1. Compare the 3 ways in which water and smaller solutes can be tran.pdf
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1. Compare the 3 ways in which water and smaller solutes can be transported across the cell membrane. How is this different from bulk transport? 2. Describe how hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions affect water balance in cells. 3. What are the two forces directing movement of ions across a membrane? 4. Explain how an electrochemical gradient can facilitate coupled transport. 5. Explain how large particles and molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides cross the plasma membrane. Solution The three ways in which water and smaller molecules can be transported across the cell membrane are, 1). Simple diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their size and polarity. Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions such as hydrogen ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of simple diffusion. 2). Facilitated diffusion: Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell, which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin. 3). Active transport: Active transport needs energy, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients. The concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some is more outside the cell. For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell. Still, the sodium ions move from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport. Bulk transport: It is the transport of macromolecules into and out of the cell by to processes known as Exocytosis or endocytosis. It involves the action of transport vesicles. Eg: Bulk transport of proteins..
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Physiology of cell membranr
This document discusses the mechanisms of transport across cell membranes. It describes two basic mechanisms - passive transport, which moves substances down concentration gradients without energy usage, and active transport, which moves substances against gradients by using cellular energy. Passive transport includes diffusion (simple, facilitated) and osmosis. Active transport includes primary transport using ion pumps and secondary transport coupling to ion gradients. Special transport mechanisms like endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis are also covered.
gen-bio
This document discusses different mechanisms of cell transport, including passive transport (simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion) and active transport. Passive transport moves materials along a concentration gradient and does not require energy, while active transport moves materials against a concentration gradient and does require energy. Specific types of transport proteins, such as channel proteins, gated channel proteins, and carrier proteins, facilitate the movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane.
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe t.pdf
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe the following types of
transport and identify if each type requires energy and in what form. Simple diffusion Facilitated
diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport Secondary active transport
Solution
Active transportneeds energy, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients. The
concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some is more outside the cell. For
example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell. Still, the sodium ions move
from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Passive transport of molecules is independent of energy requirement, and the transport or
diffusion of molecule across the channel is facilitated by the concentration gradient. Means, the
molecules move down their concentration gradients.
1). Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their
concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their
size and polarity. It does not require the carrier molecules as in case of facilitated diffusion.
Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions such as hydrogen
ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of
simple diffusion.
2). Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane
bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell,
which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule
present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin.
3). In the primary active transport, the ATP is directly used for the transport of the molecule. For
example, The Na+/K+ ATPase pump transports sodium and potassium ions against their
concentration gradients. For every three sodium ions pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions
enter into the cell. Thus, the membrane potential is maintained.
4). The secondary active transport is an active transport in which the downhill movement of an
ion (either sodium or hydrogen) is coupled with the uphill movement of another molecule
(against its concentration) by the transporter protein. Thus, the electrochemical gradient of an ion
drives uphill transport of another molecule.
Eg: Glucose absorption along with the sodium is an example of secondary active transport..
CELLULAR TRANSPORT.pptx
It gives in detail about cellular transport, different mechanism , types and classification for same.
Script for
The document discusses mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane. It explains that transport is necessary for cells to exchange materials and carry out life functions. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through freely via diffusion or with the assistance of transport proteins via facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient using pumps and carriers. The cell membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins that facilitate different types of transport.
Chapter 4(5 Transport)
The document discusses cell membranes and their structure and function. It explains that cell membranes are semi-permeable bilayers that allow some substances to pass through via passive or active transport. Passive transport includes diffusion of substances down their concentration gradient and osmosis of water. Active transport uses energy and carrier proteins to move substances against their concentration gradient. The membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and allows it to receive and respond to signals from its environment.
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This document summarizes the three main types of transport across cell membranes: passive transport, active transport, and bulk transport. Passive transport includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules through membranes down concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport moves molecules against concentration gradients using carrier proteins and energy from ATP hydrolysis. Bulk transport uses endocytosis and exocytosis to move large particles and vesicles across membranes.
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This document discusses different mechanisms of cell transport, including passive transport (simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion) and active transport. Passive transport moves materials along a concentration gradient and does not require energy, while active transport moves materials against a concentration gradient and does require energy. Specific types of transport proteins, such as channel proteins, gated channel proteins, and carrier proteins, facilitate the movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane.
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe t.pdf
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe the following types of
transport and identify if each type requires energy and in what form. Simple diffusion Facilitated
diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport Secondary active transport
Solution
Active transportneeds energy, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients. The
concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some is more outside the cell. For
example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell. Still, the sodium ions move
from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Passive transport of molecules is independent of energy requirement, and the transport or
diffusion of molecule across the channel is facilitated by the concentration gradient. Means, the
molecules move down their concentration gradients.
1). Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their
concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their
size and polarity. It does not require the carrier molecules as in case of facilitated diffusion.
Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions such as hydrogen
ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of
simple diffusion.
2). Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane
bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell,
which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule
present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin.
3). In the primary active transport, the ATP is directly used for the transport of the molecule. For
example, The Na+/K+ ATPase pump transports sodium and potassium ions against their
concentration gradients. For every three sodium ions pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions
enter into the cell. Thus, the membrane potential is maintained.
4). The secondary active transport is an active transport in which the downhill movement of an
ion (either sodium or hydrogen) is coupled with the uphill movement of another molecule
(against its concentration) by the transporter protein. Thus, the electrochemical gradient of an ion
drives uphill transport of another molecule.
Eg: Glucose absorption along with the sodium is an example of secondary active transport..
CELLULAR TRANSPORT.pptx
It gives in detail about cellular transport, different mechanism , types and classification for same.
Script for
The document discusses mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane. It explains that transport is necessary for cells to exchange materials and carry out life functions. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through freely via diffusion or with the assistance of transport proteins via facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient using pumps and carriers. The cell membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins that facilitate different types of transport.
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The document discusses cell membranes and their structure and function. It explains that cell membranes are semi-permeable bilayers that allow some substances to pass through via passive or active transport. Passive transport includes diffusion of substances down their concentration gradient and osmosis of water. Active transport uses energy and carrier proteins to move substances against their concentration gradient. The membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and allows it to receive and respond to signals from its environment.
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344669 biology-chapter-five-notes
1. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion allow substances to move across cell membranes down their concentration gradients without expending energy.
2. Active transport requires cells to use energy to move substances against their concentration gradients or from areas of lower to higher concentration.
3. The document discusses different types of passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. It also introduces the concept of active transport and how it differs from passive transport by requiring cells to expend energy.
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The document summarizes key concepts about solute transport across membranes in plant and animal cells. It discusses passive diffusion of small molecules, facilitated diffusion mediated by carrier and channel proteins, and active transport driven by ATP hydrolysis including sodium-potassium pumps and co-transport. It also describes bulk transport mechanisms like phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis as well as exocytosis for exporting materials. The seminar was presented to discuss these transport mechanisms in detail.
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How is a cell membrane selectively permeable - what permeates and what does not? How is a
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Solution
The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable as it allow some substances to enter
through while limiting the passage of others. Three ways in which the cell membrane controls
the movement of substances is diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane has lipid bilayer with their hydrophobic tails facing
each other and their hydrophilic heads in the exterior and interior of the cell membrane.
With diffusion, substances such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide flow from a place of high
concentration to a place of low concentration.
In facilitated diffusion, ions and large molecules pass thru a membrane down their concentration
gradients.
Active transport require energy to power the pumps that pass substances from one side of the
membrane to the other in opposition to their concentration gradients. For example, the sodium-
potassium pump pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell using the ATP.
This dialysis membrane is selectively permeable regenerated cellulose used to illustrate the
principles of osmosis and diffusion.
Pores within the membrane allow the passage of water, most ions, and small molecules.
High molecular weight debris along with starch, polysaccharides, fats and protein are limited..
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ION TRANSPORT-ppt from Manasagowda-1.pptx
This document discusses ion transport in cells. It describes two main types of ion transport: active transport and passive transport. Active transport moves ions against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport which directly couples ATP hydrolysis to ion movement, and secondary active transport involving symporters and antiporters. Passive transport moves ions down their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion involving transport proteins, and osmosis involving water movement.
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Cellular Transport
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- Transport across the membrane occurs through passive diffusion or active transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion of lipid-soluble substances through the bilayer and facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins. Active transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient.
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Every day when she first wakes up, Elena takes three foul shots on a.pdf
Every day when she first wakes up, Elena takes three foul shots on a basketball court. For i =1,
2,3 let Yi represent the event “Elena makes shot i.” Suppose (PY1)=(PY2)=(PY3)=.8. Suppose
also that “the shots are independent” (i.e., the probability that Elena makes any particular shot
does not depend on whether she makes or misses any of the other shots).
Let T! be a random variable defined as the number of shots Elena makes (out of the three she
takes).
a) Is T! a member of any family of RVs we have discussed in class? If so, what kind is it?
b) Write down the probability distribution function of T! .
c) Find the expected value of T! .
d) Find the variance of T! .
Solution.
Be more apt to have a mentor than men. Have dreams (.pdf
Be more apt to have a mentor than men.
Have dreams (goals they want to achieve) that place a greater emphasis on achievement as
compared to men.
Have dreams that place a greater emphasis on relationships as compared to men.
Be more career oriented than men.
Belongingness and love
Self-actualization
Self-esteem
Physiological needs
Emotional intelligence
Intuition
Territoriality
Exponentialism
Self-management
Social awareness
Self-esteem
Self-awareness
Romanticizing
Coy
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Question 6 of 25In Levinson’s theories, “settling down” occurs during the following transition:
(Points : 2) Entry life structure for early adulthood
Culminating life structure for early adulthood
Mid-life transition
Entry life structure for middle adulthood
Solution
Q6:
Correct Answer:
Culminating life structure for early adulthood
Explanation:
As per the given theory, settling down takes place during the transition of culminating life
structure for early adulthood.
