Pope Julius II was known as a warrior pope who led troops into battle dressed in armor. He had a preference for warfare over religion. Pope Leo X, who succeeded him, was dedicated to luxury and sought money eagerly, expanding the selling of indulgences which Martin Luther opposed and helped spark the Protestant Reformation. Both popes prioritized worldly desires over religious piety.
Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) greatly expanded the power of the papacy and established the Secret Archives, suppressing earlier records of Church history. He ruthlessly consolidated power over kings and princes. Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) issued the bull Unam Sanctam, formalizing the Catholic doctrine that spiritual power is superior to secular power and that the pope has authority over kings. His nepotism and claims of absolute authority angered King Philip IV of France and the Colonna family, leading to conflicts. The document discusses several other popes and their consolidation of power, conflicts, and conduct that aroused opposition.
The document discusses the criminal history of the papacy over centuries. It summarizes that official Catholic records show extraordinary confessions of wickedness among the Christian clergy, contradicting the Church's portrayal of clerical piety. It describes several corrupt popes between the 9th-11th centuries, including Pope Stephen VII who put the exhumed corpse of his predecessor on trial, and the rule of Roman noblewomen Theodora and her daughter Marozia who effectively controlled the papacy and had sexual relations with multiple popes. The true historical accounts of papal corruption stand in stark contrast to the modern portrayal of popes as moral figures.
The document provides an overview of the dark criminal history of many popes throughout history. It summarizes that popes were often decadent, savage military strategists, and engaged in trafficking of ecclesiastical appointments, deceit, scandals, immorality, aggression, fraud, murder and cruelty. It describes specific popes like Stephen VII who ordered a posthumous trial of a deceased pope and mutilated his body. It discusses the rule of the whores Theodora and Marozia who controlled the papacy in the 10th century and appointed lovers and relatives to the papacy. The true history of popes is far removed from their modern portrayal as devout and virtuous leaders.
There was widespread corruption, immorality, and cruelty throughout the history of the papacy. Many popes engaged in murder, nepotism, selling positions in the church, and other sins. They persecuted those deemed heretics, resulting in the torture and deaths of thousands over 600 years. However, the doctrine of papal infallibility was introduced, despite clear contradictions between popes on important doctrines and practices. The Bible does not support the claim that popes or any leaders are infallible or should be revered as "Holy Father".
This document provides estimates from various historical sources of the number of people killed during the Middle Ages and later directly or indirectly by the Papacy. Estimates range from 50 million to 150 million people killed over centuries through actions like the Inquisition, Crusades against groups like the Albigenses and Waldensians, and wars. The sources cited include books from the 1700s-1800s providing figures, population data, and descriptions of specific events and persecutions. The document aims to examine the reliability and origins of these dramatic estimates of lives lost due to religious persecution sanctioned by the Catholic Church.
The Renaissance marked a period of cultural and intellectual transformation between the 14th and 17th centuries. It began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe. Key developments included a revival of interest in classical Greco-Roman culture and advances in art, philosophy, science, and literature. The Reformation challenged Catholic doctrine and engaged humanist critics, while the Black Plague devastated European populations in the mid-14th century, profoundly impacting society, politics, and the economy.
The document summarizes the transition of the Roman Empire to a Christian empire between 300-410 AD. It describes how Constantine the Great legalized Christianity and established Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Empire. It also discusses the division of the empire after Constantine's death and invasions by groups like the Goths that weakened the Western Empire, culminating in the sack of Rome in 410 AD and the permanent division of the empire into Eastern and Western sections.
How Christianity spread the world over, has to be understood by one and all. Mass murders, burning of women. Force, fear, fraud and Finance every course has been used by the missions to make people Christians.
Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) greatly expanded the power of the papacy and established the Secret Archives, suppressing earlier records of Church history. He ruthlessly consolidated power over kings and princes. Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) issued the bull Unam Sanctam, formalizing the Catholic doctrine that spiritual power is superior to secular power and that the pope has authority over kings. His nepotism and claims of absolute authority angered King Philip IV of France and the Colonna family, leading to conflicts. The document discusses several other popes and their consolidation of power, conflicts, and conduct that aroused opposition.
The document discusses the criminal history of the papacy over centuries. It summarizes that official Catholic records show extraordinary confessions of wickedness among the Christian clergy, contradicting the Church's portrayal of clerical piety. It describes several corrupt popes between the 9th-11th centuries, including Pope Stephen VII who put the exhumed corpse of his predecessor on trial, and the rule of Roman noblewomen Theodora and her daughter Marozia who effectively controlled the papacy and had sexual relations with multiple popes. The true historical accounts of papal corruption stand in stark contrast to the modern portrayal of popes as moral figures.
The document provides an overview of the dark criminal history of many popes throughout history. It summarizes that popes were often decadent, savage military strategists, and engaged in trafficking of ecclesiastical appointments, deceit, scandals, immorality, aggression, fraud, murder and cruelty. It describes specific popes like Stephen VII who ordered a posthumous trial of a deceased pope and mutilated his body. It discusses the rule of the whores Theodora and Marozia who controlled the papacy in the 10th century and appointed lovers and relatives to the papacy. The true history of popes is far removed from their modern portrayal as devout and virtuous leaders.
There was widespread corruption, immorality, and cruelty throughout the history of the papacy. Many popes engaged in murder, nepotism, selling positions in the church, and other sins. They persecuted those deemed heretics, resulting in the torture and deaths of thousands over 600 years. However, the doctrine of papal infallibility was introduced, despite clear contradictions between popes on important doctrines and practices. The Bible does not support the claim that popes or any leaders are infallible or should be revered as "Holy Father".
This document provides estimates from various historical sources of the number of people killed during the Middle Ages and later directly or indirectly by the Papacy. Estimates range from 50 million to 150 million people killed over centuries through actions like the Inquisition, Crusades against groups like the Albigenses and Waldensians, and wars. The sources cited include books from the 1700s-1800s providing figures, population data, and descriptions of specific events and persecutions. The document aims to examine the reliability and origins of these dramatic estimates of lives lost due to religious persecution sanctioned by the Catholic Church.
The Renaissance marked a period of cultural and intellectual transformation between the 14th and 17th centuries. It began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe. Key developments included a revival of interest in classical Greco-Roman culture and advances in art, philosophy, science, and literature. The Reformation challenged Catholic doctrine and engaged humanist critics, while the Black Plague devastated European populations in the mid-14th century, profoundly impacting society, politics, and the economy.
The document summarizes the transition of the Roman Empire to a Christian empire between 300-410 AD. It describes how Constantine the Great legalized Christianity and established Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Empire. It also discusses the division of the empire after Constantine's death and invasions by groups like the Goths that weakened the Western Empire, culminating in the sack of Rome in 410 AD and the permanent division of the empire into Eastern and Western sections.
How Christianity spread the world over, has to be understood by one and all. Mass murders, burning of women. Force, fear, fraud and Finance every course has been used by the missions to make people Christians.
St. Ambrose was a highly influential bishop of Milan in the 4th century. He was a staunch defender of the Church's independence from secular rule and converted St. Augustine. As bishop of Milan from 374 to 397, he was a leading opponent of Arianism and encouraged monasticism. He is renowned for publicly rebuking the Roman Emperor Theodosius I for a massacre and forcing him to publicly do penance, establishing the independence of the Church from imperial authority. Ambrose wrote extensively on theology and was an important figure in developing hymns in the liturgy.
The document discusses the political, economic, social, and religious developments in medieval Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Politically, feudalism became dominant, with weak central authority and power held locally by lords. Economically, serfdom and the manor system prevailed, with most people tied to subsistence agriculture. Socially, a rigid hierarchy existed with nobility determined by birth and the Catholic Church as the main authority.
