Encryption uses VPNs, WANs, routers, and firmware to securely transmit information over networks. A VPN creates a private network using open connections in a larger network instead of physical wires. A WAN is a wireless network that connects broad areas using routers and public communication links. Routers direct network traffic and information along different paths. Firmware is software installed directly into equipment to control hardware functions and exists as an intermediary between hardware and software.