This document provides an overview of plant tissue culture techniques. It defines plant tissue culture as growing plant cells, organs or tissues in a sterile environment with nutrient media. The key requirements for plant tissue culture are appropriate explant tissue, a suitable growth medium, aseptic conditions, growth regulators, and frequent sub-culturing. Plant tissue culture has advantages over working with intact plants like enabling large-scale growth and genetic modification. The document discusses regeneration methods like shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis that allow developing whole plants from cultured cells or tissues. It also covers the stages of micropropagation including multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization of plantlets.
Introduction to organ culture in ptc and root cultureCollege
This presentation gives details about the organ culture in plant tissue culture and its basic applications, also this provide an detailed information about the technique of root culture and gives small view about its appilications.
Introduction to organ culture in ptc and root cultureCollege
This presentation gives details about the organ culture in plant tissue culture and its basic applications, also this provide an detailed information about the technique of root culture and gives small view about its appilications.
Gametoclonal variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in gametes clones # Origin # Production # Application of Gametoclonal Variation in plants with their examples.
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Plant Tissue Culture (Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids, Callus Culture, Transgenic Plants, Embryo Rescue, Embryonic Tissues, Cometabolism, Fungi and Actinomycetes, Grampositive Rods, Cloning Vectors, Biodegradation, Batch Cultures, Organ Culture)
Plants cell tissue culture is a rapidly developing technology which holds promise of restructuring agricultural and forestry practices. During the last two decades cell culture have made considerable advanced in the field of agriculture, horticulture, plant breeding, forestry, somatic cell genetics, phytopathology etc. Plant cells can be grown in isolation from intact plants in tissue culture systems. The cells have the characteristics of callus cells, rather than other plant cell types. These are the cells that appear on cut surfaces when a plant is wounded and which gradually cover and seal the damaged area.
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Plant Tissue Culture in India, Commercialization of Plant Tissue Culture in India, Role of Plant Tissue Culture in Agriculture, Plant Tissue Culture Industry in India, Industrial Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture in Agriculture, Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture, Cell Culture and Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture and Cell Culture, Tissue Culture in Plants, Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Commercial Plant Tissue Culture in India, Plant Tissue Culture Business Plan, Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, Tissue Culture Plants, Plant Tissue Culture Business Plan, Business Opportunities in Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture Methods, Cybrid Production, Process of Cybrids Production, Production of Cybrids, Production of Cybrid Plants, Production of Haploid Plants, Haploid Production, Plant Secondary Metabolism, Production of Secondary Metabolites, Production of Secondary Metabolites Using Plant Cell Cultures, Plant Tissue Cultures in Production of Secondary Metabolites, Secondary Metabolites Production, Production of Somatic Hybrid Plants, Somatic Hybridization of Plants, Somatic Hybrid, Somatic Hybrid Production, Production of Enriched Biomass, Enrichment on Biomass Production, Formulation of Tissue Culture Medium, Collection of Explant Materials, Subculture of Callus, Regeneration of Plants from Callus, Preparation of Chick Embryo Extract, Preparation of Embryo Extract from Young Embryos, Preparation of Bovine Embryo Extract, Preparation of Eagles Medium, Media for Plant Tissues, Organ Culture, Preparation of Trypsinised Embryonic Carcass, Enrichment Culture Methods, Genetic Modification of Industrial Microorganisms Mutation
Gametoclonal variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in gametes clones # Origin # Production # Application of Gametoclonal Variation in plants with their examples.
Please watch the slides and don't forget to follow our channel to getting more updates.
Plant Tissue Culture (Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids, Callus Culture, Transgenic Plants, Embryo Rescue, Embryonic Tissues, Cometabolism, Fungi and Actinomycetes, Grampositive Rods, Cloning Vectors, Biodegradation, Batch Cultures, Organ Culture)
Plants cell tissue culture is a rapidly developing technology which holds promise of restructuring agricultural and forestry practices. During the last two decades cell culture have made considerable advanced in the field of agriculture, horticulture, plant breeding, forestry, somatic cell genetics, phytopathology etc. Plant cells can be grown in isolation from intact plants in tissue culture systems. The cells have the characteristics of callus cells, rather than other plant cell types. These are the cells that appear on cut surfaces when a plant is wounded and which gradually cover and seal the damaged area.