The document summarizes the decline of the Western Roman Empire between 410-565 AD and the rise of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire under Emperor Justinian. It describes the sack of Rome in 410 AD by the Visigoths and the subsequent invasions by Attila the Hun and the Vandals. By 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen. The document then focuses on Emperor Justinian's reconquest of former Western Roman territories in North Africa and Italy in the 530s-540s AD led by his general Belisarius, establishing the Byzantine Empire as the heir of Rome.
This document provides a lengthy summary of the history of Christian anti-Semitism from the 3rd century CE to the 15th century CE. It details numerous instances where Christian leaders and authorities promoted prejudices against Jews, restricted their rights, and even sanctioned acts of violence and massacres against Jewish communities. It concludes by mentioning Martin Luther's anti-Semitic writings in 1543 where he warns Christians against being "duped" by Jews. The overall summary is that over many centuries, Christians turned texts from their holy books into justifications for oppressing and persecuting Jewish people.
Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and legalize the religion in the Roman Empire. He established a new capital in Constantinople and helped spread Christianity. Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 and expanded their territory, being crowned emperor by the pope in 800, which unified much of Western Europe under his rule and launched a cultural revival.
The document summarizes key events in the history of the Christian church, including the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic churches in 1054, and the Crusades between the 11th-13th centuries. It discusses how theological and political differences grew over time between Eastern and Western Christianity. The Great Schism formally split the church after representatives from each excommunicated one another. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though many ended in failure or unintended consequences like sacking the Christian city of Constantinople.
His 101 chapter 10b the black plague crisis, unrest, opportunity 1300-1500dcyw1112
The document summarizes the spread of the Black Death plague in the 14th century through various means such as infected fleas on rats, dead plague victims catapulted over city walls, and ships carrying infected people between ports. It also shows images related to the plague such as Jews burned during outbreaks, Bruegel's painting of the "Triumph of Death", and a chronicle describing the plague in Siena where thousands died. Additional context is provided on the undermining of church authority during this period and shortages of priests, as well as images of Joan of Arc and events related to the Avignon Papacy and Great Schism that occurred in the 14th century.
This document provides a summary of chapter 9 from the book "That One Face" which discusses the prophet Savonarola. It describes how Savonarola, like Dante before him, sought to deliver Florence from corrupt leaders through his preaching. As a Dominican monk in 15th century Florence, he denounced the corruption he saw in both the Church and state. He played a key role in the government that overthrew the Medici family and instituted political and moral reforms. Savonarola believed stable institutions required a moral foundation and that the prophet's role was to create a public conscience to guide government according to moral principles.
The destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 70 AD by the Romans under Titus marked the end of Jewish independence and sovereignty over the land of Israel. Many Jews were killed or exiled, and the remaining population was prohibited from rebuilding Jerusalem. This led to the large-scale dispersion of Jews (Diaspora) across the Roman Empire and beyond. In the aftermath, Jewish religious leaders established schools to preserve Jewish law, traditions and identity without the Temple, eventually compiling these teachings into the Mishnah and Talmud. This laid the foundations for an autonomous Jewish society and religion even without a land or Temple.
"No spiritual journey is complete without
a Vatican page-turner by Malachi Martin."
— FORBES
Please let us know what do you think about this book.
It´s very important. Thanks.
The Byzantine Empire lasted more than a thousand years and kept Roman politics, art, architecture, engineering, learning and military tactics alive. It acted as a buffer between the Muslim controlled Middle East and Christian Europe throughout the Dark Ages, and also allowed for the safe keeping of knowledge that helped incubate the Renaissance. Furthermore, it directly contributed to the emergence of the Crusades, which influenced Middle East/European politics and Christian/Muslim interactions through the present day.
This document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation and its impacts. It discusses figures prior to Luther who criticized corruption in the Catholic Church, including John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and Girolamo Savonarola. It then covers Luther's religious struggles that led him to question Catholic doctrine on salvation. It also mentions growing German nationalism that contributed to the success of the Reformation. Finally, it discusses the selling of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which was one of the events that prompted Luther to publish his 95 Theses criticizing the practice.
Constantine the Great played a pivotal role in the legalization and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Some key events and accomplishments included:
1) Constantine's vision of the Chi-Rho before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, after which he adopted the sign to mark his soldiers' shields and helmets and emerged victorious, establishing the Chi-Rho as a Christian symbol.
2) The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom and restitution of confiscated Christian properties throughout the Empire.
3) The construction of important Christian sites including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
4)
The document provides an overview of a lecture on religious developments in the later Roman Empire, focusing on the age of Constantine. It discusses the political context of Constantine's decision to convert to Christianity and analyzes primary sources on his conversion. The lecture aims to show how Constantine's conversion was influenced by the broader trends of monotheism and the relationship between religion and imperial power in the 3rd century Roman Empire.
The document discusses the history of the Crusades from 1095 to 1291 AD. It began when the Pope called on European warriors to help retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. There were nine major Crusades over almost two centuries that aimed to defeat Muslim forces and establish Christian control, but they ultimately failed and Muslim rule was restored. The Crusades exposed Europeans to new cultures and increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with the founding of Constantinople in 330 AD by Constantine the Great. It lasted for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantine Empire helped preserve Greek and Roman culture and learning during the Middle Ages and made significant contributions to art, architecture, and military innovations like Greek fire. A defining characteristic was its Orthodox Christian faith, which was central to its government and highly influential on its artistic traditions including mosaics and icons.
This document provides historical context for the political, religious, and social conditions in Israel between the Old and New Testaments. It describes how Israel went from being a province of Persia to falling under Greek rule after Alexander the Great's conquest. The land was then divided and ruled by the Ptolemies and Seleucids, placing the Jews under constant rule changes. It also details the persecution of Jews under Antiochus IV, including the desecration of the Temple, and the rise of the Maccabees in response. Finally, it discusses the corrupt rule of the Maccabees and the tyrannical rule of Herod the Great over the region at the time of Jesus' birth.
After over seven decades of Komnenian rule, the Byzantine Empire was losing power and prestige due to threats from Western European rulers. The Angeloi dynasty that replaced the Komnenians proved disastrous, failing to defend against external enemies or maintain order. Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187, and subsequent Crusades to retake it were unsuccessful. Byzantium was increasingly weak and corrupt, leaving it vulnerable to outside threats.
Windansea Restaurant is an ocean-front seafood restaurant located in Highlands, NJ that was founded in 2000. It has over 250 seats and an outdoor tiki bar. The restaurant has received awards for top seafood establishment in NJ for three consecutive years. It is owned and operated by the Shields family and actively supports the local community through charitable donations and events.
Este documento describe el caso de una paciente de 53 años con un tumor de ovario derecho de 15 cm. La biopsia del tumor indicó un teratoma ovárico maligno del tipo estruma ovaria, con predominio de tejido tiroideo. La paciente fue sometida a histerectomía, ooforectomía y omentectomía. El análisis microscópico reveló un estruma ovaria variante folicular, con invasión vascular. Se diagnosticó hipotiroidismo y se inició tratamiento.
