Strongbrook Buy & Hold-Turnkey StrategyWilliam Moore
Generational Wealth Zone presents Strongbrook; A client based National Real Estate Investment Company that uses a turn-key approach to investing in Real Estate & Strongbrook Direct; A client acquisition referral network
Saponins presentation PPT Students of Dr Shahid Rasool.pptshahidrasool65
Glycosides are compounds containing a carbohydrate and a noncarbohydrate residue in the same molecule.
The carbohydrate residue is attached by an acetal linkage at carbon atom 1 to a noncarbohydrate residue or AGLYCONE.
The nonsugar component is known as the AGLYCONE. The sugar component is called the GLYCONE.
Strongbrook Buy & Hold-Turnkey StrategyWilliam Moore
Generational Wealth Zone presents Strongbrook; A client based National Real Estate Investment Company that uses a turn-key approach to investing in Real Estate & Strongbrook Direct; A client acquisition referral network
Saponins presentation PPT Students of Dr Shahid Rasool.pptshahidrasool65
Glycosides are compounds containing a carbohydrate and a noncarbohydrate residue in the same molecule.
The carbohydrate residue is attached by an acetal linkage at carbon atom 1 to a noncarbohydrate residue or AGLYCONE.
The nonsugar component is known as the AGLYCONE. The sugar component is called the GLYCONE.
This presentation shows the types of drugs, their uses, trade names in Egypt and drug interactions with them
Please pray for my brother Fahd for mercy and forgiveness and to admit him to heaven ,May God grant rest to his soul and keep it in Paradise.
How to reduce fever, pain and inflammation in toddlers?avanlimedia
Profinal suspension is a specially formulated, alcohol free, non-steroidal, anti inflammatory (NSAID) pediatric oral suspension. It is sweet, palatable, fast acting, ibuprofen based and well tolerated by children.
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (nsai ds) /certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indocap (Generic Indomethacin Capsules) is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine used for the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis including acute flares of chronic disease, moderate to severe ankylosing spondylitis, moderate to severe osteoarthritis, acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or tendinitis) and acute gouty arthritis.
www.numedscience.com
This website provide authentic material for medical and nursing students.
This presentation helps other students which are in nursing and prepare for presentation.
Advertising media refers to the various channels or vehicles through which promotional content is communicated in various forms such as text, speech, images, videos etc.
antidotes and their MOA
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. The term ultimately derives from the Greek αντιδιδοναι antididonai, "given against"
Natural compounds from the bark of the cinchona tree, most notably quinine was observed to exhibit antimalarial activity.
Until the development of synthetic derivatives (ie. 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials), quinine continued to be the first choice to treat malaria.
Quinine is associated with side effects such as diarrhœa.
4-aminoquinoline antimalarials such as amodiaquine and chloroquine largely replaced quinine because of reduced unpleasant side effects.
The life cycle of the parasite and the immunological defence mechanisms against the parasite are complex.
Part of the parasite’s life cycle involves invasion of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The haemoglobin within the red blood cell is broken down by the parasite and is used as a source of amino acids.
The 4-aminoquinolines act at the erythrocytic stage of the parasite.
Doxycycline is a compound used in prophylaxis against plasmodial parasites.
Other compounds associated with treating malaria include halofantrine and lumefantrine, often used in combination with other drugs.
Pharmaceutical Quality Management of Dexamethasone tablets BP
Dexamethasone tablets USP
DEXAMETHSONE OPTHALMIC SUSPENSION BP
DEXAMETHSONE OPTHALMIC SUSPENSION USP
Dexamethasone is a synthetic (man-made) corticosteroid.
Corticosteroids are naturally-occurring chemicals produced by the adrenal glands located above the kidneys.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group is neurological disorder. An epileptic seizure is a paroxysm(sudden) of uncontrolled discharges of neurons causing an event that is discernible(visible) by the person experiencing the seizures or by the observer. The tendency to have recurrent attacks is known as epilepsy.
