governments struggled financially and took measures like debasement of coinage and raising loans, exacerbating inflation. While the governments avoided bankruptcy, the economic difficulties of this time period took a toll on many common people.
Summary How Far And Quickly Did England Shift Towards
The document discusses the religious changes that occurred in England under King Edward VI from 1547 to 1553. It analyzes the progression of reforms in four phases: (1) the removal of Catholicism, (2) a period of Protestant activity without official sanction, (3) the establishment of a Protestant form of worship and doctrine, and (4) the completion of reforms that established full Protestantism in England. Key figures like Archbishop Cranmer and the Book of Common Prayer drove the country further towards Calvinism, replacing Catholic rites and establishing Protestant sacraments and services. However, the extent to which the general population became truly Protestant is difficult to measure, as private Catholic worship continued in many cases.
Lesson 14 How Did Mary Try To Restore Catholicism
Mary tried to restore Catholicism in England through persuasion and persecution. She repealed the religious reforms of Edward VI and restored many Catholic practices, lands, and clergy through the Acts of Repeal and other legislation. However, Protestant beliefs still remained in parts of England. Mary faced opposition from Protestants and used censorship, treason laws, and heresy commissions against them, but the burnings of hundreds of Protestants under her reign may have been counterproductive and contributed to her reputation as "Bloody Mary". Ultimately, Mary's failure to produce a Catholic heir meant that upon her death, Elizabeth I was able to return England to Protestantism once more.
Summary How Did Mary Try To Introduce Catholicism Aims And Persecution
Mary I had several main aims as queen:
1) Restore Catholicism in England after it had been replaced by Protestantism under Edward VI.
2) Deal with obstacles to Catholic restoration such as Protestant opposition, landowners who benefited from dissolved monasteries, and her lack of an heir.
3) She took steps like persecuting Protestant opponents, restoring papal authority, and enforcing Catholic doctrine, though this approach faced criticism for being too harsh.
4) By 1558, England had become largely Catholic again through Mary's efforts, though resistance remained and her death soon allowed Protestantism to resurge under Elizabeth I.
Summary To What Extent Was Philip Ii An Absolute Monarch
Philip II of Spain is viewed as both an absolutist monarch and one constrained by limitations on his power. He centralized the Spanish government in Madrid and the Escorial, established the conciliar system to advise him, and asserted control over the Spanish Inquisition. However, he faced challenges imposing his will due to the vast size of the Spanish empire, slow administration, and reliance on local nobility. While possessing theoretical absolute power, in practice Philip II acted cautiously due to financial constraints, the need to avoid revolts in regions like Aragon and the Netherlands, and physical checks on his authority imposed by great distance within his domains.
Summary Evaluation Of Philips Policies
Philip II of Spain sought to strengthen Catholicism and maintain control over the church through religious policies that increased oversight of doctrine and the clergy. He supported the decrees of the Council of Trent and established seminaries, but implementation was uneven. The Inquisition monitored heresy but lacked resources to fully enforce religious uniformity. While some rural practices were suppressed, non-Christian traditions endured in remote areas, and historians debate how much Spain was truly Christianized by these efforts.
Inquisition
The Spanish Inquisition aimed to strengthen the Spanish church by rooting out heresy, though historians debate how effectively it fulfilled this role and how much controversy it caused. It used punishments like penance, flogging, imprisonment, and auto de fe ceremonies to target heretics like conversos and moriscos. Historians also disagree on whether it represented ruthless persecution or had a softer approach with limited resources and executions. While it was a tool of repression, the Inquisition's actual effects and level of cruelty remain open to debate.
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How Strong And Propsperous Was Spain In 1556 Summary
- 1. Aims Understand the success and failures of Charles I (V) To then evaluate the inheritance he left Philip II of Spain
- 2. Did he reform the government to meet his needs and improve its efficiency ?
- 3. How strong was the government left by Charles I? No fixed capital Charles was constantly on the move Conciliar system designed for an absentee monarch Cortes could prove an obstacle Local administration relied on nobles New councils set up for new areas of policy e.g. Council of war Family members used as governors and viceroys Secretaries grew in power Kingdoms had own traditions, institutions of government and laws. Positives / ? / Negatives
- 4. How strong was the government left by Charles I? No fixed capital Charles was constantly on the move Conciliar system designed for an absentee monarch Cortes could prove an obstacle Local administration relied on nobles New councils set up for new areas of policy e.g. Council of war Family members used as governors and viceroys Secretaries grew in power Kingdoms had own traditions, institutions of government and laws. Assessment Workable – needs to be reformed – some similarities to other 16 th Century monarchs and their issues
- 11. Inheritance Government ‘ Changed but not Revolutionised’ Religion Virtually untainted in Spain but not the empire Economy and finance High inflation ‘ mortgage the future of the sake of today’ Law and Order Stable Spain after problems of 1520’s Foreign Policy Fear Threats Cost Vulnerable Still relied Heavily on nobility Managed to keep Turks At by but no more Fostering future issues Constant War How? At what cost? Inherit a good System?