Este documento describe las propiedades de tres materiales comunes: porcelana para jarras, PET para botellas de plástico y plomo para balas. Compara las propiedades de dureza, rigidez, fragilidad y ductilidad de estos materiales. Luego, sugiere posibles mejoras, como reemplazar el cuarzo por alúmina en la porcelana para aumentar su resistencia, usar PEBD en lugar de PET para las botellas por ser más económico, y fabricar balines de aleación de estaño en lugar de plomo por
St. Ambrose was a highly influential bishop of Milan in the 4th century. He was a staunch defender of the Church's independence from secular rule and converted St. Augustine. As bishop of Milan from 374 to 397, he was a leading opponent of Arianism and encouraged monasticism. He is renowned for publicly rebuking the Roman Emperor Theodosius I for a massacre and forcing him to publicly do penance, establishing the independence of the Church from imperial authority. Ambrose wrote extensively on theology and was an important figure in developing hymns in the liturgy.
The document discusses the political, economic, social, and religious developments in medieval Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Politically, feudalism became dominant, with weak central authority and power held locally by lords. Economically, serfdom and the manor system prevailed, with most people tied to subsistence agriculture. Socially, a rigid hierarchy existed with nobility determined by birth and the Catholic Church as the main authority.
The document summarizes the decline of the Western Roman Empire between 410-565 AD and the rise of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire under Emperor Justinian. It describes the sack of Rome in 410 AD by the Visigoths and the subsequent invasions by Attila the Hun and the Vandals. By 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen. The document then focuses on Emperor Justinian's reconquest of former Western Roman territories in North Africa and Italy in the 530s-540s AD led by his general Belisarius, establishing the Byzantine Empire as the heir of Rome.
This document provides a lengthy summary of the history of Christian anti-Semitism from the 3rd century CE to the 15th century CE. It details numerous instances where Christian leaders and authorities promoted prejudices against Jews, restricted their rights, and even sanctioned acts of violence and massacres against Jewish communities. It concludes by mentioning Martin Luther's anti-Semitic writings in 1543 where he warns Christians against being "duped" by Jews. The overall summary is that over many centuries, Christians turned texts from their holy books into justifications for oppressing and persecuting Jewish people.
Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and legalize the religion in the Roman Empire. He established a new capital in Constantinople and helped spread Christianity. Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 and expanded their territory, being crowned emperor by the pope in 800, which unified much of Western Europe under his rule and launched a cultural revival.
The document summarizes key events in the history of the Christian church, including the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic churches in 1054, and the Crusades between the 11th-13th centuries. It discusses how theological and political differences grew over time between Eastern and Western Christianity. The Great Schism formally split the church after representatives from each excommunicated one another. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though many ended in failure or unintended consequences like sacking the Christian city of Constantinople.
His 101 chapter 10b the black plague crisis, unrest, opportunity 1300-1500dcyw1112
The document summarizes the spread of the Black Death plague in the 14th century through various means such as infected fleas on rats, dead plague victims catapulted over city walls, and ships carrying infected people between ports. It also shows images related to the plague such as Jews burned during outbreaks, Bruegel's painting of the "Triumph of Death", and a chronicle describing the plague in Siena where thousands died. Additional context is provided on the undermining of church authority during this period and shortages of priests, as well as images of Joan of Arc and events related to the Avignon Papacy and Great Schism that occurred in the 14th century.
This document provides a summary of chapter 9 from the book "That One Face" which discusses the prophet Savonarola. It describes how Savonarola, like Dante before him, sought to deliver Florence from corrupt leaders through his preaching. As a Dominican monk in 15th century Florence, he denounced the corruption he saw in both the Church and state. He played a key role in the government that overthrew the Medici family and instituted political and moral reforms. Savonarola believed stable institutions required a moral foundation and that the prophet's role was to create a public conscience to guide government according to moral principles.
The destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 70 AD by the Romans under Titus marked the end of Jewish independence and sovereignty over the land of Israel. Many Jews were killed or exiled, and the remaining population was prohibited from rebuilding Jerusalem. This led to the large-scale dispersion of Jews (Diaspora) across the Roman Empire and beyond. In the aftermath, Jewish religious leaders established schools to preserve Jewish law, traditions and identity without the Temple, eventually compiling these teachings into the Mishnah and Talmud. This laid the foundations for an autonomous Jewish society and religion even without a land or Temple.
"No spiritual journey is complete without
a Vatican page-turner by Malachi Martin."
— FORBES
Please let us know what do you think about this book.
It´s very important. Thanks.
The Byzantine Empire lasted more than a thousand years and kept Roman politics, art, architecture, engineering, learning and military tactics alive. It acted as a buffer between the Muslim controlled Middle East and Christian Europe throughout the Dark Ages, and also allowed for the safe keeping of knowledge that helped incubate the Renaissance. Furthermore, it directly contributed to the emergence of the Crusades, which influenced Middle East/European politics and Christian/Muslim interactions through the present day.
This document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation and its impacts. It discusses figures prior to Luther who criticized corruption in the Catholic Church, including John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and Girolamo Savonarola. It then covers Luther's religious struggles that led him to question Catholic doctrine on salvation. It also mentions growing German nationalism that contributed to the success of the Reformation. Finally, it discusses the selling of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which was one of the events that prompted Luther to publish his 95 Theses criticizing the practice.
Constantine the Great played a pivotal role in the legalization and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Some key events and accomplishments included:
1) Constantine's vision of the Chi-Rho before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, after which he adopted the sign to mark his soldiers' shields and helmets and emerged victorious, establishing the Chi-Rho as a Christian symbol.
2) The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom and restitution of confiscated Christian properties throughout the Empire.
3) The construction of important Christian sites including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
4)
The document provides an overview of a lecture on religious developments in the later Roman Empire, focusing on the age of Constantine. It discusses the political context of Constantine's decision to convert to Christianity and analyzes primary sources on his conversion. The lecture aims to show how Constantine's conversion was influenced by the broader trends of monotheism and the relationship between religion and imperial power in the 3rd century Roman Empire.
The document discusses the history of the Crusades from 1095 to 1291 AD. It began when the Pope called on European warriors to help retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. There were nine major Crusades over almost two centuries that aimed to defeat Muslim forces and establish Christian control, but they ultimately failed and Muslim rule was restored. The Crusades exposed Europeans to new cultures and increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with the founding of Constantinople in 330 AD by Constantine the Great. It lasted for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantine Empire helped preserve Greek and Roman culture and learning during the Middle Ages and made significant contributions to art, architecture, and military innovations like Greek fire. A defining characteristic was its Orthodox Christian faith, which was central to its government and highly influential on its artistic traditions including mosaics and icons.
This document provides historical context for the political, religious, and social conditions in Israel between the Old and New Testaments. It describes how Israel went from being a province of Persia to falling under Greek rule after Alexander the Great's conquest. The land was then divided and ruled by the Ptolemies and Seleucids, placing the Jews under constant rule changes. It also details the persecution of Jews under Antiochus IV, including the desecration of the Temple, and the rise of the Maccabees in response. Finally, it discusses the corrupt rule of the Maccabees and the tyrannical rule of Herod the Great over the region at the time of Jesus' birth.
After over seven decades of Komnenian rule, the Byzantine Empire was losing power and prestige due to threats from Western European rulers. The Angeloi dynasty that replaced the Komnenians proved disastrous, failing to defend against external enemies or maintain order. Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187, and subsequent Crusades to retake it were unsuccessful. Byzantium was increasingly weak and corrupt, leaving it vulnerable to outside threats.
Windansea Restaurant is an ocean-front seafood restaurant located in Highlands, NJ that was founded in 2000. It has over 250 seats and an outdoor tiki bar. The restaurant has received awards for top seafood establishment in NJ for three consecutive years. It is owned and operated by the Shields family and actively supports the local community through charitable donations and events.
