House Sparrows are closely associated with human settlements and buildings, where they find shelter and food. They eat grains, seeds, and insects, readily visiting bird feeders. House Sparrows nest in cavities in buildings and structures, often outcompeting native cavity-nesting birds. While their populations were previously increasing with human expansion, House Sparrow numbers have more recently declined by around 80% from the mid-20th century, possibly due to agricultural industrialization reducing suitable habitat.

1. HOUSE SPARROW

2. HABITAT
House Sparrows are closely associated with people and their buildings.
Look for them in cities, towns, suburbs, and farms (particularly around livestock).
You won’t find them in extensive woodlands, forests, or grasslands.
In extreme environments such as deserts or the far north, House Sparrows survive only in the
immediate vicinity of people.

3. FOOD
• House Sparrows eat mostly grains and seeds, as well as livestock feed and, in cities, discarded
food.
• Among the crops they eat are corn, oats, wheat, and sorghum.
• Wild foods include ragweed, crabgrass and other grasses, and buckwheat.
• House Sparrows readily eat birdseed including millet, milo, and sunflower seeds.
• Urban birds readily eat commercial bird seed. In summer, House Sparrows eat insects and feed
them to their young.
• They catch insects in the air, by pouncing on them, or by following lawnmowers or visiting lights
at dusk.

4. NEST
• House Sparrows nest in holes of buildings and other structures such as
streetlights, gas-station roofs, signs, and the overhanging fixtures that hold traffic
lights.
• They sometimes build nests in vines climbing the walls of buildings.
• House Sparrows are strong competitors for nest boxes, too, at times displacing
the species the nest box was intended for, such as bluebirds and Tree Swallows.
• House Sparrows nest in holes in trees somewhat less often.

5. NEST DESCRIPTION
• House Sparrow nests are made of coarse dried vegetation, often
stuffed into the hole until it’s nearly filled.
• The birds then use finer material, including feathers, string, and
paper, for the lining.
• House Sparrows sometimes build nests next to each other, and these
neighboring nests can share walls.
• House Sparrows often reuse their nests.

6. NESTING FACTS
Clutch Size: 1-8 eggs
Number of Broods: 1-4 broods
Egg Length: 0.8-0.9 in (2-2.2 cm)
Egg Width: 0.6-0.6 in (1.4-1.6 cm)
Incubation Period: 10-14 days
Nestling Period: 10-14 days
Egg Description: Light white to greenish white or bluish white,
usually spotted with gray or brown.
Condition at Hatching: Entirely naked upon hatching with bright pink skin, eyes
closed, clumsy.

7. Behaviour
• House Sparrows hop rather than walk on the ground.
• They are social, feeding in crowded flocks and squabbling over crumbs or seeds on the ground.
• House Sparrows are a common sight at bird feeders; you may also see them bathing in street-side puddles
or dustbathing on open ground, ruffling their feathers and flicking water or dust over themselves with
similar motions.
• From living in such close company, House Sparrows have developed many ways of indicating dominance and
submission. Nervous birds flick their tails.
• Aggravated birds crouch with the body horizontal, shove their head forward and partially spread and roll
forward their wings, and hold the tail erect.

8. This can intensify to a display with wings lifted, crown and throat feathers standing on end, tail
fanned, and beak open. Males with larger amounts of black on the throat tend to dominate over
males with less black.
When males display to a prospective mate, they fluff up their chest, hold their wings partially open,
fan the tail, and hop stiffly in front of the female, turning sideways and sometimes bowing up and
down.
Sometimes, other males who spot such a display in progress will fly in and begin displaying as well.
In flocks, males tend to dominate over females in fall and winter, but females assert themselves in
spring and summer.

9. Conservation
• House Sparrow populations have declined by about 3% per year resulting in a cumulative decline
of nearly 80% between 1966 and 2019, according to the North American Breeding Bird Survey.
• Partners in Flight estimates a global breeding population of 740 million and rates them 9 out of
20 on the Continental Concern Scale, indicating a species of low conservation concern.
• House Sparrows are fierce competitors for nest holes in trees and nest boxes.
• These are valuable commodities for birds that require them for breeding and unfortunately,
nonnative House Sparrows squeeze out some of our native cavity-nesting species.
• After becoming common in North American cities where they were intentionally released in the
nineteenth century, House Sparrows colonized farmyards and barns during the twentieth century.
• With the recent industrialization of farms, House Sparrows now seem to be declining across most
of their range.