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The 7 Trumpets



The 7 Trumpets
  Part II
  Part 2
“And the second angel sounded, and as
it were a great mountain burning with
fire was cast into the sea: and the third
part of the sea became blood”
(Revelation 8:7)
The Campaign of Genseric & the Vandals, 419-456 A.D
“Master of the Seas,” Sacked Rome 455 A.D.
Great Burning Mountain Cast into the Sea
           = Judgment of God




Jeremiah 51:24-27; Zechariah 9:4;
        Revelation 18:21
Jeremiah 51:25 “Behold, I am against thee,
O destroying mountain, saith the LORD,
which destroyest all the earth: and I will
stretch out mine hand upon thee, and roll
thee down from the rocks, and will make
thee a burnt mountain.”

Zechariah 9:4 “Behold, the Lord will cast
her out, and he will smite her power in the
sea; and she shall be devoured with fire.”
“These mountains to me are significant.
Subterranean fires, although concealed in
them, are burning. When the wicked shall
have filled their cup of iniquity then the Lord
will rise out of His place to punish the
inhabitants of the earth…There is a furnace of
fire in these old rocky mountains. The
mountain belching forth its fires tells us the
mighty furnace is kindled, waiting for God's
word to wrap the earth in flames…” (Ms 29,
1885, pp. 15-17)
UPON THE SEA =
         UPON THE SEA =
        BATTLES ON THE SEA
        BATTLES ON THE SEA
Revelation 14:7 “Saying with a loud voice, Fear
God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his
judgment is come: and worship him that made
heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the
fountains of waters.”
Sea Becomes Blood Because They Were
      Persecutors of the People of God
Revelation 16:3-6: “And the second angel poured out his vial upon the
sea; and it became as the blood of a dead [man]; and every living soul
died in the sea. And the third angel poured out his vial upon the rivers
and fountains of waters; and they became blood. And I heard the
angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Lord, which art, and
wast, and shalt be, because thou hast judged thus. For they have shed
the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given them blood to
drink; for they are worthy.”
“Genseric … was…king of the Vandal
settlers in Spain, and left, in
conjunction with his brother
Gontharis or Gonderic, in possession
of the throne. His life divides itself
into two parts: 1st, the conquest of
Africa (A. D. 429—439); 2nd, the
naval attacks on the empire itself (A.
D. 439—477).” (Smith, 1870, p. 244)
“Genseric occupied sixteen years in preparations to
sack Rome, … He devoted all the energy of his
nature to construct a navy — not merely one
capable of making raids upon the rebellious towns
to the west of him, but one so great as to ensure
for him the mastery…” (Bigelow, 1918, p. 71)
“SACK OF ROME BY GENSERIC (A.D. 455). — The
Vandal chief failed not to seize such a golden
opportunity. With a large fleet he crossed the
Mediterranean sailed up the Tiber and entered
Rome. Unable to do more, St. Leo obtained
from him that the lives and buildings should be
spared. But the work of pillage went on for 14
days. The Vandals loaded their ships with
ornaments of gold and silver…” (Vuibert, 1886,
p. 615)
“Twice the empire endeavoured to
revenge itself, and twice it failed. The first
was the attempt of the Western emperor
Majorian (A. D. 457), whose fleet was
destroyed in the bay of Carthagena. The
second was the expedition sent by the
Eastern emperor Leo, under the
command of Heraclius, Marcellinus, and
Bantiscus (A. D. 468), which was also
baffled by the burning of the fleet off
Bona.” (Smith, 1870, p. 244)
“But Genseric did not wait for the
Roman fleet to come to attack him in
his capital. When he got word that it
was in the Bay of Carthagena, he sailed
there with a fleet of his own and in a
single day burned or sank nearly all the
Roman ships…” (Haaren, n.d., ¶3)
Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence
                            During the Siege of Genseric