Q7:
Correct Answer:
Have dreams that place a greater emphasis on relationships as compared to men
Explanation:
According to the Levinson theory, a woman has dreams that has been split between relationship
and achievements. Though, on comparative basis with men, women give more emphasis on
relationship rather achievements.
Maslow Hierarchy of needs:
Correct Answer:
Belongingness and love
Maslow has created hierarchy of needs. In this hierarchy, different needs are categorized and
placed above each other. In this, love and belongingness is placed one level above safety needs.
According to Maslow:
Correct Answer:
According to Maslow, A self-actualized person is self-directed
Explanation:
Self-actualization need is placed at highest level in Maslow hierarchy of need. It means that self-
actualized person is self-directed..
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This document summarizes mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane. It discusses passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport mechanisms like pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis. It describes channel proteins, carrier proteins, and osmosis. Larger molecules enter and exit cells through endocytosis and exocytosis. There are modifications to the cell membrane including the apical, lateral, and basal surfaces, which increase surface area and facilitate transport and cell adhesion.
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344669 biology-chapter-five-notes
1. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion allow substances to move across cell membranes down their concentration gradients without expending energy.
2. Active transport requires cells to use energy to move substances against their concentration gradients or from areas of lower to higher concentration.
3. The document discusses different types of passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. It also introduces the concept of active transport and how it differs from passive transport by requiring cells to expend energy.
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The document summarizes four basic mechanisms of transport across cell membranes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration down a gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses protein channels to transport molecules that cannot diffuse directly through the membrane such as glucose. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane to equalize water concentration. Active transport requires energy and transports molecules against a concentration gradient using carrier proteins.
Membrane Transport System
Membrane transport systems allow molecules to pass through cell membranes. There are two main types - passive transport, which moves molecules down concentration gradients without energy, and active transport, which moves molecules against gradients by using cellular energy. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport involves transmembrane proteins that act as pumps powered by ATP.
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The document summarizes key concepts about solute transport across membranes in plant and animal cells. It discusses passive diffusion of small molecules, facilitated diffusion mediated by carrier and channel proteins, and active transport driven by ATP hydrolysis including sodium-potassium pumps and co-transport. It also describes bulk transport mechanisms like phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis as well as exocytosis for exporting materials. The seminar was presented to discuss these transport mechanisms in detail.
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How is a cell membrane selectively permeable - what permeates and what does not? How is a
dialysis membrane selectively permeable - what Dermeates and what does not?
Solution
The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable as it allow some substances to enter
through while limiting the passage of others. Three ways in which the cell membrane controls
the movement of substances is diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane has lipid bilayer with their hydrophobic tails facing
each other and their hydrophilic heads in the exterior and interior of the cell membrane.
With diffusion, substances such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide flow from a place of high
concentration to a place of low concentration.
In facilitated diffusion, ions and large molecules pass thru a membrane down their concentration
gradients.
Active transport require energy to power the pumps that pass substances from one side of the
membrane to the other in opposition to their concentration gradients. For example, the sodium-
potassium pump pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell using the ATP.
This dialysis membrane is selectively permeable regenerated cellulose used to illustrate the
principles of osmosis and diffusion.
Pores within the membrane allow the passage of water, most ions, and small molecules.
High molecular weight debris along with starch, polysaccharides, fats and protein are limited..
Cell Membrane.pptx
Cell membrane and its functions, how it make effect on our cell surface. It can implies the structure along with the components of a cell. Which portion of membrane take part in an specific functioning of the body. It can be identified easily by this presentation. Huge opportunity to get a glimpse of cell membrane and activities.
ION TRANSPORT-ppt from Manasagowda-1.pptx
This document discusses ion transport in cells. It describes two main types of ion transport: active transport and passive transport. Active transport moves ions against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport which directly couples ATP hydrolysis to ion movement, and secondary active transport involving symporters and antiporters. Passive transport moves ions down their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion involving transport proteins, and osmosis involving water movement.
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of substances across a membrane along a concentration gradient, aided by transport proteins like channel and carrier proteins. Channel proteins form hydrophilic pores through the membrane that allow rapid diffusion of small molecules and ions. Carrier proteins bind molecules and change shape to transport them, moving more slowly than channels. Gated channel proteins selectively open and close pores in response to stimuli like voltage changes, regulating substance flow across the membrane. Factors like temperature, concentration gradient, distance, and molecule size affect the rate of facilitated diffusion.
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This document provides an overview of cell transport mechanisms. It defines passive transport, which requires no energy, and active transport, which requires energy. Specific types of passive transport discussed include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport mechanisms like primary active transport, secondary active transport, and the sodium-potassium pump are also described. The document concludes with definitions of bulk transport methods - endocytosis and exocytosis.