Este documento describe el caso de una paciente de 53 años con un tumor de ovario derecho de 15 cm. La biopsia del tumor indicó un teratoma ovárico maligno del tipo estruma ovaria, con predominio de tejido tiroideo. La paciente fue sometida a histerectomía, ooforectomía y omentectomía. El análisis microscópico reveló un estruma ovaria variante folicular, con invasión vascular. Se diagnosticó hipotiroidismo y se inició tratamiento.
Este documento describe las propiedades de tres materiales comunes: porcelana para jarras, PET para botellas de plástico y plomo para balas. Compara las propiedades de dureza, rigidez, fragilidad y ductilidad de estos materiales. Luego, sugiere posibles mejoras, como reemplazar el cuarzo por alúmina en la porcelana para aumentar su resistencia, usar PEBD en lugar de PET para las botellas por ser más económico, y fabricar balines de aleación de estaño en lugar de plomo por
El documento describe la historia de las computadoras en México desde 1958 hasta 2003, mencionando las primeras computadoras instaladas por la UNAM como la IBM-650 en 1958 y la IBM-1440 en 1965, la llegada de las primeras microcomputadoras en 1978 como el TRS-80, y el lanzamiento de importantes microprocesadores como el 80386 de Intel en 1985 y el procesador Centrino en 2003.
El documento resume un estudio realizado por tres científicos sobre los diez principios que gobiernan la vinculación entre individuos y marcas. El estudio encontró que la vinculación requiere reciprocidad y esfuerzo, no es binaria sino que varía entre personas y situaciones, y se construye atrayendo atención primero y luego mediante la relación.
The document analyzes tweets mentioning various US politicians from December 1-7, 2014. It finds that Hillary Clinton was mentioned most frequently, followed by Rand Paul, Chris Christie, and others. Top words used included "understand", "Obama", and "enemies". Sentiment analysis found most tweets were neutral, followed by positive and negative. Recent tweets praised Rand Paul and Hillary Clinton or criticized Chris Christie and Rand Paul.
PARK's director Tim Selders talks about the role of design in business innovation.
Topics that he addresses are:
- the maturing of design in different industries
- the financial value design prooves to deliver
- the integration of design into other business functions,
- ending with the role of design in business innovation.
The email is from consult@laureateglobal.com and recommends subscribing to smallbusiness.chrone.com for tips and advice on running a small business. It promises regular articles on topics like marketing, finance, hiring and retaining employees. Subscribers will also get a weekly newsletter with actionable strategies presented in a simple, easy to understand format.
El documento discute el desarrollo sostenible en el Caribe, con un enfoque en la erradicación de la pobreza a través de la salud pública y la educación. Aborda temas como la economía verde, la construcción de marcos para el desarrollo sostenible, y los tres pilares fundamentales del desarrollo sostenible. También analiza desafíos específicos de salud que enfrentan las islas del Caribe y los roles que pueden desempeñar los profesionales de la salud y la educación para la sal
The document describes the ArchestrA System Platform 2012 R2 software from Wonderware. It provides a centralized platform for industrial application development, management, and control. Key benefits include enabling enterprise integration, lowering engineering costs, scalability, enforcing standards, and improving control without costly replacement. The 2012 R2 version improves information availability, data capacity, integrity, security, and provides a holistic view of contextualized data.
Or why I defended Pope Benedict XVI in 2006 against the thoughtlessly irascible Muslims
When a Muslim writes an Obituary for the Catholic Church's sole Pope Emeritus…
Table of Contents
I. From Joseph Ratzinger to Pope Benedict XVI
II. The theoretical concerns of an intellectual Pope
III. Benedict XVI: A Pope against violence and wars
IV. Manuel II Palaeologus and the Eastern Roman Empire between the Muslim Ottoman brethren and the Anti-Christian Roman enemies
V. The unknown (?) Turkic mystic interlocutor and the Islamic centers of science and reason that Benedict XVI ignored
VI. Excerpt from Benedict XVI's lecture given on the 12th September at the University of Regensburg under title 'Faith, Reason and the University–Memories and Reflections'
VII. The problems of the academic-theological background of Benedict XVI's lecture
VIII. Benedict XVI's biased approach, theological mistakes, intellectual oversights and historical misinterpretations
IX. The lecture's most controversial point
X. The educational-academic-intellectual misery and the political ordeal of today's Muslim states
------------------------
First published on 11th January 2023 here:
https://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/2023/01/11/benedict-xvi-and-todays-muslims-opposite-manuel-ii-palaeologus-and-his-turkic-interlocutor/
The document discusses Marcus Aurelius and his relationship to Christianity. It references both ancient documents that portrayed Marcus Aurelius positively and questioned whether he was friend or foe to Christianity. It explores biographies of Marcus Aurelius and preceding emperors to gain insights into his reign and ordinary Roman life. The document encourages questions and discussion in the comments and lists sources to be discussed at the end.
1. The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and political leaders in medieval Europe. As the weak central governments of feudal Europe left a power vacuum, the Church grew as a powerful institution that shaped people's lives and expanded its political role.
2. There was an ongoing power struggle between the Church and emperors over who held supreme authority. Pope Gelasius I introduced the concept of separating the Church and state, with the pope wielding the "religious sword" and emperors the "political sword".
3. Conflicts arose as the Church sought to assert its independence from secular rulers, such as between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over who had the power to
Document on the number of people killed by the Papacy in the middle ages and later.
Referenced in the following radio programs:
www.worldviewweekend.com/radio/audio/brannon-howse-february-25-2015
www.worldviewweekend.com/radio/audio/brannon-howse-february-26-2015
The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and political powers in medieval Europe. It describes how the Church competed with kings and emperors for authority over people's lives. Though the Church advocated for a separation of church and state, in practice it often asserted political power over rulers and shaped laws and social classes. This tension led to recurring conflicts between popes and emperors over who had supreme authority.
Pope Pius XII's response to the Holocaust remains controversial. Historians question why he did not more forcefully condemn the Nazi persecution and extermination of Jews. While some Catholic clergy sheltered Jews, others turned them away or only admitted them if they converted. The document discusses these issues and historian David Kertzer's criticism that Pius XII could have done more to help Jews and speak out against the Nazis. It also explores possible reasons why Hitler chose not to directly threaten the Pope or Vatican neutrality.
Lesson 2: Non Biblical Sources of Jesus Christ HistoricityDam Frank
This document discusses several Roman historians who provided non-biblical evidence of Jesus Christ's historicity, including Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny the Younger, and Lucian of Samosata. Tacitus and Pliny the Younger directly referenced Jesus Christ and the persecution of early Christians. Suetonius indirectly referenced early Christians and their conflicts in Rome. Lucian of Samosata also referenced Jesus Christ and the general beliefs and practices of early Christians. The writings of these Roman historians corroborate details found in biblical accounts of the life and ministry of Jesus Christ.
The truth about the path of the catholic church throughout historyFernando Alcoforado
The Catholic Church has deviated significantly from Jesus Christ's teachings throughout its history. It became a powerful political and economic institution that committed atrocities like the Inquisition and supported villains like Hitler and Mussolini. However, it lost power over the centuries as monarchies emerged and countries secularized. Though nearly collapsing, the Catholic Church gained independence and wealth through agreements like the Lateran Treaty with Mussolini, allowing it to continue operating today.
Pope pius xi_and_world_peace-lord_clonmore-1938-302pgs-rel-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides background on Pope Benedict XV and his efforts towards peace during World War I. It describes how Benedict XV and Marshal Lyautey viewed the start of WWI with dismay, believing it to be "civil war" and "the greatest piece of idiocy." Benedict XV strived for peace but was ultimately defeated by the selfish ambitions of world leaders. The document establishes that Papal policy follows a clear line of continuity, and sets the stage to examine how Pope Pius XI continued Benedict XV's legacy of promoting peace in a world recovering from the devastation of WWI.