In the campaigns of Genseric we see the
papacy being involved in national affairs.
Pope Leo entreated with Genseric to spare
the lives of the people in the city, to which
Genseric agreed. However, when the city
was sacked, Genseric did not abide by the
agreement. (Ridpath, 1885)
“The heads of the Catholic community met him in state and in
return for this and other services, the Vandals promised to spare
all Christian sanctuaries....” (Bigelow, 1918, p. 79)
Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence
                      During the Siege of Genseric



“There is stronger evidence to the fact that three years
later, Leo saved Rome from destruction by his
intercession with an enemy.
Genseric, king of the Vandals, in Africa … advanced to
the neighborhood of Rome with a fleet and army, and
compelled an immediate surrender. Leo could not save
the city from plunder; but he successfully pleaded with
the barbarian king to secure it from the horrors of
massacre and fire…”(Riddle, 1856, p. 182)
Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence
                        During the Siege of Genseric


“On the third day after the tumult Genseric boldly advanced
from the port of Ostia to the gates of the defenceless city.
Instead of a sally of the Roman youth there issued from the
gates an unarmed and venerable procession of the bishop at
the head of his clergy. The fearless spirit of Leo, his authority
and eloquence, again mitigated the fierceness of a barbarian
conqueror: the king of the Vandals promised to spare the
unresisting multitude, to protect the buildings from fire, and to
exempt the captives from torture; and…the mediation of Leo
was glorious to himself and in some degree beneficial to his
country.” (Gibbon & Smith, 1857, p. 266 & 267)
Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence
                      During the Siege of Genseric


“Three years later, Rome was again attacked, this time
by the Vandal Genseric, who indeed plundered Rome,
but at Leo's persuasion, agreed not to violate the
inhabitants. Leo ministered to the stricken populace
and worked to rebuild the city and its churches…Leo
died in Rome on November 10, 461. His legacy
advanced the influence of the papacy to unprecedented
heights. In a time of great disorder, he forged an
energetic central authority which affected the papacy
for centuries to come.” (Saint Leo the Great, n.d., ¶13).
Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence
                           During the Siege of Genseric



“…*Pope+ Leo had …really effected some alleviation of the distresses
which had fallen upon the city. The fact that he, and he alone, at such a
crisis, had availed to effect anything, that he had stood forth a second
time as the shield of Rome could not but greatly enhance the prestige
which he had gained three years before. At this fateful moment the Pope
could hardly be regarded as otherwise than by far the most important
personage in Rome and in Italy... Comparatively speaking, at all events,
the Church had once more abode in strength when every other social
institution had been shaken to its base. The shadowy forms of several
puppet emperors flit quickly by; but the Supreme Pontiff sits firm in St.
Peter's chair, unfaltering and unappalled, unquestionably the foremost
man in Rome.” (Beet, 1910, p. 273)
“And the third angel sounded, and there fell a
great star from heaven, burning as it were a
lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers,
and upon the fountains of waters; And the name
of the star is called Wormwood: and the third
part of the waters became wormwood; and
many men died of the waters, because they
were made bitter.” (Revelation 8:10, 11)
Campaign of Attila &
the Huns, 432-453 A.D.
   Invasion of Italy
      (452 A.D.)

“The Scourge of God”
(Unlike Alaric and
Genseric who were
Arians, Attila was non-
Christian)
Great Star = Notable Ruler/King

Daniel 8:21; Numbers 24:17;
Psalm 136:9
Great Star = Notable Ruler/King

Numbers 24:17 “I shall see him, but not
now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there
shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a
Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall
smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all
the children of Sheth”

See also Judges 5:20, 21
Luke 10:18 “And he said  Revelation 12:12
unto them, I beheld      Therefore rejoice, ye
Satan as lightning fall  heavens, and ye that
from heaven.”            dwell in them. Woe
                         to the inhabiters of
Isaiah 14:12 “How art    the earth and of the
thou fallen from heaven, sea! for the devil is
O Lucifer, son of the    come down unto you,
morning! how art thou    having great wrath,
cut down to the ground,  because he knoweth
which didst weaken the that he hath but a
nations!”                short time.”
UPON RIVERS & FOUNTAINS OF WATERS = LOCATIONS
WHERE THERE WAS A CLEAN WATER SOURCE, AND IN THE
HIGH PLACES AND IN THE VALLEYS (MOUNTAINOUS REGION)