phenytoin,phenobarbital,sodium valporate ,carbamazepine,clonazepam and diazepam, lamotrigine,pregabalin,felbamate,zonisamide, ETHOSUXIMIDE, LEVETIRACETAM, OXACARBAZEPINE, PRIMIDONE
RESEARCH IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY and PHARMACY EDUCATIONAsra Hameed
RESEARCH IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY:
Advancement of pharmacy practice and healthcare
Pharmacists play a vital role in the health care system through the medicine and information they provide. Pharmacy education is the broad term which mainly involves the
Pharmacist educational requirements and carrier
Patient education
1) BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF NON SUGAR MOIETY
2) BASED ON TE NATURE OF SUGAR MOITY
3) BASED ON LINKAGE BETWEEN GLYCON AND AGLYCON PORTION
4) BASED ON THERAPEUTIC NATURE OF GLYCOSIDE
ALLAH Kareem nay Hazrat Muhammad S.A.W.W ko tmaam insaaniyat kay lye rehmat bna kr bheja, jnki sadaqat ki gawahi kaafir be daitay thay, tau aisay Nabi aur Khuda ka mazhab deshatgardi aur khoonraizi ki ijazat kaisay dy skta hai?
Introduction:
Poverty Condition in Pakistan
Causes/Reasons of poverty in Pakistan
Effects of poverty in Pakistan
Solutions/Remedies to Overcome the Poverty in Pakistan
Conclusion
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
4. Overview
Isoniazid is the hydrazide of isonicotinic acid.
Isoniazid is structurally similar to pyridoxine and
introduced in 1952.
It is the most active drug for the treatement of
tuberculosis caused by susceptible strains used
either alone or in combination with other drugs.
It is prepared by chemical synthesis.
It is available in combination with pyrazinamide,
rifampicin, ethambutol, pyridoxine and
cyanocobalamine.
5. Isoniazid also known as Isonicotic Acid Hydrazide, Isonicotic Acid
Hydrazide, Isonicotic Acid Hydrazide. .
It is of Synthetic origin and belongs to Hydrazine.
It belongs to Antimycobacterial agent pharmacological group on the
basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Antituberculous
Drugs pharmacological group.
The Molecular Weight of Isoniazid is 137.10.
Its pKa is 1.8, 3.5, 9.5.
6. MOA: Isoniazid inhibits synthesis of
mycolic acids, which are essential
components of mycobacterial cell walls.
13. Dosage
Adult Dosage Single
Dose
Frequency Route Instructions
300 mg
Paedriatic
Dosage ( 20 Kg.
)
Single Dose Frequency Route Instructions
15 mg/kg 15 (15) 24 hourly Intra Muscular Single Dose
10 mg/kg 10 (10) 24 hourly Intra Venous Single Dose
Neonatal Dosage
( 3 Kg. ) Single Dose Frequency Route Instructions
10 to 15 mg/kg 12 (12.5) 24 hourly Intavenous
10 to 15 mg/kg 12 (12.5) 24 hourly Intramuscular
10 to 15 mg/kg 12 (12.5) 24 hourly Oral
14. High Risk Groups
• Kidney dysfunction, Liver Malfunction, and
Neonates.
Warning / Precautions
• Minimize alcohol consumption
• Used with caution if patients have kidney or liver
problems, diabetes, history of alcohol use and of
any drug allergy.
• Avoid With Tyramine and Histamine-containing
foods e.g. fish, cheese, yeast extract or sausages.
• It should be used during pregnancy or lactation
only if clearly needed.
15. Storage Conditions
Oral Syrup, Inj
Store at room temperature. Do
not Freeze. Protect from
Sunlight.
Tab
Store in a well closed container,
Between 15°C-30°C. Protect
from Sunlight and Moisture.
16. Manufacturer(s) of Isoniazid in Pakistan.
Abbott
Adamjee
Amson
CCL
Dosaco
Efroze
Ferro
Genera
Genix
Geofman
Gray's
Irza
Jawa
Jinnah
LCPW
Lisko
Lowitt
Nabiqasim
Noa Hemis
Novartis
Pacific
PDH
Pfizer
Pharmacare
Pharmawise
Polyfine
Reko
Rex
Saydon
Sharex
Standard
Syntex
Unexo
Wilshire
Zafa
Zaka
19. Pyrazinamide, the pyrazine
analogue of nicotinamide, is
an antituberculosis agent.
It is a white crystalline
powder.
Sparingly soluble in water.
20. Pyrazinamide is an antibiotic treats only bacterial infection.
It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold,
flu).
It is an antibiotic and works by stopping the growth of
bacteria.