John Paul II, the Pope from 1978 to 2005, led an extraordinary life that shaped his unifying legacy. He survived Nazi occupation in Poland and an assassination attempt. As Pope, he restored the Church's discipline and purpose, reasserting doctrines while pursuing reconciliation. His extensive foreign travel showed his care for people everywhere and advocacy for freedom, dignity, and justice. While his impact may not be clear for some time, he was undoubtedly a towering figure of the 20th century.
The document provides background information on William Shakespeare's play Macbeth. It discusses the historical context of the English Renaissance from 1485-1660. It then summarizes key elements of the plot of Macbeth, Shakespeare's sources for the story, the appeal to Elizabethan and Jacobean audiences, and characters like Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Shakespeare used the play to appeal to interests of the time like kingship and portraying the consequences of political treason.
The document provides an overview of reforms in the Catholic Church in the 11th-12th centuries and the Crusades. It summarizes that the Church faced issues like married priests and corruption, which led to reforms spearheaded by the monastic orders of Cluny and Cistercians. Pope Gregory VII introduced reforms addressing these issues. The Crusades were launched by Pope Urban II in 1095 in response to a call for aid from the Byzantine Empire against Muslim expansion, with the goal of retaking the Holy Land. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but resulted in massacres of Muslims and Jews.
Eminem -MK Ultra -Paedo Island -Occult Linage528Hz TRUTH
This document discusses connections between various celebrities and organizations, suggesting they are linked to occult secret societies and mind control programs. It speculates on possible MKULTRA involvement with Eminem and other musicians. References are made to pedophilia rings and links to Epstein, the Bronfman family, and NXIVM cult. The document takes a conspiratorial tone in its analyses and connections.
Kevin Halligen, a private investigator who linked John and Tony Podesta to the disappearance of Madeleine McCann, was found dead in his home in England. The article reporting his death in the Scotland Yard News smeared Halligen's reputation but did not mention his findings linking the Podestas to the case. Halligen's work and subsequent mysterious death raise suspicions about the involvement of powerful figures like the Podestas in Madeleine McCann's disappearance.
1. Melamine is an industrial chemical that was illegally added to milk powder in China to artificially inflate the protein content. It caused illnesses and deaths when consumed.
2. In 2007, pets in the US died from eating contaminated pet food from China that contained melamine. In 2008, Chinese infants began experiencing kidney stones and kidney failure from melamine in milk powder.
3. Melamine forms crystals in the kidneys that can block urine flow and cause kidney damage or failure. Young children are especially vulnerable because they consume more milk relative to their size.
The document discusses Nikola Tesla's wireless transmission system which operated differently than modern radio technology. Tesla claimed it did not use electromagnetic radiation, could transmit through earth or water, and conveyed energy via electric currents rather than radiation. The document analyzes patents and Tesla's own writings to argue his method was a form of electrostatic induction that propagated signals through displacement currents in the ground between transmitter and receiver, rather than emitting waves through the air like modern radio.
This document outlines the beginning of "The Black Woman's Agenda" which aims to address crises among Black women and offer solutions. It discusses the need for Black women to reclaim their identity and understand their crucial role in humanity as the first humans and mothers of civilization. It emphasizes establishing sisterhood and alliances between Black women to prioritize preserving their community and species.
Dome of the sky contains the moon the sun & the clouds beneath it by mike max...528Hz TRUTH
1) The document discusses the flat earth theory proposed by Wilbur Glenn Voliva, who believes the earth is a flat disc rather than a sphere and has offered a $5,000 prize to anyone who can prove him wrong.
2) Voliva rejects common proofs of the spherical earth such as ships disappearing over the horizon and the changing night sky in different locations.
3) The document outlines Voliva's flat earth model, including beliefs that the sun and moon are much smaller and closer than mainstream science claims.
This study found high concentrations of viruses in water samples from the Chesapeake Bay. Virus counts ranged from 2.6 x 106 to 1.4 x 108 viruses per ml and averaged 2.5 x 107 viruses per ml. Virus counts were usually at least three times higher than bacterial counts from the same samples. Virus concentrations were highest in August and October and lowest in April and September. The high virus counts suggest that viruses may be an important factor influencing bacterial populations in the Chesapeake Bay through infection.
This document summarizes the ingredients contained in common childhood vaccines according to the current vaccination schedules in the US and UK. It lists the specific antigens, adjuvants, and production cell substrates contained in each vaccine. For the US schedule, it shows that by age 6 children may receive up to 5 injections at once containing a total of 90 antigens. For the UK schedule, it indicates that by age 5 children may receive up to 6 injections at once containing a total of 83 antigens. The document provides references to source materials from vaccine manufacturers to support the ingredient claims.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Project Hammer Covert Financial & The Parallel Economy528Hz TRUTH
1) The document discusses Project Hammer, an alleged covert trading program operated by banks that generated massive profits used to fund secret projects.
2) General Erle Cocke, who was involved with the program and the Nugan Hand Bank, stated in a deposition that over $200 billion from Project Hammer was deposited in accounts at Citibank that were supposed to provide payouts to participants.
3) It is unclear who originally created Project Hammer, but according to Cocke, it grew far beyond its original structure over time.
The document summarizes and debunks various myths about alleged secret German and Allied activities in Antarctica during World War II and the postwar period. It discusses a real 1938-1939 German expedition to Antarctica but finds no evidence they established a permanent base. It also analyzes Operations Tabarin, Highjump, and nuclear tests in the region, finding they were not directed at attacking a German base as some claims suggest, but rather had other aims like military training or scientific study. While certain facts underpin the myths, when considering all available information the evidence shows the myths cannot be substantiated and are best seen as fanciful stories rather than historical fact.
The document discusses the Spencer-Churchill family, a British noble family that has held influential positions in British politics and media. It outlines the family's lineage and connections to other influential families like the Vanderbilts and Freuds. It claims several members of the Spencer-Churchill family are involved in criminal activities like human trafficking, cannibalism, and running propaganda networks. It criticizes several public figures for allegedly covering up for or being part of these activities, including Anderson Cooper, Jordan Peterson, and members of the Spencer-Churchill family.
The document provides information about the German noble House of Hesse and their alleged involvement in Nazi and criminal activities. Some key points:
- The House of Hesse is an ancient noble family closely allied with the Habsburgs and British royal family. Members have held high-ranking positions in the Nazi party and SS.
- The document claims the House of Hesse owns companies like ThyssenKrupp and has shares in banks like Hess Corporation. It also alleges they are involved with criminal gangs and private military companies.
- Several current members of the House of Hesse are named, including Donatus, Prince of Hesse, who is described as the family's current head and "a
1. The Habsburg family is a powerful royal dynasty that has historically ruled over Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, and parts of Eastern Europe.
2. The current head of the Habsburg family is Karl von Habsburg, who holds the titles of King of Jerusalem and Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
3. The document alleges that the Habsburgs continue to wield political and financial influence throughout Europe covertly, often through connections to wealthy Zionist bankers and business families.
Hanseatic League Of Despots By IzRealZues528Hz TRUTH
The document discusses the genealogy and connections between several wealthy and noble European families, including the Hanovers, Este, Ferrari, Ferrero, Farnese, and others. It claims these families originated from the Welf dynasty and established the Hanseatic League. It alleges that through intermarriage, these families covertly monopolize industries like automobiles, fashion, and banking. It further accuses several individuals from these families of financing human trafficking and pedophilia rings.