FARINAS-TRANSPORT-ACROSS-MEMBRANES.pptx-
Cells communicate and transport materials through their membranes. There are two main types of transport across membranes: passive transport which requires no energy and occurs via diffusion or osmosis down a concentration gradient, and active transport which requires energy and transports materials against a concentration gradient using pumps or endocytosis/exocytosis. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion via channel or carrier proteins, and osmosis of water. Active transport uses pumps to move small molecules and endocytosis/exocytosis to move larger particles and molecules in or out of cells.
Cellular Transport
This document discusses different types of cellular transport. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated transport, and osmosis, which move molecules across membranes from high to low concentration without energy. Diffusion moves small molecules and gases, while osmosis moves water depending on solute concentration. Facilitated transport uses carrier proteins to move molecules too large for diffusion. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient from low to high concentration using energy and carrier proteins. Large molecules enter and exit cells through endocytosis and exocytosis, which involve invagination or vesicle formation in the plasma membrane.
Cellular transport
This document discusses cellular transport mechanisms. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated transport, and osmosis which move molecules across membranes down their concentration gradients and require no energy. Active transport mechanisms like active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis move molecules against their gradients or larger particles/cells and require energy. Diffusion allows small noncharged molecules, water, and gases to passively enter and leave cells. Osmosis involves the passive movement of water across membranes. Facilitated transport uses carrier proteins to transport molecules too large for diffusion.
Transport across cell membrane
This document summarizes key aspects of cell membrane structure and function:
- The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded protein molecules that transport substances across. Channel proteins allow passage of specific molecules, while carrier proteins bind and transport selected molecules or ions.
- Transport across the membrane occurs through passive diffusion or active transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion of lipid-soluble substances through the bilayer and facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins. Active transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient.
- Protein channels can be selectively permeable and gated to open and close based on electrical or chemical signals, precisely regulating transport. Factors like concentration gradients, electrical potential, and pressure differentials determine the
Transport through cell membrane
This presentation is all about cell membrane transport. It contain different ways of transport of different substances in and out of cell membrane, along with active and passive mechanism.
The plasma membrane and material transport
The plasma membrane maintains the internal environment of cells through selective permeability. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and attached proteins. Molecules move across the membrane via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. These processes allow for the exchange of materials while maintaining different internal and external compositions.
Transport Across Membranes
A cell is in similitude with a fenced house that has a gate. The cell membrane serves to a cell what function does to a house. Just like a gate allows for passage to and fro the house, the cell membrane has adaptions that allow communication between the internal environment with the external environment.
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Question 6 of 25In Levinson’s theories, “settling down” occurs during the following transition:
(Points : 2) Entry life structure for early adulthood
Culminating life structure for early adulthood
Mid-life transition
Entry life structure for middle adulthood
Solution
Q6:
Correct Answer:
Culminating life structure for early adulthood
Explanation:
As per the given theory, settling down takes place during the transition of culminating life
structure for early adulthood.
Q7:
Correct Answer:
Have dreams that place a greater emphasis on relationships as compared to men
Explanation:
According to the Levinson theory, a woman has dreams that has been split between relationship
and achievements. Though, on comparative basis with men, women give more emphasis on
relationship rather achievements.
Maslow Hierarchy of needs:
Correct Answer:
Belongingness and love
Maslow has created hierarchy of needs. In this hierarchy, different needs are categorized and
placed above each other. In this, love and belongingness is placed one level above safety needs.
According to Maslow:
Correct Answer:
According to Maslow, A self-actualized person is self-directed
Explanation:
Self-actualization need is placed at highest level in Maslow hierarchy of need. It means that self-
actualized person is self-directed..
Answer the following questions. EMB is considered to be both a _ medi.pdf
Answer the following questions. EMB is considered to be both a _ media and a media; the -
agent in the media is_, which stops _ bacteria from growing.
Solution
EMB is considered to be both a differential media and a selective media; the selective agent in
the media is dyes( eosinand methylene blue), which stops the gram positive bacteria from
growing..
A. The statement Evolutionists cannot point to any transitional fo.pdf
A. The statement \"Evolutionists cannot point to any transitional fossils\" is very frustrating to
the scientific community. Answer the following questions. 1. What does a creationist mean by
transitional form vs. what a scientist means by transitional form?
2. What is the frustration issue?
B. You are an evolutionary biologist in a heated argument with a creation scientist who makes
the statement—\"Mathematically, it is inconceivable that anything as complex as a protein, let
alone a living cell or a human, could spring up by chance\". 1. Make a supporting statement for
chance.
2. Now play the other side and respond to the supporting statement as you think a creation
scientist would respond.?
