Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated f...ijtsrd
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits Vaccine agains...ijtsrd
Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID 19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS CoV, which emerged in 2002. Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID 19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID 19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID 19. Here, we review the current status of, diagnosis, and vaccine development for COVID 19. M A Nandedkar | R A Shinde | S S Bansode "Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits / Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30977.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/30977/current-status-and-future-perspective-of-rapid-diagnostic-kits--vaccine-against-covid19/m-a-nandedkar
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated f...ijtsrd
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits Vaccine agains...ijtsrd
Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID 19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS CoV, which emerged in 2002. Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID 19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID 19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID 19. Here, we review the current status of, diagnosis, and vaccine development for COVID 19. M A Nandedkar | R A Shinde | S S Bansode "Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits / Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30977.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/30977/current-status-and-future-perspective-of-rapid-diagnostic-kits--vaccine-against-covid19/m-a-nandedkar
Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil: Results ...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil: Results of a Laboratory-Based Survey by Gonçalves de Lima Neto in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Key question:
Could the plague ever re-emerge on a similar level in the twenty-first century?
Due to the potential seriousness of the disease this is a subject worthy of epidemiological consideration and research.
Bacteria Isolated From the Cerebrio-Spinal Fluid (Csf) of Suspected Cases of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Outbreak! Learning about Zika Transmission and TestingDanielle Snowflack
In this lesson, students will explore transmission and diagnosis of infectious diseases using the recent Zika outbreak as a model. First, students will use a simple model to simulate the spread of an infectious disease through a population. Next, they will use the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to test patient samples for Zika. The results will be summarized in a laboratory report.
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil: Results ...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil: Results of a Laboratory-Based Survey by Gonçalves de Lima Neto in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Key question:
Could the plague ever re-emerge on a similar level in the twenty-first century?
Due to the potential seriousness of the disease this is a subject worthy of epidemiological consideration and research.
Bacteria Isolated From the Cerebrio-Spinal Fluid (Csf) of Suspected Cases of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Outbreak! Learning about Zika Transmission and TestingDanielle Snowflack
In this lesson, students will explore transmission and diagnosis of infectious diseases using the recent Zika outbreak as a model. First, students will use a simple model to simulate the spread of an infectious disease through a population. Next, they will use the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to test patient samples for Zika. The results will be summarized in a laboratory report.
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
TOPIC: Control of Hospital Acquired Infections
المحاضر: أ.د. علي عبداللاه عبدالرحمن ( جامعة طيبه)
SPEAKER: prof. Ali A. Abdulrahman
(Prof. of microbiology & Immunology Taibah University)
TOPIC: Control of Hospital Acquired Infections
المحاضر: أ.د. علي عبداللاه عبدالرحمن ( جامعة طيبه)
SPEAKER: prof. Ali A. Abdulrahman
(Prof. of microbiology & Immunology Taibah University)
Evaluation of resistance profile of pseudomonas aeruginosa with reference to ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
Burn injury is associated with high morbidity, long term disability and mortality. This phenomenon is seen all over the world, but is more pronounced in economically developing countries. Treatment of burn patients has evolved to a great extent today, but infection still continues to be the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the burn patients. Invasion of the burn wound by microbial pathogens leads to burn wound infections in burn patients. The risk of contracting a life threatening infection is high in burn patient due to the nature of the injury, an immunocompromised state, prolonged hospital stay and multiple interventions. Septic processes account for approximately 73 of all deaths within the initial five days of post burn. Burn patients usually have a prolonged stay in the burn unit. The microbiological profile of the organisms invading the burn wounds changes over time. A burn wound typically has large amounts of protein rich fluid exudate, which forms a healthy medium for bacterial growth. New burn admissions usually show the predominance of gram positive organisms in their wounds. Gram negative organisms become more prevalent as the duration of treatment increases. These organisms are potentially more invasive. Endogenous gram negative flora from the patient’s gut colonize the wounds within a few days of the burn. The gram positive flora, are the natural inhabitants of the skin. Infection in burn patient is not only one of the major reasons for mortality, but also for prolonging the hospital stay and delay skin cover procedures such as skin grafting. It is hence considered prudent for every burn institute to determine the changing anti microbial profile of the burn patients and their sensitivity pattern over time. The microbial flora affecting the burn wound is a dynamic entity and continues to evolve as the burn wound progresses. This change in the microbiological profile of the wound varies with each patient over the duration of his admission for the treatment of his burn injury and also in each burn unit over the time. Nosocomial organisms are commonly seen infecting the burn wounds and have multi drug resistance antimicrobial profiles.In addition, there was no comprehensive study done on the changing trends in the burn wound microbiology with emphasis on changing trends in the microbiological profile of burn wounds Arnab Majhi "Emerging Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49780.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49780/emerging-trends-in-antimicrobial-resistance/arnab-majhi
ABSTRACT
Background: With the advances in medical care, invasive fungal
infections possess a significant health problem especially in
immunocompromised patients. These infections have varied aetiological
agents which are commonly found in soil, water, plant debris and organic
substrates. Aim: The overview of different fungal aetiological agents,
newer and rapid diagnostic modalities and overall treatment and
prevention options available is presented in this article. Methods:
Literature search was performed in PubMed by using MeSH terms
‘mycoses’ and ‘immunocompromised host’. Only relevant review articles
published within the last five years were considered. Google Scholar
search engine was also used. Results: Common invasive fungi include
Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp., Trichosporon spp.,
Rhodotorula spp., Fusarium spp., Mucormycotina, Pheohyphomycosis
spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii, Scedosporium spp., and endemic mycoses
such as Penicillium, Histoplasma and Blastomyces. A high degree of
suspicion is required for early diagnosis and optimal management of these
infections. Conclusion: Early and rapid diagnosis of causative fungal
agents is required so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. Adequate
preventive measures must be applied in an immunocompromised host that
can prevent development of drug resistant super-infections.