See more
https://goo.gl/pXccQD
https://goo.gl/MNnSqw
https://goo.gl/QgJiqW
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plant Tissue Culture in India, Commercialization of Plant Tissue Culture in India, Role of Plant Tissue Culture in Agriculture, Plant Tissue Culture Industry in India, Industrial Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture in Agriculture, Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture, Cell Culture and Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture and Cell Culture, Tissue Culture in Plants, Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Commercial Plant Tissue Culture in India, Plant Tissue Culture Business Plan, Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, Tissue Culture Plants, Plant Tissue Culture Business Plan, Business Opportunities in Plant Tissue Culture, Tissue Culture Methods, Cybrid Production, Process of Cybrids Production, Production of Cybrids, Production of Cybrid Plants, Production of Haploid Plants, Haploid Production, Plant Secondary Metabolism, Production of Secondary Metabolites, Production of Secondary Metabolites Using Plant Cell Cultures, Plant Tissue Cultures in Production of Secondary Metabolites, Secondary Metabolites Production, Production of Somatic Hybrid Plants, Somatic Hybridization of Plants, Somatic Hybrid, Somatic Hybrid Production, Production of Enriched Biomass, Enrichment on Biomass Production, Formulation of Tissue Culture Medium, Collection of Explant Materials, Subculture of Callus, Regeneration of Plants from Callus, Preparation of Chick Embryo Extract, Preparation of Embryo Extract from Young Embryos, Preparation of Bovine Embryo Extract, Preparation of Eagles Medium, Media for Plant Tissues, Organ Culture, Preparation of Trypsinised Embryonic Carcass, Enrichment Culture Methods, Genetic Modification of Industrial Microorganisms Mutation
It gives the general knowledge about plant tissue culture. As this topic is an important aspects of plant biotechnology, it will remind a brief idea about why it is necessary.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Much faster rates of growth can be induced in vitro than by traditional means.
Multiplication of plants which are very difficult to propagate by cuttings or other traditional methods.
Production of large numbers of genetically identical clones in a short time
Seeds can be germinated with no risk of damping off/ predation.
Under certain conditions, plant material can be stored in vitro for considerable periods of time with little or no maintenance
Tissue culture techniques are used for virus eradication, genetic manipulation, somatic hybridization and other procedures that benefit propagation, crop improvement, and basic research.
By means of tissue culture it is possible to produce pathogen free plantlets by mass multiplication in a very limited amount of area from a very small sterile part of a mother plant. This method is also used to produce/ multiply plants that are to be transported across national border and so for their faster multiplication.But the establishment of a tissue culturing unit needs huge financial investments, skilled labors/technicians and required areas for its establishment are major constraints. Plant tissues grow and multiply in the labs only when there is an uncompetitive, growing condition with uninterrupted supply of nutrients.
Medium:
It contains all the elements that contribute the required nutrients that aid to the growth of the tissues; it is in liquid state or semi-solid in nature. The tissues are grown on the media. It consists of 95% of water, major and minor nutrients, plant growth hormones, vitamins, sugar rich compounds and chelating agents.
Totipotency:
It is the ability of a tissue or an organ of a plant to produce the whole plant, under the optional laboratory conditions and this is called as Totipotency. This is the baseline over which plant tissue culture relies upon.
Callus Culture:
When the cells divide into an undifferentiated mass it is called as callus. Any part of a plant can be used to produce the calli. It may be a stem, leaf, meristem or any other part. It is used to produce variations among the plantlets.
Suspension culture:
The callus produced from the explants are grown on nutrient solutions (that are semi solid) for a period of time and they are induced to produce plants with new traits.
Embryo Culture:
The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. This method is very important in crop improvement programs.
Somatic Embryogenesis:
When the plants are grown on nutrient media, calli are formed. When these calli are subjected to growth in cytokinin medium, somatic embryos are formed. They are circular, elongated,
Single cell culture
• As stated earlier, cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up.
MEDICINAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIT 2, MPG, SEM 2. NOTES Different tissue culture techniques: Organogenesis and embryogenesis, synthetic seed and monoclonal variation
Protoplast fusion, Hairy root multiple shoot cultures and their applications.
Micro propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Sterilization methods involved in tissue culture, gene transfer in plants and their applications.
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
4. Definitions:
• “Tissue culture” widely for in vitro culture of cells, tissues as well
as organs
• Plant Tissue Culture is a technique of growing plant cells, organs,
seeds or other plant parts in a sterile environment on nutrient
medium.
5. Basics of Plant tissue culture
• In vitro cultivation primarily to solve two basic problems:
1. To keep plants and organs free from microbes
2. To ensure desirable development in cells and organs by providing
suitable nutrient media & other env. conditions.
Area of active research
6. What conditions do plant cells
need to multiply in vitro?
Tissue culture has several critical requirements:
Appropriate tissue
A suitable growth medium
Aseptic (sterile) conditions
Growth regulators
Frequent sub-culturing
7. Appropriate tissue (Explant)
• Explants: Cell, tissue or organ of a plant that is used to start in vitro
cultures.