Solution
The creationists do not believe in evolution, they believe that god created the earth and he only
destroys it . they believe in the theory of intelligent design, therefore:
answer A: 1: creationist mean that the transitional forms are a result of intelligent design by god
and are not due to natural selection or evolution, whereas, scientists believe that transitional
forms are a product of natural selection and they are like missing links that fill in the gaps
between two phylums. As one phylum progresses to evolve in another phylum, some of the
characters of advanced phylum remain in the animals giving rise to the transitional forms like the
archeopteryx.
2. The frustration issue might be that there is a proof that such transitional forms existed and
were very rare, they have been found in the fossilized form worldwide and yet the creationists
continue to say that any such forms or organisms don\'t exist..
Culture of bacteria is having trouble dividing. Choose from the list.pdf
Culture of bacteria is having trouble dividing. Choose from the list of genes to show which of
them might have a mutation responsible for the following malfunctions. Choose the best gene for
each malfunction. All will not be used.
ftsZ
minC
zipA
xerD
DNA pol III
dnaA
TOPOIV
Malfunction 1-Two daughter cells result, but one has two copies of the chromosome
concatenated into a big circle.
Malfunction 2-Replication never starts.
Malfunction 3-Cell divides at the poles
Malfunction 4-DNA replication has slowed such that it is not finished with the whole genome by
the time cell is trying to septate.
Solution
Malfunction 1-Two daughter cells result, but one has two copies of the chromosome
concatenated into a big circle.
-TOPO IV Introduces single-stranded break into concatenated chromosomes to release them
from each other. And if it is mutated then concatenated chromosomes are not separated and may
be one cell has two copies of chromosome into big circle.
Malfunction 2-Replication never starts.
-DnaA is a protein that activates initiation of DNA replication in bacteria. So if this protein is
mutated then replication is not initiated I.e. never starts.
Malfunction 3-Cell divides at the poles.
-MinC is known to dimerize and functions as an FtsZ protein inhibitor(It forms a ring at the site
of constriction). And if MinC is mutated then cell divides at poles.
Malfunction 4-DNA replication has slowed such that it is not finished with the whole genome
by the time cell is trying to septate.
-DNA pol III is the main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5 to 3 direction I.e
It helps in strand elongation. But this is mutated then DNA replication is not appropriate..
Create a class named Student that has the following member variables.pdf
Create a class named Student that has the following member variables: first name (string), last
name(string), student identification number(int), an integer array where the grades of all classes
are stored, grade point average (gpa) (float). Write appropriate constructor, mutator and accessor
functions for the class along with the following A function that inputs all values from the user
(except for gpa) A function that outputs the names and gpa of students
Solution
/* Java Programme for Grades Calculation */
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Student
{
//Private varibles declaration
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private int sid;
private int[] grades= new int[10];
int[] tempgrades= new int[10];
int noc;
private float gpa=0;
//Constructor method
Scanner in=new Scanner(System.in); //scanner class object for reading input
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Student st=new Student(); //creating object and calling default constructor
st.readInput();
st.calgpa();
}
//Mutator for firstName
public void setfirstName(String firstName)
{
this.firstName = firstName;
}
//Mutator for lastName
public void setlastName(String lastName)
{
this.lastName = lastName;
}
//Mutator for sid
public void setsid(int sid)
{
this.sid = sid;
}
//Mutator for grades
public void setgrades(int[] grades)
{
this.grades = grades;
}
void readInput() //Function to read input data
{
System.out.println(\"Enter First Name\ \"); //Prompt for name
String temp=in.nextLine(); //reading name
setfirstName(temp); //calling mutator for firstName
System.out.println(\"Enter Last Name\ \"); //Prompt for last name
String temp1=in.nextLine(); //read last anme
setlastName(temp1); //calling mutator for lastName
System.out.println(\"Enter Student ID\ \"); //prompt for student id
int temp2=in.nextInt(); //read student id
setsid(temp2); //calling mutator for sid
System.out.println(\"Enter Number of classes ID\ \"); //Prompt for Number of classes
noc=in.nextInt(); //read Number of classes
System.out.println(\"Enter Grades of classes ID\ \"); //Prompt for Grades of classes
for(int i=0;i Gpa : \" + gpa+\"\ \"); //Dispaly output
}
}
Output :
javac Student.java //Compilation of java programme
java Student //running java programme
Sample output :
Enter First Name
Ashok
Enter Last Name
Kumar
Enter Student ID
101
Enter Number of classes ID
4
Enter Grades of classes ID
10
9
8
7
First Name : Ashok Last Name : Kumar Student Id : 101 --> Gpa : 8.5.
You identify four mutant strains that cannot synthesize Compound E. E.pdf
You identify four mutant strains that cannot synthesize Compound E. Each strain contains a
single mutation. You test the ability of each of these mutants to grow when a specific compound
(known to be an intermediate in the synthesis of Compound E) is added to the minimal growth
medium. In the table below, the ability to grow is represented by \"+\" and the inability to grow
is represented by \"-\". Propose a biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of Compound E.