The Gaetani family is an Italian noble family dating back to ancient Rome. They have connections to organized crime families like the Gambinos through the Gotti family. Current members of the Gaetani family hold high-ranking positions in the 'Ndrangheta criminal organization and are involved in crimes like human trafficking, drug trafficking, money laundering, and murder. The document makes unsupported claims about various members of the Gaetani family and their alleged criminal activities.
1) The document discusses the origins and interconnections of several prominent European banking families, including the Doria family from Genoa, Italy, the Sacchetti family from Rome, and the Landi family.
2) It claims that these families have ancestral ties translating their names to "Gold Sachs" and have held high positions of power and influence over prominent financial institutions like Goldman Sachs as well as the Vatican over centuries.
3) The document also alleges that many current and former executives and board members of Goldman Sachs have ties to Catholic institutions like Jesuit schools and the Knights of Malta.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Upon his death on 21 February 1513, the populace breathed a
sigh of relief. Unfortunately for them, one of the most disgraceful
popes who ever sat in the papal chair then arrived in the Vatican,
complete with his entourage of military advisers. He was the fat
and amiable Giovanni de' Medici (1475–1521), a former
commander of Pope Julius's papal army.
Pope Leo X and his infamous proclamation
On 11 March 1513, Giovanni was elected pope and assumed
the name of Leo X. He had not yet been ordained a priest, but
this defect was remedied on 15 March at a Vatican celebration for
the anniversary of the death of Divine Julius (Julius Caesar)
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3rd ed., Edinburgh, 1788–97, vol. ix).
It is almost enough to say that apologists who make pretence of
defending Alexander VI and Julius II abandon Leo X to the
critical wolves. He satisfied only those "who looked upon the
Papal Court as a centre of amusement" (Catholic Encyclopedia,
Pecci ed., 1897, iii, p. 227). The belief that Leo began to indulge
in unnatural vice after he became pope was so seriously held in
Rome that the two leading historians of his time recorded the
information.
Guicciardini noted that the new pope accepted the pagan
enjoyment of life and was
"exceedingly devoted to the flesh,
especially those pleasures which
cannot, with decency, be mentioned"
(Istoria d'Italia, 1832 ed., lib. xvi, ch.
v, p. 254).
Paolo Cardinal Giovio (Jovius),
biographer of Leo X, after speaking
of the pope's "excessive luxury" and
"regal licence", claimed to have
"penetrated the secrets of the night",
adding: "Nor was he free from the
infamy that he seemed to have an
improper love of some of his
chamberlains, who were members of
the noblest families of Italy" (De Vita
Leonis Decimi, Pontificus Maximus, Paolo Giovio, 1897 English
ed., lib. iv, pp. 96-99).
Modern churchmen, however, praise Leo as "a person of moral
life and sincerely religious" ( The Oxford Dictionary of the
Christian Church, ed. F. L. Cross, 1963, 2nd ed., p. 799; The New
International Dictionary of the Christian Church , ed. J. D.
Douglas, Zondervan, 1974, p. 591), adding that his pious qualities
were responsible for his unanimous election by the cardinals.
However, historical records reveal a different story:
"When Pope Julius died, Giovanni de' Medici (to become Leo
X) was very ill of venereal disease at Florence and was carried to
Rome in a litter. Later, an ulcer broke and the matter which ran
from it exhaled such a stench that all the cells in the enclave,
which were separated only by thin partitions, were poisoned by it.
Upon this, the cardinals consulted with physicians of the enclave,
to know what the matter was. They, being bribed earlier [by
Giovanni de' Medici himself], said de' Medici could not live a
month; which sentence occasioned his being chosen pope. Thus
Giovanni de' Medici, then 38 years of age, was elected pope on
false information and, as joy is the most sovereign of all remedies,
he soon recovered his health, so that the old cardinals soon had
reason to repent."
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3rd ed., op. cit., vol. ix, p. 788)
A hale and hearty Pope Leo X now filled the pontifical chair and
his first declaration was: "God has given me the papacy, now let
me enjoy it" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 13th ed., xix, pp. 926-7).
That was an indication of what was to come from the man who
fully developed the sale of "indulgences" into Christianity and
established the framework for yet another military strike (the 18th
crusade since 1096). The Church made the following apologetic
summary about him:
"As an ecclesiastic, his deficiency in professional knowledge,
his utter indifference to the restraint of his character, the reputed
laxity of his principles, his proneness to dissimulation, his deeply
rooted voluptuousness and his fondness for the society of
musicians, jesters and buffoons rendered him contemptible, or
something worse. By a course of lavish expenditure in the
indulgence of his own taste for luxury and magnificence, by the
part which he took in the troublous politics of the day … Leo
completely drained the papal treasury."
(Annales Ecclesiastici, Caesar Baronius, Antwerp, 1592–97,
folio iii)
Leo gathered about him a company of gross men: flatterers,
purveyors of indecent jokes and stories, and writers of obscene
comedies which were often performed in the Vatican with
cardinals as actors. His chief friend
was Cardinal Bimmiena, whose
comedies were more obscene than
any of ancient Athens or Rome and
who was one of the most immoral
men of his time. Leo had to eat
temperately for he was morbidly fat,
but his banquets were as costly as
they were vulgar and the coarsest
jesters and loosest courtesans sat with
him and the cardinals. Since these
things are not disputed, the Church
does not deny the evidence of his
vices. In public affairs he was the
most notoriously dishonourable Vicar
of Christ of the Renaissance period,
but it is not possible here to tell the extraordinary story of his
alliances, wars and cynical treacheries. His nepotism was as
corrupt as that of any pope, and when some of the cardinals
conspired to kill him he had the flesh of their servants ripped off
with red-hot pincers to extract information (Crises in the History of
the Papacy, op. cit., ch. v, "The Popes React with Massacre and
Inquisition").
The Church had scarcely a pope more dedicated to expensive
pleasures or by whom money was so anxiously sought than Leo X.
Pope Julius II had earlier bestowed indulgences on all who
contributed towards building the basilica of St Peter in Vatican
City, and Leo X rapidly expanded upon the doctrine. An
indulgence was the sale of dispensations to secure mainly the rich
from the threat of burning or the bogus release from sins such as
murder, polygamy, sacrilege, perjury and witchcraft (Indulgences:
Their Origin, Nature and Development, Quaracchi, 1897). For a
sum of money, property or some penitential act, a pardon was
conveyed, or a release from the pains of purgatory or guilt or the
forgiveness of sins was granted to any person who bestowed
wealth upon the Church. The year after his election, he sold the
archbishopric of Mainz and two bishoprics to a rich, loose-living
young noble, Albert of Brandenburg, for a huge sum and permitted
him to recover his investment by the sordid traffic in indulgences
which a few years later inflamed Martin Luther. The rich were not
the only group he targeted:
50 • NEXUS www.nexusmagazine.com APRIL – MAY 2007
The Church had scarcely
a pope more dedicated to
expensive pleasures or by whom
money was so anxiously sought
than Leo X.
4. additional chamberlains and 141 squires to the 2,000 persons who
made up his ménage at the Vatican, and received from them a total
of 202,000 ducats. In July 1517, he named 31 new cardinals,
chosen "not of such as had the most merit, but of those that offered
the most money for the honour and power". Cardinal Porizzetti,
for example, paid 40,000 ducats and altogether Leo's appointees on
this occasion brought in another half a million ducats for the
treasury. Even blasé Italy was shocked, and the story of the pope's
financial transactions made Germans share in the anger of Luther's
October 1517 revolt. Some cardinals received an income from the
Church of 40,000 ducats a year and lived in stately palaces manned
by as many as 300 servants and adorned with every art and luxury
known to the time. All in all, Leo spent 4,500,000 ducats during
his pontificate (US$56,250,000 in 1955 values) and died owing
400,000 more (A History of the Popes, op. cit., vol. 2). A favourite
satire that developed around him was called the "Gospel according
to Marks and Silver", which said:
"In those days, Pope Leo said to the clergy: 'When Jesus the
Son of Man shall come to the seat of our Majesty, say first of all,
'Friend, wherefore art Thou come hither? And if He gives you
naught in silver or gold, cast Him forth into outer darkness.'"
