A Time of Turmoil
The French Revolution was one of the most influential events of modern history. The ten year period from 1789 to 1799 when France went from a Monarchy to a Republic, to a Reign of Terror, to Dictatorship was one of the most tumultuous times in European history.
Myth and Reality
Much myth and romantic legend has been written on what some politicians would like the French Revolution to have been, but the reality was that the French Revolution was a monstrous horror. In the name of “liberty, equality, fraternity or death!” over 40,000 people lost their heads to the guillotine, 300,000 people were publically executed by firing squads, drownings and other methods of mass murder and ultimately many millions died in the 25 years of war and upheavals that resulted.
A Time of Turmoil
The French Revolution was one of the most influential events of modern history. The ten year period from 1789 to 1799 when France went from a Monarchy to a Republic, to a Reign of Terror, to Dictatorship was one of the most tumultuous times in European history.
Myth and Reality
Much myth and romantic legend has been written on what some politicians would like the French Revolution to have been, but the reality was that the French Revolution was a monstrous horror. In the name of “liberty, equality, fraternity or death!” over 40,000 people lost their heads to the guillotine, 300,000 people were publically executed by firing squads, drownings and other methods of mass murder and ultimately many millions died in the 25 years of war and upheavals that resulted.
During the reign of Charles I and Philip II the Spanish monarchy achieved a great territorial expansion with presence in the five continents. However, the control of this large territory caused several problemsand wars.
In the 17th century the Habsburgs faced many problems. The kingdom suffered a serious economic crisis and foreign wars continued. In the 17th century Spain lost its dominance and France increased its power.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Absolutism is a specific political
doctrine that practice centralized
unlimited authority over its
people. It is usually in a form of
monarchy or dictatorship.
2
Absolute monarchy
3. In absolutism, the king’s power is
virtually unrestrained: It is
unrestrained by laws—the king is
considered to be above the law.
The king rules by divine right, a
view even claimed by medieval
kings.
3
Absolute monarchy
5. 5
France
• In France, Absolutism can be traced back in the
leadership of Henry IV. Who became victor of
religious wars
• He gave religious tolerance across his jurisdiction by
ordering the Edict of Nantes in 1598
• He also improved the country’s infrastructure,
building new roads and canals and repairing the
ravages of years of civil war.
6. 6
Minister Cardinal Richelieu
• Cardinal Richelieu was King Louis XIII's Chief
Minister. He was a minister of the king, but he
became one of the greatest builders of French
absolutism.
• Richelieu increased the size of the bureaucracy like
every succeeding king does.
• Cardinal Richelieu solves the Huguenot problem
through assembling the French army and captured
their main port city of La Rochelle.
7. 7
King Louis XIV
• Believed that God had positioned kings as anointed
rulers on earth making them unquestioned but only
to him alone.
• “Louis the God-given” or King Louis XIV took the
throne at the age of four following the death of his
father, King Louis XIII.
• He was well advised by his Mother Anne of Austria
and his godfather Cardinal Mazarin
• Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes and took steps to
suppress the Huguenots.
8. 8
Consequences of King Louis XIV’s Wars
• Weaponry and battle suits were improved during the
time of King Louis XIV and the number of royal armies
grew too
• King Louis' expansion efforts reached its limit that
does not only result in expanding the territory but also
doubling the taxes and lowering the value of their
currency.
• Peace of Utrecht is a treaty made to end the Grand
Alliance of English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians
against King Louis XIV
9. 9
Spanish Absolute Rulers
• Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored Christopher
Columbus’ expedition to find a new route to the
Indies.
• American colonies saw tremendous wealth flow into
Spain, which supported Spanish ambitions in Europe.
• Ferdinand’s grandson, Charles II, rose to the Spanish
throne in 1516 a month before his 16th birthday.
10. 10
Charles of Spain
• Martin Luther, known for his controversial pamphlet
called The Ninety-Five Theses, denounced as a heretic
and enemy of the state. by Charles
• Ottoman invasion of Europe was underway. After
conquering Hungary in 1526, the Ottomans reached
Vienna in 1529. The defense of the city was aided by the
presence of Spanish troops and the siege ultimately
failed.
• Consequently king Charles was often away due to his
interest in waging wars with France The most notable
victory occurred at the battle of Pavia in 1525.
11. 11
Decline of Absolutism in Spain
• Spanish decline began with the revolt of the Spanish
Netherlands. Dutch nobles and officials resented the
higher taxes imposed by the Crown.
• In the latter part of the Absolutism in Spain, several
problems occurred. Trade between the colonies fell
drastically, slave labor in South America suffered from
epidemics, and bankruptcy
• High rents and exorbitant taxes drove peasants from the
land, and agricultural production suffered. Many
peasants moved to the cities where they increased the
number of beggars on the streets.
13. What factors led to the idea of absolutism in France?
What are the roles of Ministers in an absolute monarchial government?
Why and how did the French absolutist state arise under Louis XIV,
and why did absolutist Spain experience decline in the same period?
Reasons of the fall of Spain’s absolute monarch.
In a political standpoint, what are the advantages & disadvantages of
Absolute Monarchy?