Compounds that are added to the growth media a. Draw the biosynthetic pathway for Compound
E, indicating the order in which the intermediates are generated and which step is affected by
each mutant. b. You isolate a fifth mutant and show that it complements all five of the mutants
described above. When tested for growth on compounds A-E, it shows a pattern identical to
mutant 2. How could you explain this result?
Solution
Answer:
The biosynthetic pathway for compound E starts with compound A. Compound A produce
compound D. From compound D, compound C is obtained and compound D is the immediate
precursor for compound E.
In the second part of the question a fifth mutant has been introduced. Which is having same
scenario as mutant 2. It indicates both mutation effects the same loci or loci of same function in
the individual..
9. Identify at least two factors that influence the degree of stoc.pdf
9. Identify at least two factors that influence the degree of stochasticity in birth and death rates
for a species/population of your choosing. Identify the species/population and tell us which
factors and why those factors affect stochasticity.
9. Identify at least two factors that influence the degree of stochasticity in birth and death rates
for a species/population of your choosing. Identify the species/population and tell us which
factors and why those factors affect stochasticity.
Solution
Environmental fluctuations: a major factor that influences the degree of stochasticity in birth and
death rates for a species, result in changes in high to low birth & death rates that cause higher
alteration in stages of demographic transition. For example, a majority of bird species &
butterflies have undergone extinction due to \"industrial revolution followed by the degree of
stochasticity in birth and death rates of species\" finally triggered environmental fluctuation
Inbreeding depression: this is leading to low fitness finally trigger that influence the degree of
stochasticity in birth and death rates for a species/population. Inbreeding results in decreased
heterozygous alleles and increase in homozygous alleles. This results in increased chances of
inheriting the deleterious alleles or the recessive alleles, which would cause increase in genetic
disorders and decrease in allelic diversity finally low level of birth rate to death rate
Immigration/emmigration events:
the total population changes with immigration & emigration events in a particular area or country
based on pre-industrial, environmental, natality & moratility rates and the population growth
(influence the degree of stochasticity in birth and death rates) and reduction are both explained in
5 stages of model.
The major comparison of stage II is to a country in stage IV, “growth rate is higher in stage II
due to higher sanitation and higher food supply as a result higher life expectancy & low infant
mortality compared to the growth rate and fertility rate observed in stage IV. Stage IV is
composed of population with life expectancy is lower compared to stage II as a result both birth
rate & death rate are lower. This is leading to proportion of the population less than 15 years of
age in stage IV (low demographic transition) with low economy compared to stage II finally
result in low fertility of population with inadequate food sources in the population..
What are the fuctional need of a roadWhat is road building system.pdf
What are the fuctional need of a road?
What is road building system?
Solution
Prob. 1
Different classes of roads are constructed with different geometric design and to meet the
different funcitonal needs.
1. The Arterial Interstate roads/highways are constructed to interconnect states of a country with
high mobility and access to major cities.
2. Expressways are contructed to provide a function of very hight mobility in a particular
direction or connected some major cities of a country so as to reduce the time of travel. There
access and egress points are limited and therefore the traffic is to and fro from the major end
points only.
3. Similar to major arterial roads, there are minor arterial roads which serve the smaller areas and
lengths. In urban areas their function is to connect major metropolitan cities, while in rural parts,
they connect major cities and towns.
4. The collector roads are constructed to function as the feeder roads for the arterial roads. They
collect the traffic from the local roads and lead them to the arterial roads. There lengths and
amount of traffic puts them into one of the two categories of major or minor collector roads.
5. Then there are the local roads constructed to cater the transportation needs in different
localities. There lengths are limited to their respective locality but if we calculate the total
lengths of the local roads in a country, they form the largest road network by mileage..
Why does Germany have to be assertive in the EUSolutionAnswer.pdf
Why does Germany have to be assertive in the EU?
Solution
Answer
Germany\'s talk of a new, more assertive foreign policy that relies more heavily on its military is,
however, not solely linked to concerns over Russia or the United States. Germany has accepted
that its only option is to rally Europe but as the past six years have shown, it has had limited
success on the economic front. The European Union is an economic entity, but economics has
turned from being the binding element to being a centrifugal force. Either something new must
be introduced into the European experiment, or it might come undone.
Berlin believes that holding the European Union together requires adding another dimension that
it heretofore has withheld in its dealing with the bloc: military-political relations. Standing up to
a weakening Russia will appeal to Central European nations, and taking a more active role
overseas would endear Berlin to Paris. Germany\'s allusions that it would expand its international
military operations, particularly in Africa, is a clear nod to France, which has consistently
expressed its desire for a deeper military and political partnership with Germany.
Notably, the drive to bring Germany closer to France in the short term could create tensions
between them in the long term. Last week\'s summit between British Prime Minister David
Cameron and French President Francois Hollande was a reminder that France and the United
Kingdom may have extremely different views regarding the European Union but still see each
other as a military partner and, more important, as a counterweight to Germany.