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
A review of the covid 19 pandemic and the role of medical laboratory scientis...ArchanDomReyes
The health system of many countries has been overwhelmed by the pandemic, with many losing a significant number of their health professionals in the fight against the virus. While doctors and nurses are so visible at the front lines and are being applauded for the gallant role they are playing in the recovery of hundreds of thousands of COVID-19 patients, the world knows little about those behind their successes, the
Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS). Medical laboratory science is the bedrock of diagnostic
medicine and the role of the MLS in containing any pandemic cannot be overemphasized.
—Fungal organisms are ubiquitous. A common location for these organisms to enter the human body is through the external acoustic canal, oral cavity, and pharynx and sino-nasal cavity. A study was conducted with clinical and mycological analysis of various fungal infections in ENT. Patients suspected for having fungal infections attending at Department of ENT were interrogated and analysed. Swabs collected from these cases were sent for direct microscopy by KOH mounts for fungal examination and fungal culture. Microbiological confirmed 100 cases were finally included in the study Histopathological examination of nasal mass and polyposis was also done. It was observed in this present study otomycosis was most common and accounted for 84% of the total cases followed by candidiasis in oral cavity and pharynx in 9%, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis in 4% and rhinosporidiosis in 3%. Aspergillus niger was that most common fungus isolated in 61% cases, followed by Candida albicans in 24% cases, Aspergillus flavus in 9% cases, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhinosporodium seeberi in 3% cases each. All the cases of fungal infection of oral cavity and oropharynx were due to Candida albicans.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology & Biotechnolog
ABSTRACT
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored
causes that burden the developing country like India
economically. The present prospective study was
carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
(PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai.
As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of
infection, they need more attention in view of
reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was
undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk
factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial
infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns
of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two
isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The
infection pattern was analyzed based on the different
criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of
number of days and gender of the patient, to
understand their roles in incidence of infection. The
study intends to throw light upon the increasing
incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and
increase awareness among society to fo
precautionary measures to avoid the loss.
Keywords: Nosocomial infections, Pediatric, Intensive
Care Units
INTRODUCTION:
Nosocomial infections are always secondary to the
patient’s original condition for which they are
admitted to the hospital. They are also referred to as
iatrogenic infections by hospital staff. Intensive Care
Units (ICUs) are considered as high risk areas as they
admit critically ill patients who are more susceptible
to develop infections [13]. The risk of infection varies
with the type of ICU. The type of pathogen also varies
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Sayali Daptardar
Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, VPM's B N Bandodkar
Thane, Maharashtra, India
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored
causes that burden the developing country like India
economically. The present prospective study was
carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
(PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai.
s intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of
infection, they need more attention in view of
reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was
undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk
factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial
fections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns
of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two
isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The
infection pattern was analyzed based on the different
ICU in terms of
number of days and gender of the patient, to
understand their roles in incidence of infection. The
study intends to throw light upon the increasing
incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and
increase awareness among society to follow simple
precautionary measures to avoid the loss.