(A History of the Popes, Dr Joseph McCabe, ibid., vol. 2,
chapter on "The Age of Power")
It was Pope Leo X who made the
most infamous and damaging
statement about Christianity in the
history of the Church. His
declaration revealed to the world
papal knowledge of the Vatican's
false presentation of Jesus Christ and
unashamedly exposed the puerile
nature of the Christian religion. At a
lavish Good Friday banquet in the
Vatican in 1514, and in the company
of "seven intimates" (Annales
Ecclesiastici, Caesar Baronius, Folio
Antwerp, 1597, tome 14), Leo made
an amazing announcement that the
Church has since tried hard to invalidate. Raising a chalice of
wine into the air, Pope Leo toasted: "How well we know what a
profitable superstition this fable of Christ has been for us and our
predecessors."
The pope's pronouncement is recorded in the diaries and records
of both Pietro Cardinal Bembo (Letters and Comments on Pope
Leo X, 1842 reprint) and Paolo Cardinal Giovio (De Vita Leonis
Decimi..., op. cit.), two associates who were witnesses to it.
Caesar (Cardinal) Baronius (1538–1607) was Vatican librarian
for seven years and wrote a 12-volume history of the Church,
known as Annales Ecclesiastici. He was the Church's most
outstanding historian (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Edition, 1976,
ii, p. 105) and his records provide vital inside information for
anybody studying the rich depth of falsification in Christianity.
Cardinal Baronius, who turned down two offers to become pope in
1605, added the following comments about Pope Leo's declaration:
"The Pontiff has been accused of atheism, for he denied God and
called Christ, in front of cardinals Pietro Bembo, Jovius and
Iacopo Sadoleto and other intimates, 'a fable' … it must be
corrected".
(Annales Ecclesiastici, op. cit., tomes viii and xi)
In an early edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia (Pecci ed., iii,
pp. 312-314, passim), the Church devoted two-and-half pages in an
attempt to nullify the most destructive statement ever made by the
head of Christianity. It based the essence of its argument on the
assumption that what the pope meant by "profitable" was
"gainful", and "fable" was intended to mean "tradition". Hence,
confused Catholic theologians argued that what the pope really
meant was, "How well Christians have gained from this wonderful
tradition of Christ". But that isn't what he said.
It is from Christianity's own records that Pope Leo's statement
became known to the world. In his diaries, Cardinal Bembo, the
Pope's secretary for seven years, added that Leo:
"...was known to disbelieve Christianity itself. He advanced
contrary to the faith and that in condemning the Gospel, therefore
he must be a heretic; he was guilty of sodomy with his
chamberlains; was addicted to pleasure, luxury, idleness, ambition,
unchastity and sensuality; and spent his whole days in the
company of musicians and buffoons. His Infallibility's
drunkenness was proverbial, he practised incontinency as well as
inebriation, and the effects of his crimes shattered the people's
constitution."
(Letters and Comments on Pope Leo X, ibid.)
On behalf of the Church, Cardinal Baronius officially defended
Pope Leo's declaration, saying it was "an invention of his corroded
mind" (Annales Ecclesiastici, op. cit., tome iv), but in applauding
the pope's tyrannical conduct
supported the essence of his testimony
on the grounds of the infallibility of
the Church of Rome:
"Of his wicked miscarriages, we,
having had before a careful
deliberation with our brethren and the
Holy Council, and many others, and
although he was unworthy to hold the
place of St Peter on Earth, Pope Leo
the Great [440–461] originally
determined that the dignity of Peter
suffers no diminution even in an
unworthy successor [see Catholic
Encyclopedia, i, pp. 289, 294, passim].
In regard to the keys, as Vicar of Christ he rendered himself to put
forth this knowledge truly; and all do assent to it, so that none
dissent who does not fall from the Church; the infamy of his
testimonial and conduct is readily pardoned and forgotten."
(Annales Ecclesiastici, ibid.)
Later, John Bale (1495–1563) seized upon Pope Leo's
confession and the subsequent Vatican admission that the pope had
spoken the truth about the "fable of Christ" and "put forward this
knowledge truly" (Annales Ecclesiastici, ibid.). Bale was an
Englishman who had earlier joined the Carmelites but abandoned
the order after the Inquisition slaughtered his family (Of the Five
Plagues of the Church [originally titled The Five Wounds of the
Church], Count Antonio Rosmini [Catholic priest and papal
adviser], 1848, English trans. by Prof. David L. Wilhelm, Russell
Square Publishing, London, 1889). He became a playwright and
in 1538 developed lampooning pantomimes to mock the pretended
godliness of the Catholic Church and "parodied its rites and
customs on stage" (The Complete Plays of John Bale, ed. Peter
Happé, Boydell & Brewer, Cambridge, 1985). After the public
disclosure of the hollow nature of Christianity, "people were
rejoicing that the papacy and the Church had come to an end" (Of
the Five Plagues of the Church , op. cit.), but later Christian
historians acrimoniously referred to the popular theatrical
Raising a chalice of wine into
the air, Pope Leo toasted:
"How well we know what a
profitable superstition this
fable of Christ has been for us
and our predecessors."
52 • NEXUS www.nexusmagazine.com APRIL – MAY 2007
6. fictions" ("Contradictions in the Catholic Encyclopedias: A
Record of Conflictions in Accredited Church Expositions", Major
Joseph Wheless [Judge Advocate, USA], American Bar
Association Journal, 1930 [vol. no. unknown]).
Few readers know how freely it is acknowledged that the
popular Catholic versions of the history of the popes are composed
of forgeries and are used today with great profit in Christian
circles. The Vatican flooded the world with false information
about its popes, the most blatant examples being the famous, or
infamous, Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis) and the Liberian
Catalogue, both notorious for their fictitious accounts of early and
mythical "successors of St Peter" (Catholic Encyclopedia, ix, pp.
224-225; also Pecci ed., ii, p. 371). These books provide a
collection of glowing diatribes describing the pontificates of docile
and devout popes, many of whom never existed, and has about it
the spurious air of ingenuousness that so often amuses the reader.
Book of the Popes is an official papal work, written and kept in
the Vatican, and its introduction claims to "preserve for posterity
the holy lives and wonderful doings of the heads of the Church
Universal" (Catholic Encyclopedia, ix, p. 224). However, if
patient readers care to glance at the synopsis of each pope as given,
they will see that the Church knows
nothing whatever about the pontiffs of the
first six or seven centuries, and not one of
them is a clearly defined figure of history.
The summations of popes are decorated
with the official halo of sanctity, but the
Bollandist priest, Father Delehaye, a
leading Catholic investigator of this kind
of literature, said "there is no evidence
whatever that the papal genealogies are
based upon earlier sources" (The Legends
of the Saints, Father Delehaye, 1907
English ed., quoted and expanded upon in
The Popes and Their Church, Dr Joseph
McCabe, C. A. Watts & Co., London, 2nd
ed. revised, 1924, p. 13).
Simply put, there were no Christian popes for many centuries;
they were the Mithraic fathers of Rome, and "the chief of the
[Mithraic] fathers, a sort of pope, who always lived at Rome, was
called Pater Patrum" (Catholic Encyclopedia, x, pp. 402-404).