Of course, Germany is in no position to take military action. It is in a position to posit the
possibility in some vague way, thereby generating political forces that can temporarily hold
things together. Berlin needs to buy time, particularly in Central Europe, where Hungary has
embarked on an independent course and is being watched carefully by others. With the United
States unwilling to become involved, Germany either becomes the counterweight or lives with
the consequences.
At first, Germany\'s actions seemed confusing and uncharacteristic. But they become more
sensible when you consider that that Berlin is looking for other tools to hold the European Union
together as it re-evaluates Russia. So far, Germany\'s announcement has been met positively,
mainly outside Germany, but the tensions that a stronger and more assertive Berlin exerts on the
European continent and the global stage are sure to come to the fore again. For now, however,
Merkel has no choice..
What is the link between wealth and welfare Do governments have a r.pdf
What is the link between wealth and welfare? Do governments have a responsibility to address
welfare?
Solution
Wealth refers to the monetary value of net assets and income earned and accumulated by an
economic entity. Welfare relates to the increase in overall standard of living, including non-
monetary standards.
In general it is presumed that higher wealth leads to higher welfare. However, that holds true
only an an individual level - individuals raise their standard of living and higher welfare state, as
they gather more wealth. But at an aggregative level, an overall nation\'s wealth doesn\'t define
its welfare state.
That is why, the welfare programs are mostly undertaken by the government to ensure that the
standard of living and overall welfare be raised for those sections of the society who cannot
afford it. Governments spend a considerable portion of their GDP every year for welfare
programs..
Which of the following are ways nutrients can enter the root cells .pdf
Which of the following are ways nutrients can enter the root cells? diffusion and transpiration
fermentation and transpiration none of these choices diffusion and active transport
Solution
10.
The answer is: diffusion and active transport.
Through diffusion and active transport, nutrients can be absorbed by root cells..
What is E coliSolutionE.coli is a bacteria that normally live.pdf
What is E coli?
Solution
E.coli is a bacteria that normally live in the intestine of humans or animals some type of E.coli
can form infection which can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever if the infection is severe
it can cause bloody diarrhea even kidney failure.
E. coli is most studied free living organism indeed some of the E.coli are beneficial. the major
cause for E.coli infection is the contaminated food.
Molecular biologist love E.coli because they have some features that make them perfect DNA
and protein producing facteries for genetic engineering. They have a short life span of (20 min
betwwen two cell division) can cultivated easily in large amount under very simple condition
they contains circular DNA in addition to Nucleoid. Such extrachromosomal circular DNA
molecule are called plasmids..
Where does mitosis occur in the bodies of vascular plantsSoluti.pdf
Where does mitosis occur in the bodies of vascular plants?
Solution
Ans.
The following cells/ tissue in the vascular plants show mitotic events-
I. Meristem tissues: Apical meristems (primary meristem) of shoot and root is under constant
mitotic divisions. Mitosis in these regions is the primary factor responsible for primary growth
(longitudinal, increase in height). Secondary meristems divide mitotically and responsible for
lateral growth (increase in thickness).
II. Parenchyma cell (ex- xylem and phloem parenchyma) constituting the parenchymatous tissue
show totipotency i.e. under appropriate conditions, these calls can dedifferentiate into embryonic
cells and form the entire plant through mitoses. These cells also may also divide to form new
cells meant for tissue repair..
Which of the following are the three properties of dataA. mean, m.pdf
Which of the following are the three properties of data?
A. mean, median, mode
B. mean, standard deviation, skewness
C. location, dispersion, shape
D. none of the above
What does the standard deviation infer about the mean’s usefulness in portraying it as a
“representative” average value of our data?
A. the larger the standard deviation the more representative the mean is as a “representative”
average
B. the smaller the standard deviation the less representative the mean is as a “representative”
average
C. the smaller the standard deviation the more representative the mean is as a “representative”
average
D. none of the above
If the mean and the median are both larger than the mode, and the mean is greater than the
median, what information about the shape of the distribution can we conclude?
A. it is symmetrical
B. it is bell-shaped
C. it is skewed to the right
D. it is skewed to the left
Solution
1.
It is OPTION B: Mean, standard deviation, skewness
2.
The smaller the standard deviation, the close the data to the mean.
Thus, it is OPTION C: the smaller the standard deviation the more representative the mean is as
a “representative” average
3. It is skewed to the right, as most data points are less than (to the left of the mean).
Hence, SKEWED TO THE RIGHT. [OPTION C].
What is the range of clinical signssymptoms of C. difficile infecti.pdf
What is the range of clinical signs/symptoms of C. difficile infection in humans?
Solution
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a symptomatic infection due to the spore forming
bacterium, clostridium difficile. The CDI is spread by bacterial spores found within faeces. The
main symptoms / signs of clostridium difficile infection includes:
1. Water diarrhoea 10 to 15 times a day
2. Abdominal cramping and pain, which may be severe
3. Rapid heart rate and fever
4. Blood or pus in the stool
5. Nausea, dehydration and loss of appetite.
6. Complications may include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, perforation of colon,
and sepsis..