Pyrazinamide is a drug used to treat tuberculosis. The
drug is largely bacteriostatic, but can be bacteriocidal.
Pyrazinamide is only used in combination with other drugs
such as isoniazid and rifampicin in the treatment of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
21. Rapid and almost complete from GI tract. T
max is within 2 h and plasma concentrations
range from 30 to 50 mcg/mL.
Widely distributed to most fluids and
tissues, including the liver, lungs, kidney,
and bile. Excellent penetration into CSF
(87% to 105%). Vd is 0.57 to 0.74 L/kg.
Protein binding is approximately 10%.
Distributes into breast milk.
Renal (3% as unchanged form.70% of
orally adminsitered dose is excreted in the
urine. The t ½ is approximately 1.6hr.
22. ADULTS
• PO 15 to 30 mg/kg every day or 50 to 70
mg/kg 2 times/wk.
CHILDRE
N
• PO 15 to 30 mg/kg every day or 50 to 70
mg/kg 2 times/wk
ADMINIST
R
ATION
• Administer without regard to meals.Administer
with food if GI upset occurs.
STORAG
E/STABLI
TY
• Store at room temperature (59° to 86°F) in
tightly closed, light-resistant container.
24. Pyrazinamide is a prodrug that stops the growth of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
Pyrazinamide diffuses into M. tuberculosis, where the enzyme
pyrazinamidase converts pyrazinamide to the active form pyrazinoic
acid.
Under acidic conditions, the pyrazinoic acid that slowly leaks out
converts to the protonated conjugate acid, which is thought to diffuse
into the bacilli and accumulate.
The net effect is that more pyrazinoic acid accumulates inside the
bacillus and was thought to inhibit the enzyme fatty acid synthase
(FAS) , which is required by the bacterium to synthesise fatty acids,the
accumulation of pyrazinoic acid disrupts membrane potential and
interferes with energy production, necessary for survival of M.
tuberculosis at an acidic site of infection.
Pyrazinoic acid and its ester inhibit the synthesis of fatty
acids.Pyrazinoic acid binds to the ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA) and
inhibits trans-translation.
It shows the ability of the drug to kill dormant mycobacteria.
30. Ibuprofen to a class of drugs called NON-STEROIDAL
ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS).
BRANDS:
Advil
Medipren
Motrin
Nuprin
Pedia care fever etc
31. Ibuprofen is a non selective inhibitor of an enzyme called
Cyclooxygenase (COX), which is required for the synthesis of
Prostaglandins via the arachidonic acid pathway.
COX is needed to convert arachidonic acid to
prostaglandins H2 (PGH2) in the body.
The PGH2 is then converted to
prostaglandins.
The inhibition of COX by ibuprofen
therefore lowers the level of
prostaglandins made by the body.
32. Treat minor aches & pain
caused by the common cold
Headache
Toothache
Back or muscle ache
Arthritis
Also used to reduce fever
33. Ibuprofen is contraindicated in patients with
known hypersensitivity to ibuprofen.
It should not be given to patients who have experienced
asthma, urticaria, or allergic type reactions after taking
asprin or other NSAIDS.
It is contraindicated in the setting of coronary artery bypass
graft (CABG) surgery.
It should be avoided in pregnancy.
34. Is better at reducing fever
than Tylonol.
Its anti- platelet properties
are mild and short lived as
compared to aspirin.
37. OVERVIEW
Ribavirin is antiviral agent.
Ribavirin is a synthetic guanosine analogue.
Ribavirin is active against several DNA and RNA viruses.
Ribavirin is administered to infants and young children with respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV) severe chest infections or pneumonia.
38. Ribavirin also known as
Tribavirin.
It is of Synthetic origin
and belongs to
Triazoribose.
t belongs to Antiviral
Agents pharmacological
group on the basis of
mechanism of action,
The Molecular Weight of
Ribavirin is 244.20.
39. MOA: May inhibit the initiation and
elongation of RNA fragments by
inhibiting polymerase activity, which in
turn results in the inhibition of viral
protein synthesis
44. Drug Details
Abacavir
Didanosine Coadministration of Ribavirin and
didanosine is contraindicated as
because exposure to the active
metabolite of didanosine are increased.
Fatal hepatic failure, as well as
peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and
symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic
acidosis have been reported in patients
receiving both didanosine and ribavirin.