 Leviticus 11:36; Isaiah 41:18; Deuteronomy 8:7
Leviticus 11:36 “Nevertheless a fountain or pit,
wherein there is plenty of water, shall be clean: but
that which toucheth their carcase shall be unclean.”
Isaiah 41:18 “I will open rivers in high places, and
fountains in the midst of the valleys: I will make the
wilderness a pool of water, and the dry land springs
of water.”
Deuteronomy 8:7 “For the LORD thy God bringeth
thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of
fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and
hills.”
“Attila ruled over a territory bordered by the
Danube, the Volga and the Baltic…In 450 A.D.
he ravaged the upper Danube, and followed the
Rhine from Basle to Belgium and made its valley
desolate. Attila became known as ‘the scourge
of God’ …Attila and his Huns made the Alpine
lake and river country and the valleys of the Po
all desolate…” (Hemenway, 2007, p. 51)
"It is said particularly that the effect would be on 'the
rivers' and on 'the fountains of waters.' If this has a
literal application… then we may suppose that this
refers to those portions of the empire that abounded
in rivers and streams, and more particularly those in
which the rivers and streams had their origin for the
effect was permanently in the 'fountains of waters.' As
a matter of fact, the principal operations of Attila were
in the regions of the Alps, and on the portions of the
empire whence the rivers flow down into Italy…”
(Barnes, 1859, p. 235)
Wormwood = Curse, Bitterness, Accursed,
Hemlock ; Denotes Judgment Come Down from
God & Destruction, Affliction, and the End




Jeremiah 9:13-16; Jeremiah 23:15; Hosea 10:4; Lamentations 3:19; Proverbs 5:3, 4
Jeremiah 9:13-16 “And the LORD saith, Because they
have forsaken my law which I set before them, and
have not obeyed my voice, neither walked therein;
But have walked after the imagination of their own
heart, and after Baalim, which their fathers taught
them: Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the
God of Israel; Behold, I will feed them, even this
people, with wormwood, and give them water of
gall to drink. I will scatter them also among the
heathen, whom neither they nor their fathers have
known: and I will send a sword after them, till I have
consumed them.”
“The absinthe plant –Wormwood—grows freely in the
Alps and is bitter and is associated with gall in scripture
(c.p. Deut. 29:18). Wormwood (Aspinthos) is the name
of a river in the Illyrian region ruled by Attila.”
(Hemenway, 2007, p. 51)
“Attila burnt cities, massacred and enslaved inhabitants
and generally caused despair, famine, and bitterness.
The Huns devastated the inhabitants of the Italian
Alps—the source of rivers, causing pollution and disease
for those who drank.” (Hemenway, 2007, p. 51)
“The Latin traditions of Gaul gave him the name
of the Scourge of God and supposed that he
gloried in it... But in the desolations of Attila the
empire had learned a new experience of its
helplessness.” (Church, 1907, p. 22)
“The Illyrian frontier was covered by a line of castles
and fortresses…But these slight obstacles were instantly
swept away by the inundation of the Huns. They,
destroyed, with fire and sword …. The whole breadth of
Europe, as it extends above five hundred miles from the
Euxine to the Hadriatic, was at once invaded, and
occupied, and desolated, by the myriads of barbarians
whom Attila led into the field.” (Gibbon, 1782, Chapter
34)
“In 451, having suffered a setback on the Plains of
Chalons, by the allied Romans and Visigoths, Attila
turned his attention to Italy. After having laid waste to
Aquileia and many Lombard cities in 452, the Scourge of
God met Pope Leo I who dissuaded him from sacking
Rome.” (Kralic, 2009, ¶3)
Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure
         More Important than the Emperors and
                 Political Figures of Rome




“Upon reaching Rome, he was
persuaded to turn back by Pope
Leo…”(Hemenway, 2007, p. 51)
Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure
               More Important than the Emperors and
                       Political Figures of Rome