What was Kants ideas regarding retributive punishmentSolution.pdf
What was Kant\'s ideas regarding retributive punishment?
Solution
Kant idea of redistributive justice:
\"Judicial punishment can never be used merely as a means to promote some other good for the
criminal himself or for civil society, but instead it must in all cases be imposed on him only on
the ground that he has committed a crime.\"
Kant regards punishment as a matter of justice, and it must be carried out by the state for the
sake of the law, not for the sake of the criminal or the victim. He argues that if the guilty are not
punished, justice is not done. Further, if justice is not done, then the idea of law itself is
undermined..
What are the major events that occur during each stage in the life cy.pdf
What are the major events that occur during each stage in the life cycle of a cell such as a skin
cell, i.e., interphase, prophase Metaphase Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis? Assume you
are a court reporter that has to explain these stages to your readers with as little jargon as
possible. How does the dell division differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Clearly these
differences may be difficult for the prokaryotes in the jury to follow unless you how the
similarities and differences.
Solution
Answer:
1. Stages of Mitosis:
a. Interphase: Cell grows and makes a copy of DNA.
b. Prophase: Nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosomes condenses and spindle formation takes
place.
c. Metaphase: Chromosomes are lined up precisely on the metaphase plate, or middle of the cell.
d. Anaphase: Spindle pulls sister chromatids apart.
e. Telophase: Chromatids begin to decondense and become chromatin. Spindle disappears.
f. Cytokinesis: Divide cell and organelles. Actin ring, or cleavage furrow splits cell.
2. Prokaryotic cells
Binary fission:
Prokaryotic cells are simple in structure when compared to eukaryotic cells. They contain non-
membranous organelles, lack a cell nucleus, and have a simplistic genome: only one circular
chromosome of limited size. Therefore, prokaryotic cell division, a process known as binary
fission, is fast. The chromosome is duplicated prior to division. The two copies of the
chromosome attach to opposing sides of the cellular membrane. Cytokinesis, the physical
separation of the cell
Eukaryotic cells
Mitosis: The division of the nucleus, separating the duplicated genome into two sets identical to
the parent\'s.
Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm, separating the organelles and other cellular
components.
Meiosis: The division of the nucleus in sex cells, making one cell into four sex cells identical to
the parent sex cell. Eukaryotic cells divide by separating the duplicated chromosomes, through
movements directed by microtubles. it protect the organ system of our body.
Degradation:
Multicellular organisms replace worn-out cells through cell division. In some animals, however,
cell division eventually halts. In humans this occurs on average, after 52 divisions, known as the
Hayflick limit. The cell is then referred to as senescent. Senescent cells deteriorate and die,
causing the body to age. Cells stop dividing because the telomeres, protective bits of DNA on the
end of a chromosome, become shorter with each division and eventually can no longer protect
the chromosome. Cancer cells, on the other hand, are \"immortal.\" An enzyme called
telomerase, present in large quantites in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres, allowing
division to continue indefinitely.
Daughter chromosomes :
During the metaphase stage of mitosis, chromosomes, which become aligned on the equatorial
plane, take on the shape of an \"X\" as a result of a repelling force between chromosomes. The
lobes of the chromosome in this shape are called \'sister ch.
What challenges do corporations face with regards to social media.pdf
What challenges do corporations face with regards to social media?
Solution
Answer:
With the advent of internet , social media turned the life into new stage. Before internet ,
childrens were busy in playing toys. But today\'s generation busy in playing vedio games online
on the computer. All round change is there. Wherever we look , all are busy on their tabs ,
laptops and mobile phones : chating , vedio calling and making VoIP calls . Social media is good
to bring people together , keep friends in touch all the time. But excess of everything is bad.
Students in colleges and universities , employees in the companies pay more attention on chating
and vedio calling rather than what actually they came for. According to a research conducted
recently Proofpoint found that 8 % companies had terminated employees because of social media
usage. As the employees sharing their sensitive information in the social media that could be
vulnerable to the whole database of the company. Here are few challenges that every should plan
:
1. Integration
2. Governance
3. Culture
4. Human Resources
5. Cyber Bullying Crisis
6. Personal opinions.
Use De Moivres theorem to change the given complex number to the fo.pdf
Use De Moivre\'s theorem to change the given complex number to the form a + bi, where a and
b are real numbers. (- Squareroot 3/2 - 1/2 i)^4
Solution
( -sqrt3/2 -i/2)^4
Polar form = r*e^i*theta
r = sqrt[ (-sqrt3/2)^2 + (1/2)^2 )] = 1
theta = tan^-1(-1/2 /-sqrt3/2) = pi +pi/3 = 4pi/3
( -sqrt3/2 -i/2)^4 = (re^i*theta)^4 = r^4e^i*4theta
= 1*e^i*16pi/3
= cos16pi/3 + isin16pi/3
= -0.5 -i*0.866.
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Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
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Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
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Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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