Some even called themselves after the Zoroastrian god, an
excellent example being Pope Hormisdas (514–523), whose name
is Persian for Ahura Mazda. Of him, the Church said "his name
presents an interesting problem" and added this curious comment:
"St Hormisdas owes his canonisation to an unofficial tradition"
(The Popes: A Concise Biographical History, Burns & Oates,
Publishers to the Holy See, London, 1964, p. 81). His
"considerable numbers of recalcitrant bishops" were devotees of
Ahura Mazda, supporting Mithraic doctrine (ibid.).
We need to understand that many ancient popes, who in modern
times have been presented as dignified gentlemen isolated from
every taint of mundane interest, never existed. The Church has
admitted that its papal biographies (Book of the Popes and the
Liberian Catalogue) are not candid digests of pious men of
considerable erudition but are untruthful fabrications: "Historical
criticism has for a long time dealt with this ancient text in an
exhaustive way … especially in recent decades" (i.e., late
1800s–early 1900s) (Catholic Encyclopedia, v, pp. 773-780; also
ix, pp. 224-225, passim) and established it "historically untenable"
(ibid., passim).
The Church confessed that the Book of the Popes is a phony
record, retrospectively compiled in the deceptive manner of most
clerical writings. This admission is found in the Catholic
Encyclopedia:
"In most of its manuscript copies there is found at the beginning
a spurious correspondence between Pope Damasus I [366–383]
and St Jerome [c. 347–420]. These letters were considered
genuine in the Middle Ages. Duchesne [papal historian,
1584–1640] has proved exhaustively and convincingly that the
first series of biographies, from St Peter to Felix III [IV, d. 530],
was compiled at the latest under Felix's successor Boniface II
[530–532]. The compilers of the Liber Pontificalis utilized also
some historical writings, a number of apocryphal fragments [e.g.,
the Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions], the Constitutum Sylvestri,
the spurious Acts of the alleged 'Synod of the 275 bishops under
Sylvester', etc., and the fifth-century Roman Acts of Martyrs.
Finally, the compilers distributed arbitrarily along their list of
popes a number of papal decrees taken from unauthentic sources;
they likewise attributed to earlier popes liturgical and disciplinary
regulations of the sixth century. The authors were Roman
ecclesiastics, and some were attached to the Roman Court … in the
Liber Pontificalis it is recorded that popes issued decrees that were
lost, or mislaid, or perhaps never existed at all. Later popes seized
the opportunity to supply a false
pontifical letter suitable for the
occasion, attributing it to the pope
whose name was mentioned in the
Liber Pontificalis."
(Catholic Encyclopedia, v, pp.
773-780, and ix, pp. 224-225, passim;
also regarding the fraudulent Book of
the Popes, see Annales Ecclesiastici,
op. cit., folio xi, andDe Antiqua
Ecclesiae Disciplina, op. cit.)
The falsity of the Book of the
Popes is thereby shown and the
intentional presentation of its
fabricated contents is revealed.
English theologian and deist Anthony Collins (1676–1729), in his
celebrated Discourse of Free-thinking (1713), discussed at length
the extent of the superficial literature that circulates in Christianity.
He said (p. 96): "In short, these frauds are very common in all
books which are published by priests or priestly men. For it is
certain they plead the authority of earlier writings that were
themselves fake, forged, mangled or corrupted, with more reasons
than any to support their articles of faith with sinister ingenuity."
The fervour with which the modern-day work of suppression,
misrepresentation, falsification and concealment of the real
disposition of the popes, whose character no non-Church historian
respects, makes the guilt of the successors of the Church as great
as that of those who established the system.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Vatican added to its
cover-up and employed unnamed Mannerist artists to create pious
portraits of popes extending back centuries. After the ruling on the
need for standardised biblical images by the Council of Trent,
Charles Cardinal Borromeo, at one time the manservant to Pope
Sixtus V (1585–90), moved a motion during the First Provincial
Council (1565) forbidding the painting of Christian personages
without official approval from the Church. The motion was
carried, and from that time on artists needed written approval from
the Artist Censor to the Holy Office on matters pertaining to the
creation of Christian iconography. Bishops were appointed to
instruct artists on the standardised presentation of particularly
Gospel subjects and they were not to proceed without Church
54 • NEXUS www.nexusmagazine.com APRIL – MAY 2007
Simply put, there were no
Christian popes for many
centuries; they were the
Mithraic fathers of Rome ...
8. to purify the character of bygone popes but
Dr Ludwig Pastor (1854–1928), German
Catholic historian of the papacy, frankly
admitted the extent of their irreverence,
noting that "the evidence against our Holy
Fathers is so strong as to render it
impossible to restore their reputation"
(History of the Popes from the Close of the
Middle Ages, Ludwig Pastor Freiherr von
Campersfelden; quoted in A History of the
Popes, Dr Joseph McCabe, op. cit., vol. 2).
The mighty spiritual power which popes
possess, which is said to be so valuable to
Christians, led to the most licentious, cruel
and dishonourable organisation known in
the history of civilisation. The apologist
who tells his readers that the popes were a
fine constructive force is flagrantly
opposing historical facts.
The Cambridge Modern History, a most
judicious authority, says that "the world has
rarely seen a more debased standard of
morality than that which prevailed under
the popes in the closing years of the Middle
Ages" (vol. 1, p. 673). To this could be
added the opinion of this author, based on
many years of research, that the true extent
of the disgrace of the papal office was
continuous from before the time of the Holy
Roman Emperor Charlemagne (d. 814) until
well after the Council of Trent (1545–63)
and was eradicated only under the pressure
of Protestantism.
Most Catholics don't know about the real
story of the history of the Church, nor about
the harsh and impious nature of their popes.
But as they begin to peer over the barriers
the Catholic hierarchy has raised, they see
that the illustrious and authoritative
passivity recorded of the popes has been
won by false pretence.
The modern-day claim that popes
promoted the mental awakening of Europe
is a particularly bold misrepresentation of
the facts. The world is learning that the
papacy, instead of having guided Europe
along a path towards civilisation, has even
in its best representatives inaugurated
centuries of conflict and degradation.
The papal office is unique in the history
of religion, not only for the high proportion
of disreputable men who have sat in the
pontifical chair but for the blood it has shed
in defence of its power, the dishonesty of its
credentials and the record of treason to its
own ideals. ∞
About the Author:
Tony Bushby, an Australian, became a
businessman and entrepreneur very early in
his life. He established a magazine-
publishing business and spent 20 years
researching, writing and publishing his own
magazines, primarily for the Australian and
New Zealand markets. With his strong
interest in metaphysical subjects, he has
developed longstanding relationships with
many associations and societies throughout
the world that have assisted his research by
making their archives available.
Tony is the author of The Bible Fraud
(2001; reviewed in NEXUS 8/06 with
extracts in NEXUS 9/01–03), The Secret in
the Bible (2003; reviewed 11/02, extract
"Ancient Cities under the Sands of Giza" in
11/03) and The Crucifixion of Truth (2005;
12/02). His new book The Twin Deception
was released in January 2007 (see review
this issue). These books are available from
NEXUS offices and from Joshua Books,
http://www.joshuabooks.com.
As Tony Bushby vigorously protects his
privacy, any correspondence should be sent
to him c/- NEXUS Magazine, PO Box 30,
Mapleton Qld 4560, Australia, fax +61 (0)7
5442 9381.
The Criminal History of the Papacy
APRIL – MAY 2007 www.nexusmagazine.com NEXUS • 79