Interferon Alpha 2b
Stavudine Ribavirin may antagonize the cell culture
antiviral activity of stavudine against HIV.
Zidovudine Ribavirin may antagonize the cell culture
antiviral activity of Zidovudine against
HIV.
47. DOSAGE
Dose
Single
Dose
Frequenc
y
Route Instructions
Adult Dosage
400 mg 400 (400) 12 hourly PO For Hapatitis C, for 6 months.
Paedriatic Dosage ( 20 Kg. )
2.5 to 5
mg/kg
3.8 (3.75) 8 hourly Oral For 1-2 Weeks
Neonatal Dosage ( 3 Kg. )
3.125 to
6.25
mg/kg
4.7
(4.6875)
8 hourly Oral
48. HIGH RISK GROUPS
• Drug should not be given to Pregnant
Mothers, patients suffering from
Kidney dysfunction, and Neonates.
WARNING / PRECAUTIONS
• Ribavirin should not be used during
pregnancy, since the risks outweigh
the benefits. Birth control measures
should be taken while using this
medicine
49. STORAGE CONDITIONS
Inhalation Soln (freshly
prepared),capsules and
tablets
Store at room temperature..
Protect from Sunlight and
Moisture.
Use within 24 hrs if kept at room
temperature.
53. OVERVIEW
It is a water-soluble hemisuccinate derivative of dihydroartemisinin.
Artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin are
potent blood schizonticides, active against the ring stage of
the parasite
It is also active against chloroquine and mefloquine resistant strains
of P. falciparum.
Artesunate is ideal for the treatment of severe malaria, including
cerebral malaria.
It is unstable in neutral solution and is therefore only available for
injections as artesunic acid.
54. PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS
It is of Semi Synthetic origin.
The Molecular Weight of Artesunate is
384.42.
Used for oral, rectal, intravenous and intramuscular administration.
56. PHARMACOKINETICS
Plasma half life is 45 min
2.4mg/kg dose in adult patients with P. falciparum malaria: Cmax:
11,330 mcg/L; Half-life: 2.7 hours; Volume of distribution: 0.14 L/kg;
57. INDICATIONS
Artesunate is primarily indicated in conditions like Cerebral
malaria, Chloroquine resistant malaria.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Artesunate is contraindicated in conditions
like Hypersensitivity,Pregnancy.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
No data regarding the interactions of Artesunate was found.
60. DOSAGE
Dose Single Dose Frequency Route Instructions
Adult Dosage
2.4 mg/kg 2.4 (2.4) As
recommended.
IM Severe malaria: This dose is followed by
1.2mg/Kg at 12 and 24 hours then 1.2mg/Kg
daily for 6 days. If the patient can swallow, the
daily dose can be given orally.
2.4 mg/kg 2.4 (2.4) As
recommended.
IV Severe malaria: This dose is followed by
1.2mg/Kg daily until the patient can take orally
artesunate or another effective antimalarial
drug.
4 mg/kg 4 (4) As
recommended.
PO Monotherapy: 4mg/Kg loading dose on the
first day followed by 2mg/Kg once a day for 6
days.
4 mg/kg 4 (4) As
recommended.
PO Combination therapy: 4mg/Kg once a day for
3 days plus mefloqine (15mg or 25mg of base
per Kg) as a single dose or split dose on the
second and/or third day.
61. Paedriatic Dosage ( 20 Kg. )
No data regarding the Paedriatic dosage details of Artesunate is available.
Neonatal Dosage ( 3 Kg. )
No data regarding the neonatal dosage details of Artesunate is available.
INTERFERENCEIN PATHOLOGY
No data regarding the pathological interferences produced by
artesunate is available
64. Amodiaquine is a 4-
aminoquinoline
antimalarial with an
action and uses similar to
that of chloroquine.
Amodiaquine is not
recommended for the
prophylaxis of
malaria.
Amodiaquine is used
to treat malaria
65. Amodiaquine HCl is the
derivative of Amodiaquine.
It is of Synthetic origin and
belongs to Quinoline Phenol
It belongs to Antiplasmodial
pharmacological group on the
basis of mechanism of action and
also classified in Antimalarial
Agent
pharmacological
group.The Molecular
Weight of Amodiaquine is
464.80.
