Animal communication allows for the transfer of information between animals. It can occur through visual, auditory, chemical, and mechanical channels. Visual signals include changes in coloration, posture, and facial expressions. Auditory signals involve the production of sounds through vocalizations or other noises. Chemical signals include pheromones that are detected by smell. Honest signals are more likely when the interests of the signaler and receiver are aligned, the signal reveals inherent qualities of the signaler that cannot be faked, producing the signal is costly, or dishonesty can be detected. Dishonest signals are more probable when the interests of the signaler and receiver differ or assessing signals is difficult.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection.
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
This PPT is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester II.
For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection.
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
This PPT is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester II.
For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Animal communication - Dr. Jeni Padua
Intraspecific Communication
Interspecific communication
Types:
Visual Communication
Auditory Communication
Chemical Communication
Tactile Communication
Electrical Communication
Types of pheromone in the mammals and Their functionsArubSultan
Mammalian pheromones, including those of humans, occur in four varieties, primer, releaser, signaler, and modulator, which, respectively, affect endocrine responses, elicit behavior, provide information, and influence emotion.Pheromones assist in reproduction, feeding, social interactions and maternal-neonatal bonding in mammals. By definition and according to evolutionary theory, pheromones work within a species. Some chemicals operate between species
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Communication in Animals
1. B Y
N A V E E D A K H T A R
A S S I S T A N T P R O F E S S O R O F Z O O L O G Y
Animal Communication
2. What is communication?
Animal communication is the passage of information b/w two
animals
The animal which sends is called signaler and the animal
that receives signal is called receiver.
It benefits the signaler or an average to both partner.
The transfer of information from a signaler to a receiver—in
order to better understand animal behavior.
Animal communication is also known as Biological
communication
A stereotyped sequenced of behaviors that has a signaling
function is called Display.
he study of animal communication is called Zoosemiotics
The classical ethological view of communication was
developed by Niko Tinbergen.
6. Channels of Communication in Animals
The pathway linking a signaler and the receiver of
the signal is known as a channel.
The term channel of communication is used to
describe the various sensory modalities that are
utilized by animals to facilitate effective
communication
Some such as the electrical sense are relatively rarely
used because they can only operate in one specific
environment
These are the visual, auditory, chemical and
mechanical channels
7. Each of these channels presents advantages and
disadvantages to the user, and these may vary from
environment to environment.
For this reason individuals may rely upon a
combination of them
13. Facial expressions are also used to convey
information in some species. For instance, what is
known as the fear grin—shown on the face of the
young chimpanzee below—signals submission. This
expression is used by young chimpanzees when
approaching a dominant male in their troop to
indicate they accept the male's dominance.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Sound signals have several advantages.
They can be transmitted over long distances, especially in
water. Although sound is transmitted more slowly than
light, it still can be a rapid means of sending a message,
particularly at close range
For example, mammals use their larynx and birds use
their syrinx to produce sound.
The anatomical structure and location of these organs are
different, but both allow production of complex sounds.
Crickets, for example, produce sound by opening and
closing their wings.
19. Some animals make sounds that humans cannot
hear. For example, several groups of mammals,
including cetaceans, bats, and rodents, produce and
detect ultrasounds as part of echolocation
Ultrasounds are sounds whose frequencies are above
those audible to humans, which means frequencies
greater than about 20 kHz
Human hearing also has a lower limit: we typically
cannot hear sounds whose frequencies are less than
about 20 Hz, so sounds below this limit are called
infrasound.
22. The advantages of chemical communication are not as
immediately apparent as those offered by the visual and
acoustic channels.
To be effective the molecules that make up a chemical
signal need to move from the sender to the receiver.
In some cases this is achieved by the sender physically
placing the signal onto the receiver, or by the receiver
moving to a deposited signal to pick it up. More often it
involves the movement of the chemical through air or
water by the process of diffusion.
23. Some species of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have
a vomeronasal (or Jacobson’s) organ that is
important in chemical communication between mates,
parents and offspring, and rivals.
t is anatomically separate from other chemosensory
structures, and its neural wiring goes to brain regions
different from those associated with the main olfactory
system
The vomeronasal organ is located in the roof of the
mouth or between the nasal cavity and the mouth, so
communicative chemicals must reach it through the
nose, mouth, or both. B
24. Pheromones:
Chemicals produced to convey information to other members of the same
species are called pheromones. Some of these, releaser pheromones, have
an immediate effect on the recipient’s behavior.