• Most commonly: axillary buds and meristems
• The explants must be sterilized to remove microbial contaminants
Chemical Conc. Duration (min)
Bromine water 1-2 % 5-10
Calcium hypochlorite About 10% 5-30
Hydrogen peroxide 10-12 % 10-15
Mercuric chloride 0.1-1.0 % 5-15
Sodium hypochlorite 2 % 5-30
Antibiotics 4-50 mg/L 30-60
8. Growth medium
• A nutrient medium is defined by its mineral salt composition, carbon
source, vitamins, plant growth regulators and other organic
supplements.
Composition:
Inorganic nutrients
Vitamins
Carbon source
Growth Regulators
Complex organic additives
12. Flow chart of plant propagation by:
tissue culture method
13. Advantages of tissue culture OVER
intact plants
1. Can grow plant cells in liquid culture on a large scale—Bioreactor
2. Dihaploid plants production from haploid cultures shortens the time
taken to achieve uniform homozygous lines
3. The crossing of distantly related species by protoplast isolation and
somatic fusion help in transfer and expression of novel genes
4. Cell selection increases the potential number of individuals in a
screening program
5. Micropropagation allows the production of large numbers of uniform
individuals of species from limited starting material
6. Genetic transformation of cells enables very specific information to be
introduced into single cells which can then be regenerated
15. Plant regeneration
• The process of growing an entire
plant from a single cell or group of
cells
• Possible because plant cells can be
made totipotent using hormones
• Differentiated tissue: stem, leaves,
roots etc.
• Undifferentiated cells are
totipotent: can become whole plant
by differentiating into whole plant
17. Plant Regeneration System
Plant regeneration
Organogenesis--Shoots or roots are
induced to differentiate from a cell or cell
clusters (Shoot regeneration will be
discussed)
Somatic embryogenesis--New plants are
formed from somatic embryos. Somatic
embryos are formed in plant tissue culture
from plant cells that are not normally
involved in the development of embryos, i.e.
ordinary plant tissue
18. Shoot Regeneration
• First report by :White in 1939 in tobacco tissue culture
• Shoot buds usually arise from group of meristematic cells called
meristemoids/nodules
• Meristemoids leaf primordia and apical meristem
• Arise in areas that accumulate starch
• GA3 inhibit shoot regeneration by interfering with starch
accumulation
19. Shoot induction
Shoot differentiation
and development
Events during shoot regeneration
Morphogenic competence
acquisition Phase
Developmental
determination phase
Commitment
is
irreversible
21. Somatic Embryogenesis
• Somatic embryo is an embryo derived from a somatic cell,
other than zygote.
• Somatic embryogenesis is defined as the process of
development of a bipolar structure like zygotic embryo from
a non-zygotic somatic cell
• Doesn’t have vascular connections
• Reported in 1968 independently by Steward and Reinert in
carrot
22. Developmental pattern of SEs
Direct SE regeneration is most likely to occur from ovules, zygotic embryos and young seedlings
24. Gene Gene product Function
CHB-2 Homoeoprotein Vascular element diff.
EP2 Lipid transfer protein (LTP) Acquisition of
embryogenic potential
AlLTP1 LTP Protoderm formation
EP3 Extracellular endochitinase Protoderm formation
TS11 Arabinogalactan proteins
(AGPs)
Globularheart
shaped
Some of the Genes involved in
SE..
25. S.N Characteristic Shoot Bud Somatic Embryo
1 Origin Many cells Single cell
2 Polarity Unipolar Bipolar
3 Vascular connection with
callus/explant
Present Absent
4 Separation from callus/explant Not easily
separated unless
cut off
Easily separated
as radicular end
is cutinized
Comparison between shoot bud &
SE
27. Introduction
• Micropropagation is the process of rapidly multiplying stock plant
material to produce large number of progeny plants using plant tissue
culture methods
• Achieved by following processes:
Proliferation of axillary buds
Induction of adventitious buds
Organogenesis
Somatic Embryogenesis
• For axillary bud proliferation: Pre-existing meristem cultured
28. • SAM is the portion lying distal to youngest leaf primordium (100 μm
dia and 250 μm in length)
• Shoot tip apical meristem + 1-3 young leaf primordia (=500 μm)
• If objective is rapid propagation size is not important
• If objective is virus free minimum surrounding tissue
Meristem culture
29. Meristem culture
• Shoot tips of 0.5 mm or longer grow into shoots on GR-free media
(low levels of auxin/or cytokinin is preferred)
• Without leaf primordia culture auxin is essential in most cases
and cytokinin in some cases (as meristematic dome doesn’t produce
its own auxin and cytokinins)
2,4-D
avoided
GA3 is
often used
Leaf primordia
provides app.