Nosocomial infections, Pediatric, Intensive
infections are always secondary to the
patient’s original condition for which they are
admitted to the hospital. They are also referred to as
iatrogenic infections by hospital staff. Intensive Care
Units (ICUs) are considered as high risk areas as they
mit critically ill patients who are more susceptible
to develop infections [13]. The risk of infection varies
with the type of ICU. The type of pathogen also varies
with infection site. Nosocomial infections in the
pediatric intensive care unit have been
source of morbidity and mortality. The higher risk of
pediatric patients is due to immunocompromised state
in childhood. The patients admitted to pediatric
intensive care units are of variety of infections. They
lack separation walls between
the chances of acquiring nosocomial infections even
more. One of the earliest records of hospital infections
are perhaps those found in an Egyptian papyrus
written around 3000 B.C. Needless to say, mere
absence of documentation of
not exclude its prevalence prior to this time. Looking
at the increasing share of the nosocomial infections in
pediatric mortality all over the world it is imperative
to conduct timely studies for finding out their source
and uprooting their causes to prevent any relapse of
cases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
I. Sample Collection
All newly admitted patients during the study period
were considered, to study the incidence rate of
nosocomial infections in Pediatric Intensive Care
Unit. Appropriate samples from the patients were
collected at regular time intervals. These samples
included blood, endotracheal aspirate, cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF), urine and pus (if any infection is
detected).
II. Isolation of Organisms:
These samples were used to streak isolate on different
microbiological media viz. Blood agar, MacConkey’s
Jun 2018 Page: 940
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 4
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
y, VPM's B N Bandodkar College,
with infection site. Nosocomial infections in the
pediatric intensive care unit have been a significant
source of morbidity and mortality. The higher risk of
pediatric patients is due to immunocompromised state
in childhood. The patients admitted to pediatric
intensive care units are of variety of infections. They
the beds which increase
the chances of acquiring nosocomial infections even
more. One of the earliest records of hospital infections
are perhaps those found in an Egyptian papyrus
written around 3000 B.C. Needless to say, mere
absence of documentation of bacterial infection does
not exclude its prevalence prior to this time. Looking
at the increasing share of the nosocomial infections in
pediatric mortality all over the world it is imperative
timely studies for finding out their source
ting their causes to prevent any relapse of
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
All newly admitted patients during the study period
were considered, to study the incidence rate of
nosocomial infections in Pediatric Intensive Care
ate samples from the patients were
collected at regular time intervals. These samples
included blood, endotracheal aspirate, cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF), urine and pus (if any infection is
Isolation of Organisms:
These samples were used to streak isolate on different
microbiological media viz. Blood agar, MacConkey’s
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 941
agar, Chocolate agar, Nutrient agar. Bacterial colonies
of pathogenic organisms were primarily focussed in
the current study.
III. Identification of organisms:
Different biochemical tests were used to identify the
organisms up to species level. The biochemical tests
for gram positive isolates included included catalase,
coagulase, nitratase, bile solubility, urease and sugar
fermentation tests. 6.5% NaCl and Bile Esculin were
the additional tests for suspected Group D
Streptococci. Gram negative isolates were also tested
for oxidase, IMViC (Indole, Methyle Red, Vogus
Prauskeur, Citrate) & Triple sugar Iron (TSI).
Organisms were identified according to the Bergey’s
Manual of Systemic and Determinative Bacteriology.
Nosocomial Infections were confirmed based upon
patients’ clinical data.
IV. Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing:
Isolated organisms were then studied for their
sensitivity to antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility was
determined using the Kirby–Bauer method and the
results were interpreted as per National Committee for
Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)
guidelines[10]
.
V. Analysis:
Results were noted and analyzed. The analysis also
included finding out correlation of incidence of the
nosocomial infections with the age and gender of the
patient and ICU stay in terms of number of days.
RESULTS:
A total of 150 patients were studied. The patients of
age group up to twelve years were included in the
study. Different samples of the patients were
processed and were studied for isolation of organisms
causing nosocomial infections. (Table 1)
Table 1: Specimenwise Distribution of Organisms
Specimen Processed Positive Sa Sp Ef Ec Ab Kp Pa Pv St Ck Ca
Blood
150
15 03 03 01 - 02 01 01 - - - 04
ET 25 - 03 03 03 04 06 05 - - - 01
Urine 12 - - 04 03 - 01 01 - - 01 02
Ear 01 - - - - - - 01 - - - -
Pus 03 01 - - 01 - - 01 - - - -
Total Positive 56 04 06 08 07 06 08 09 - - 01 07
ET: Endotracheal aspirate
Sa: Staphylococcus aureus
Sp: Streptococcus pyogens
Ef: Enterococcus faecalis
Ec: Escherichia coli
Ab: Acinetobacter baumanii
Kp: Klebsiella pneumonia
Pa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pv: Proteus vulgaris
St: Salmonella typhi
Ck: Citrobacter koseri
Ca: Candida albicans
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 4 | May-Jun 2018 Page: 942
Polymicrobial growth was shown by samples which
mainly included endotracheal aspirate, urine and pus
samples. The predominant spp isolated from pediatric
intensive care unit were Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis,
Candida spp and Acinetobacter baumannii.
Occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to
be more by 95% confidence interval as compared to
other organisms.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing: The overall
sensitivity percentage to ampicillin and gentamicin
was highest followed by cefotaxime and ceftriaxone.
One isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa each isolated from blood
sample showed maximum multiple resistance
patterns. Antimicrobial Sensitivity pattern shown by
some nosocomial pathogens isolated from samples are
shown below.
Table 2: Antibiotic Sensitivity Test Results
Gram –ve isolate Am Pg Gm Im Cb Cf Rp Ak
Acinetobacter baumannii 1 S S S S S R S S
Acinetobacter baumannii 2 R R R S R S R S
Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 S S S S S S S S
Klebsiella pneumoniae 2 S S R S S S R S
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 R R S R R R R R
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2 R S S R S S R S
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 S S S R S R S S
Escherichia coli 1 S R S S S R S S
Escherichia coli 2 R S R S S S S S
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Gram +ve isolate Va Pg Co Cd Er Lz Rc Tec
Staphylococcus aureus1 S R S R S S S S
Staphylococcus aureus2 S S S S R S R S
Staphylococcus aureus3 S S R S R S R S
Streptococcus pyogenes 1 S S R S S S R S
Streptococcus pyogenes 2 S R S S S S S R
Streptococcus pyogenes 3 S S S R S R S S
Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 S S S R S S R S
Enterococcus faecalis 1 S R S S S R S S
Enterococcus faecalis 2 S R R R R R R S
Am: Ampicillin
Pg: Penicillin
Gm: Gentamicin
Im: Imipenem
Cb: Cefuroxime
Cf: Cefotaxime
Rp: Cetriaxone
Ak: Amikacin
Va: Vancomycin
Co: Co-trimaxazole
Cd: Clindamycin
Er: Erythromycin
Lz: Linezolid
Rc: Ciprofloxacin
Tec: Teicoplanin
13 out of 50 female patients and 32 out of 100 male
patients were found positive (Figure 2). 28 out of 98
patients within age group up to 5 yrs and 15 out of 52
patients with age group 5–12 yrs were found positive
(Figure 3). Most of the infections were detected
within 5 days after admission to ICU.
DISCUSSION:
The increasing rate of incidence of nosocomial
infections is giving alarming signals to health care
professionals. Infected or colonized patients, health
care providers are the major source of nosocomial
infections. Medical equipment, contaminated supplies
and lack of aseptic practices also lead to the problem.
ICU patients have 5–10 % more probability of
infections and PICU patients are in a state of
immunocompromised conditions; which further
increases due to the disorders for which they get
admitted to the hospitals. B. Cao et al have
documented the ‘Risk Factors and clinical Outcomes
of nosocomial multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa
infections’ [8]
. J. S. Heal et al have documented the
‘Bacterial contamination of surgical gloves by water
droplets spilt after scrubbing’ [16]
. They have also
found the hospital staff to be the major determinant of
the spread of pathogens in adult ICU. Overuse of
antibiotics has introduced multidrug resistant
nosocomial pathogens as depicted in the current
study. This is a point of concern. Endotracheal
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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aspirate samples showed maximum rate of incidence
of nosocomial pathogens in this study, while the
major organisms found in paediatric intensive care
unit were Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis.
Unlike other studies however the age, sex and ICU
stay did not show prominent effect in the incidence of
infections.
CONCLUSION:
Nosocomial Infections need to be controlled by taking
proper precautionary measures by everyone related to
hospital. The immunocompromised state, the disease
and medical equipments in ICU make pediatric
patients more susceptible to such infections. In the
present study however gender of the patient and ICU
stay of the patients did not influence the incidence of
nosocomial infection. It was observed in the study
that the chances of acquiring such infections increase
within 95% confidence level in case of in ICU stay.
Appropriate preventive measures will help reducing
nosocomial infections. Endotracheal aspirate samples
showed maximum rate of incidence of nosocomial
pathogens in our study and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
showed the highest rate of occurrence. A knowledge
of the organisms isolated and their antimicrobial
susceptibility helps in decision regarding the
antimicrobial therapy. Overuse of antibiotics should
also be avoided to reduce upsurge of multidrug
resistant organisms as found in present study. The
future prospect of the study would involve finding of
the source of infection and suggesting measures of
suitable antibiotic therapy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
I would like to thank Dr. Gita Nataraj, Professor,
Department of Microbiology, KEM hospital, Mumbai
for her kind support and guidance.
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