66. • The mechanism of
plasmodicidal action of
amodiaquine is not
completely certain. Like
other quinoline
derivatives, it is thought to
inhibit heme polymerase
activity. This results in
accumulation of free
heme, which is toxic to the
parasites. The drug binds
the free heme preventing
the parasite from
converting it to a form less
toxic. This drug-heme
complex is toxic and
disrupts membrane
function.
67. • Oral absorption of Amodiaquine is found to
be 82.5% ±2.5. Plasma protien binding is
extensive. Presystemic metabolism is noted
to be 82.5% ±2.5 and metabolism is reported
via liver. Plasma half life is 5.2 hr.
INDICATIONS
• Amodiaquine is primarily indicated in
conditions like Malaria, Nephrogenic and
partial pituitary diabetes insipidus.
68. • Amodiaquine is
contraindicated in
conditions
like Malaria
prophylaxis
DRUG
INTERACTIONS
• No data regarding
the interactions of
Amodiaquine was
found.
69. • The severe or irreversible
adverse effects of
Amodiaquine, which give
rise to further
complications include
Liver damage.
• Amodiaquine produces
potentially life-threatening
effects which include
Blood dyscrasias, Lupus
erythematosus. which are
responsible for the
discontinuation of
Amodiaquine therapy.
• The symptomatic adverse
reactions produced by
Amodiaquine are more or
less tolerable and if they
become severe, they can
be treated
symptomatically, these
include Weakness,
Nausea, Vomiting,
Diarrhea, Abdominal
cramps, Tinnitus, Irregular
heart beat, Termors,
General malaise, Skin
pigmentation, Palate
pigmentation, Nail-beds
pigmentation.
70. Dose Single Dose Frequency Route Instructions
Adult Dosage
35 mg/kg 35 (35) As
recommende
d.
PO For 3 days.
Paedriatic Dosage ( 20 Kg. )
5 to 10
mg/kg
7.5 (7.5) As
recommende
d.
Oral Once a Week
Neonatal Dosage ( 3 Kg. )
6.25 mg/kg 6.2 (6.25) As
recommende
d.
oral Once a week
71. Drug should not be given to
Pregnant Mothers.
• WARNING /
PRECAUTIONS
It should be used with
caution in patients allergic
to peanuts, not to be used
on broken, infectious skin.
It should be used with
caution in blockage of the
gut (intestinal obstruction).
72.
73. Chemical class: Rifamycin.
Therapeutic class: Anti tuberclosis
agent,antibiotic,antinfective.
Available dosage forms: It is available by mouth
and intravenously.
75. • Rifampicin is easily absorbed from
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
• Only about 7% of the administered drug will be excreted
unchanged through the urine, About 60% to 65% is
excreted through the feces.
The half-life of rifampic in ranges from 1.5 to 5.0 hours.
About 60% to 90% of the drug is bound to plasma
proteins.
Metabolized by liver.
Distribution of the drug is high throughout the body, Since
the substance itself is red, this high distribution is the
reason for the orange-red color of the saliva, tears,
sweat, urine, and feces.
76. • TUBERCLOSIS.
• ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS.
• LEPROSY.
• PROPHYLAXIS OF H.INFLUENZA TYPE B
DISEASE IN CHILDERNS.
77. Contraindicated: in jaundice and porphyria.
Precautions:Liver impairment,imparts organs red
colour to urine,saliva,tears,sweat and
sputum,young childerns,pregnancy,breast
feeding,old age.
78. • GI:Anorexia,nausea,vomiting,dirrhoea.
• Respiratory symptoms:SOB,collaps and
shock,haemolytic
anaemia,thrombocytpenia,jaundice,flushing,urtic
aria,rash.
• Other ADR:Edema,muscular
weakness,myopathy,leucopenia,eosinophillia,me
nstrual disturbances.
79. • Rifampicin induce microsomal enzymes and may reduce
the efficacy of following drugs:
• Acetaminophin,oralanticoagulants,barbiturates,BDZ,chlor
amphenicol,oral
contraceptives,corticosteroids,cyclosporin,digoxin,beta
blockers,slphones,theophylline,verapamil.
• Halothane: Hepatotoxicity.
• Isoniazid: Higher incidence of hepato toxicity than alone.
• Ketokonazole: Treatment failure.
• Food: Interfere with absorption of rifampicin,take on
empty stomach.