amount of auxin
and cytokinin
30. 0
• Selection and preparation of mother
plants
1 • Culture initiation
2 • Multiplication
3 • Rooting of shoots
4 • Transfer to soil
Stages of Micropropagation
31. • Identification and preparation of mother plants more responsive
explants
• Stock plants under controlled conditions (glass house)good
• Overhead irrigation should be avoided
• Reduce level of contamination
• To increase responsiveness light, temp, GR
• “Rejuvenation” in tree species
0-Preparation of mother plants
32. • Surface sterilization of explants and establishing them in vitro
• Main feature detection and elimination/control of contamination
• GR-free medium used
• In case of contamination antibiotic or fungicide may be added
• Most commonly used explants are organs, shoot tips, nodal segments.
1-Culture initiation
33. • Most crucial stage as it determines the rate at which plantlets are
formed
• Multiplication by:
Enhanced proliferation of axillary shoot buds
Induction of adventitious buds, bulbs, etc.
Somatic embryogenesis (SE)
• Defined culture medium
2-Multiplication
34. • GR-free/ auxin stimulation
• On agar medium in vitro rooting
• Directly on potting mix after treating ends with auxin solution ex
vitro/ in vivo rooting
3-Rooting of shoots
Rooting and soil
transfer stages are
combined
Structurally and functionally
better roots
Better rooting to difficult
root species
No risk of root damage during
transfer to soil
Saving of labour and media
reagents
35. 4-Transfer to soil
Rooted shoots
are removed
from medium
Agar sticking
to roots
washed with
tap water
Transplanted
into plastic
cups
↓
High Humidity:
Fog
Mist
Clear cups
37. 1. Modified nutrient media and culture condition
2. Chemical additives in culture media
3. Co-culture with microorganisms
. . . Hardening/Acclimatization
...1
↑ aeration
↑ light intensity
↑ CO2 level
↓ Sucrose level
Favour photoautotrophy
...2
Polyethylene glycol
Paclobutrazol
Cuticular Biosynthesis
...3
Bacterization with
Pseudomonas
Root Colonization
with endomycorrhia
↑ Lignin content,
↑ stomatal function,
↑ tolerance to dehydration
38. Choice of Route for
Micropropagation
When all three (axillary, adv,
SE) are available Axillary is
preferable
Chimeras (two genetically
different tissues) Axillary
Desirable feature due to virus
as in geranium “crocodile”
variety adv shoot bud
regeneration
Easier, faster and more
practicable route of
micropropagation
Golden netting in
the leaf veins of
Geranium
Bulblet
regeneration
from bulb scale
in lilies
Editor's Notes
Area of active research: relies mainly on the manipulation of culture medium especially GR and to much lesser extent on other factors
Tissue culture has several critical requirements:
Appropriate tissue
A suitable growth medium containing energy sources and inorganic salts to supply cell growth needs. This can be liquid or semisolid.
Aseptic (sterile) conditions, as microorganisms grow much more quickly than plant and animal tissue and can overrun a culture.
Growth regulators - in plants, both auxins & cytokinins.
Frequent subculturing to ensure adequate nutrition and to avoid the build-up of waste metabolites
This is usually done by chemical surface sterilization with an agent for a duration that will kill pathogens w/o injuring the plant cells
When an explant is isolated, it is no longer able to receive
nutrients or hormones from the plant, and these must be
provided to allow growth in vitro. The composition of the
nutrient medium is for the most part similar, although the
exact components and quantities will vary for different
species and purpose of culture. Types and amounts of
hormones vary greatly. In addition, the culture must be
provided with the ability to excrete the waste products of
cell metabolism. This is accomplished by culturing on or in
a defined culture medium which is periodically
replenished.
N in the form of amino acids (glutamine, asparagine)
and nucleotides (adenine)
- Organic acids: TCA cycle acids (citrate, malate,
succinate, fumarate), pyruvate
- Complex substances: yeast extract, malt extract,
coconut milk, protein hydrolysate
- Activated charcoal is used where phenol-like
compounds are a problem, absorbing toxic pigments
and stabilizing pH. Also, to prevent oxidation of
phenols PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), citric acid,
ascorbic acid, thiourea and L-cysteine are used.
protoderm. a thin outer layer of the meristem in embryos and growing points of roots and stems, which gives rise to the epidermis.
Shoot apical meristems produce one or more axillary or lateral buds at each node. When stems produce considerable secondary growth, the axillary buds may be destroyed. Adventitious buds may then develop on stems with secondary growth.