TOPIC: Control of Hospital Acquired Infections
المحاضر: أ.د. علي عبداللاه عبدالرحمن ( جامعة طيبه)
SPEAKER: prof. Ali A. Abdulrahman
(Prof. of microbiology & Immunology Taibah University)
MDROs are microorganisms that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents such as MRSA, VRE, and certain gram-negative bacteria. They are transmitted through the same routes as other pathogens but can be more difficult to treat. Hospitals have implemented isolation precautions and infection control strategies to prevent transmission and properly manage MDROs. These include contact precautions, surveillance testing, antibiotic stewardship programs, and guidelines from the CDC for identifying and containing MDROs, especially for at-risk patients and units. A multidisciplinary approach is needed between clinical staff, microbiology laboratories, and infection prevention teams to effectively control MDROs.
The B-Safe system aims to prevent the spread of viruses like HIV and hepatitis C among intravenous drug users. It consists of a portable case containing a syringe that is sanitized using ultraviolet-C light. When a user closes the case for five minutes after injecting, the light deactivates viruses in the syringe that may be transmitted if the syringe is reused. The system seeks to address the risks of blood residue remaining in reused syringes. Current prototypes need further development and testing before the cases can be distributed to active drug users for real-world testing of effectiveness and usability.
Adenoviruses are medium sized, nonenveloped DNA viruses that commonly infect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts of humans and animals. They cause a variety of clinical manifestations depending on the infected site, including respiratory infections, pneumonia, eye infections, and gastrointestinal illness. Adenoviruses are diagnosed through cell culture, antigen detection, molecular methods like PCR, and serology. Treatment is supportive and prevention relies on good hygiene practices and environmental disinfection. Some adenovirus types were previously used in vaccines but are no longer manufactured.
The document discusses Denmark's experience in tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through its national surveillance program DANMAP. Key aspects of Denmark's approach include robust data collection on antibiotic consumption and resistance in both humans and animals through DANMAP. This data informs policies to optimize antibiotic use, prevent infection spread, and invest in new treatments. Denmark also established a National Antibiotic Council in 2010 to coordinate multi-sectoral efforts across specialties. Overall, Denmark's whole-of-society approach through DANMAP surveillance has helped reduce antibiotic use and monitor resistance trends to guide evidence-based policies.
Nosocomial fungal infections are infections acquired in a healthcare setting. Candida species are a common cause of nosocomial fungal infections, with C. albicans being the most frequent cause. However, non-albicans Candida species are emerging as more drug-resistant species due to selective pressure from antifungal treatments. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are a frequent type of nosocomial Candida infection, which can be difficult to diagnose due to the challenges differentiating colonization from true infection based on urine culture results alone.
Preventive and therapeutic strategies in critically ill patients with highly...Sergio Paul Silva Marin
This document discusses preventive and therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients infected with highly resistant bacteria. It notes that antibiotic resistance is a major global problem, with multidrug-resistant and pandrug-resistant organisms increasingly encountered in healthcare settings. The review focuses on strategies for severely ill ICU patients, who are at high risk of nosocomial infections due to medical advances enabling longer stays. Timely diagnosis and optimized antibiotic treatment are important for managing such infections.
The document discusses efforts to address diagnostic and treatment deficits for fungal diseases globally through the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI). GAFFI aims to greatly reduce illness and death from fungal diseases worldwide by ensuring universal access to diagnostics and antifungal treatments by 2025. It outlines the large burden of fungal diseases, which affect over 1 billion people. GAFFI is working to measure disease impact, improve education, and advocate for expanded access to diagnosis and treatment in low- and middle-income countries through demonstration projects in Guatemala and Kenya.
MDROs are microorganisms that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents such as MRSA, VRE, and certain gram-negative bacteria. They are transmitted through the same routes as other pathogens but can be more difficult to treat. Hospitals have implemented isolation precautions and infection control strategies to prevent transmission and properly manage MDROs. These include contact precautions, surveillance testing, antibiotic stewardship programs, and guidelines from the CDC for identifying and containing MDROs, especially for at-risk patients and units. A multidisciplinary approach is needed between clinical staff, microbiology laboratories, and infection prevention teams to effectively control MDROs.
The B-Safe system aims to prevent the spread of viruses like HIV and hepatitis C among intravenous drug users. It consists of a portable case containing a syringe that is sanitized using ultraviolet-C light. When a user closes the case for five minutes after injecting, the light deactivates viruses in the syringe that may be transmitted if the syringe is reused. The system seeks to address the risks of blood residue remaining in reused syringes. Current prototypes need further development and testing before the cases can be distributed to active drug users for real-world testing of effectiveness and usability.
Adenoviruses are medium sized, nonenveloped DNA viruses that commonly infect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts of humans and animals. They cause a variety of clinical manifestations depending on the infected site, including respiratory infections, pneumonia, eye infections, and gastrointestinal illness. Adenoviruses are diagnosed through cell culture, antigen detection, molecular methods like PCR, and serology. Treatment is supportive and prevention relies on good hygiene practices and environmental disinfection. Some adenovirus types were previously used in vaccines but are no longer manufactured.
The document discusses Denmark's experience in tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through its national surveillance program DANMAP. Key aspects of Denmark's approach include robust data collection on antibiotic consumption and resistance in both humans and animals through DANMAP. This data informs policies to optimize antibiotic use, prevent infection spread, and invest in new treatments. Denmark also established a National Antibiotic Council in 2010 to coordinate multi-sectoral efforts across specialties. Overall, Denmark's whole-of-society approach through DANMAP surveillance has helped reduce antibiotic use and monitor resistance trends to guide evidence-based policies.
Nosocomial fungal infections are infections acquired in a healthcare setting. Candida species are a common cause of nosocomial fungal infections, with C. albicans being the most frequent cause. However, non-albicans Candida species are emerging as more drug-resistant species due to selective pressure from antifungal treatments. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are a frequent type of nosocomial Candida infection, which can be difficult to diagnose due to the challenges differentiating colonization from true infection based on urine culture results alone.
Preventive and therapeutic strategies in critically ill patients with highly...Sergio Paul Silva Marin
This document discusses preventive and therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients infected with highly resistant bacteria. It notes that antibiotic resistance is a major global problem, with multidrug-resistant and pandrug-resistant organisms increasingly encountered in healthcare settings. The review focuses on strategies for severely ill ICU patients, who are at high risk of nosocomial infections due to medical advances enabling longer stays. Timely diagnosis and optimized antibiotic treatment are important for managing such infections.
The document discusses efforts to address diagnostic and treatment deficits for fungal diseases globally through the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI). GAFFI aims to greatly reduce illness and death from fungal diseases worldwide by ensuring universal access to diagnostics and antifungal treatments by 2025. It outlines the large burden of fungal diseases, which affect over 1 billion people. GAFFI is working to measure disease impact, improve education, and advocate for expanded access to diagnosis and treatment in low- and middle-income countries through demonstration projects in Guatemala and Kenya.
Intensive care units experience high rates of infection due to patients having more comorbidities and invasive devices, with ventilator-associated pneumonia, central line-associated bloodstream infections, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections being common; infection control strategies like hand hygiene, isolation precautions, environmental cleaning, and surveillance are effective at reducing the transmission of multidrug-resistant pathogens in ICUs and improving patient outcomes. Surveillance of device-associated infection rates and antimicrobial resistance patterns is important for guiding infection control efforts and antimicrobial stewardship in the ICU.