80. • ADULTS:
• TUBERCLOSIS:450-600Mg po.
• MENI NGITS:600mg bid for 2 days.
• H.INFLUENZA:20Mg/kg daily for 4 days.
• BRUCILLOSIS:600-1200Mg daily.
• CHILDERNS:
• TUBERCLOSIS:10-20Mg/kg/day po.
• MENINGITIS:Under 3 months-1 year 5mg/kg bid for 2
days.
• H.INFLUENZA:10Mg/kg for 4 days.
83. Amikacin sulfate is a semi-synthetic
amino glycoside antibiotic.
It is used to treat different types of bacterial
infections.
Amikacin is most often used for treating severe,
hospital-acquired infections
84. • Inhibit Protein
synthesis by binding
directly to the
30S ribosomal subunit
• causing misreading
of mRNA and leaving
the bacterium unable
to
synthesize proteins vit
al to its growth.
85. • Absorption: IM: May be delayed in
bedridden patient
• Volume of distribution: 0.25-0.4 L/kg,
primarily into extracellular fluid (highly
hydrophilic); penetrates blood-brain barrier
when meninges inflamed; crosses
placenta.
• Excretion: urine (94-98%)
• Half-Life: 2-3 hr Peak Plasma Time: IM:
45-120 min
• Protein Binding: 0-11%
86. Central nervous
system
Biliary and intestinal
infection
Intraabdominal
infections
Secondary infection
after combustion
Infections of bones
and joints.
:
Patients
hypersensitive to drug
or other amino
glycosides.
Pregnancy
Breast feeding
Impaired renal
function.
Neuromuscular
disorders.
88. Adult dose for
bacteremia:
Adult Dose
for Pneumonia:
Adult Dose
for Nosocomial Pneumoni
a:
•15 to 22.5 mg/kg/day
IV or IM in 1 to 3divided
doses,
•(initial maximum of 1.5
g/day, then adjust dose
based on desired serum
levels
•5 to 22.5
mg/kg/day IV or IM in 1
to 3divided doses.
•(initial maximum of 1.5
g/day, then adjust dose
based on desired serum
levels
•20 mg/kg /day IV
in 1to 3 divided doses
91. Cycloserine is a second-line, broad-spectrum
antibiotic, produced by Streptococcus orchidaceus.
In 1955, it was first isolated from a fermentation brew
and was later synthesized.
Cycloserine is used in the treatment of active
pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB),
when primary agents have failed (such as INH,
rifampin, streptomycin etc).
When Cycloserine is employed to treat tuberculosis,
it must be given together with other effective agents.
Cycloserine is given orally. It was approved by the
FDA in 1956.
Category:
Anti-
infective
drugs
Antibiotics, systemic
Anti-
tuberculosis
drugs
92. Cycloserine is an analog of the amino
acid D-alanine. It interferes with an
early step in bacterial cell wall
synthesis in the cytoplasm by
competitive inhibition of two enzymes,
L-alanine racemase, which forms D-
alanine from L-alanine, and D-
alanylalanine synthetase, which
incorporates D-alanine into the
pentapeptide necessary for
peptidoglycan formation and bacterial
cell wall synthesis.
93. • Used in combination with up to
5 other drugs as a treatment
for Mycobacterium avium
complex (MAC) and is also
used to treat tuberculosis (TB)
Indication
• Cycloserine is contraindicated
in conditions like Epilepsy,
Renal failure, Hypersensitivity,
Mental illness.
Contraindicated
94. • Oral absorption of Cycloserine is found to be 50%
±50.
• Plasma protien binding is < 20%.
• Presystemic metabolism is noted to be 5% ±5 and
metabolism is reported hepatic.
• Renal Excretion accounts for 50-70% (unchanged)
and plasma half life is 10 hr.
Pharmacokinetics
• Congestive heart failure, Psychiatric disturbances,
Megaloblastic anemia, Excitement, Convulsions,
Nervous system manifestation, Vertigo, Headache,
Drowsiness, Irritability, Nausea, Fever, Anxiety,
Rashes, Confusion, Photosensitivity, Depression,
Cardiac arrhythmias, Tremor, Disorientation,
Peripheral neuropathy, Aggression, Hyper-reflexia,
Confusion, Suicidal tendencies.
Side Effects