A good example of a releaser pheromone is a sex attractant
The most famous sex attractant is probably that of the female silk moth,
Bombyx mori. She emits a minuscule amount, only about 0.01 microgram,
of her powerful sex attractant, bombykol, from a small sac at the tip of her
abdomen
This pheromone, which is carried by the wind to any males in the vicinity,
binds to the receptor hairs on the male’s antennae. As few as 200 molecules
of bombykol have an immediate effect on the male’s behavior— he turns
and flies upwind in search of the emitting female
Trail Pheromones: Other examples of releaser pheromones in insects
are trail pheromones, which direct the foraging efforts of others, and alarm
substances, which warn others of danger.
25. Vertebrates also produce releaser pheromones. For
example, lactating rabbits produce mammary
pheromone, which stimulates their pups to search
for and grasp onto a nipple
Vertebrates also produce releaser pheromones. For
example, lactating rabbits produce mammary
pheromone, which stimulates their pups to search
for and grasp onto a nipple
3. Primer pheromones exert their effect more
slowly, by altering the physiology and subsequent
behavior of the recipient.
26. In insect societies, queens control the reproductive
activities of nest mates largely through primer
pheromones. For example, a queen honeybee
produces several compounds from her mandibular
gland that ensure that she will remain the only
reproductive indi
27.
28.
29.
30. MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION
Animals do not always use a single channel when
communicating. In fact, the displays of many
animals contain signals from two or more sensory
modalities. This type of communication is called
multimodal communication, and the signaling in
different channels can occur either simultaneously or
sequentially
33. Topic# 2
SIGNALS AND HONESTY
SIGNALS AND HONESTY
Four common circumstances under which we expect
to see honest signals:
(1) when senders and receivers share overlapping
goals,
(2) when signals indicate something about the
sender that cannot be faked,
(3) when signals are costly to produce, and
(4) when dishonest signalers can be identified.
34. 1. If Senders and Receivers Share
Overlapping Goals
Sometimes both the sender and receiver share the
same goal: the sender benefits by accurately
transmitting information, and the receiver benefits
by accurately interpreting it.
The coordination of behaviors between animals that
have chosen to mate provides an example. In cases
like these, we expect that natural selection will favor
unambiguous, honest signals.
35. Example: Begging chicks are quite obvious to
predators as well as parents, so begging too much,
when food is not needed, is a poor strategy
Parents usually respond to the signal by providing
food to those chicks that beg most vigorously
36. 2. If Signals Cannot Be Faked
Sometimes signals are honest because they are tightly
linked to a trait of the sender.
Although the sender might benefit if it could lie, it simply
is not possible to fake the signal.
Size is usually a good predictor of fighting success, and
many displays allow opponents to judge one another’s
size.
In some species, combatants can enhance their apparent
size by puffing up their feathers, fluffing out their fur, or
assuming an upright posture, but in other species, size is
not so easily faked. In the threat display of male stalk-
eyed flies
37. Other signals are honest because they are linked very
strongly to an animal’s health and physiological
wellbeing.
For example, the bright reds and yellows of feathers,
scales, or fleshy necks or combs of some birds depend on
chemicals called carotenoids. These chemicals cannot be
synthesized by vertebrates but must be obtained in the
diet.
3. If Signals Are Costly to Produce
Reliable signals will be favored in a population when
signals are costly to the sender
Handicap Principle
38.
39. If Dishonest Signalers Can Be Identified
A stable social unit also favors honest
communication.
One reason to expect honesty is that individuals will
both send and receive signals at different times.
The advantages of sending dishonest signals will be
reversed when the animal is the receiver. Therefore,
the advantages of receiving honest signals might
outweigh the advantages of sending dishonest ones,
and honesty might come to predominate in the
population.
40. WHEN ARE DISHONEST SIGNALS LIKELY?
If Senders and Receivers Have Different
Goals
Just as overlapping goals between senders and
receivers favor honesty in signaling, different goals
set the stage for deception
If Signals Are Costly to Assess or Challenge
Assessing signals can itself be costly. For example, a
cricket assessing the quality of a singing male must
invest time in listening and may risk attack by
parasites or predators that are attracted to the male’s
song.