“Attila advanced towards Rome. The conqueror of
Chalons, Aetius, hung on his march but was unable to
arrest him. But Attila's army was suffering from
exhaustion and disease and he yielded at least for the
time to the supplications and offers of the Roman
ambassadors one of whom was the great Pope Leo.”
(Church, 1907, 22)
Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure
              More Important than the Emperors and
                      Political Figures of Rome


Attila was hesitant to sack Rome because of
superstition, but was contemplating it when a Roman
embassy was sent to meet him in his camp. Pope Leo
was a part of the Roman embassy who were sent on
behalf of “The Emperor and the Senate and People of
Rome” Leo proved himself a successful ambassador
and negotiated peace…. (Hodgkin, 1892)
Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure
                  More Important than the Emperors and
                          Political Figures of Rome

“…it is little open to question that, from the first, Leo was the
real hero of the day. To him, more than to any other, at this
crisis, the Roman Emperor, if not the people also, looked for aid;
and, as they congratulated themselves, had not looked in vain.
His personal prestige and that of his Apostolic Chair were, both
alike, immeasurably enhanced thereby. In the person of Leo, as
in that of none of his predecessors, the Head of the Roman
Church became a personage of the first importance in the State,
more than the peer of senators and military chiefs—the
buttress of a throne and the preserver of the social fabric.”
(Beet, 1910, p. 265)
Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure
                  More Important than the Emperors and
                          Political Figures of Rome

“The renown and the gratitude which Leo I earned by this
interposition placed the Papal Chair many steps higher in the
estimation both of Rome and of the world. In the dark days
which were coming the senate and people of Rome were not
likely to forget that when the successor of Caesar had been
proved useless the successor of Peter had been a very
present help. And thus it is no paradox to say that indirectly the
king of the Huns contributed more perhaps than any other
historical personage towards the creation of that mighty factor
in the politics of mediaeval Italy the Pope King of Rome.”
(Hodgkin, 1892, p. 161)
The 7 Trumpets




Part II

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The Rise of the Papacy During the Campaign of Genseric

  • 1. The 7 Trumpets The 7 Trumpets Part II Part 2
  • 2. “And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood” (Revelation 8:7)
  • 3. The Campaign of Genseric & the Vandals, 419-456 A.D “Master of the Seas,” Sacked Rome 455 A.D.
  • 4. Great Burning Mountain Cast into the Sea = Judgment of God Jeremiah 51:24-27; Zechariah 9:4; Revelation 18:21
  • 5. Jeremiah 51:25 “Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain, saith the LORD, which destroyest all the earth: and I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make thee a burnt mountain.” Zechariah 9:4 “Behold, the Lord will cast her out, and he will smite her power in the sea; and she shall be devoured with fire.”
  • 6. “These mountains to me are significant. Subterranean fires, although concealed in them, are burning. When the wicked shall have filled their cup of iniquity then the Lord will rise out of His place to punish the inhabitants of the earth…There is a furnace of fire in these old rocky mountains. The mountain belching forth its fires tells us the mighty furnace is kindled, waiting for God's word to wrap the earth in flames…” (Ms 29, 1885, pp. 15-17)
  • 7. UPON THE SEA = UPON THE SEA = BATTLES ON THE SEA BATTLES ON THE SEA Revelation 14:7 “Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters.”
  • 8. Sea Becomes Blood Because They Were Persecutors of the People of God Revelation 16:3-6: “And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea; and it became as the blood of a dead [man]; and every living soul died in the sea. And the third angel poured out his vial upon the rivers and fountains of waters; and they became blood. And I heard the angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Lord, which art, and wast, and shalt be, because thou hast judged thus. For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given them blood to drink; for they are worthy.”
  • 9. “Genseric … was…king of the Vandal settlers in Spain, and left, in conjunction with his brother Gontharis or Gonderic, in possession of the throne. His life divides itself into two parts: 1st, the conquest of Africa (A. D. 429—439); 2nd, the naval attacks on the empire itself (A. D. 439—477).” (Smith, 1870, p. 244)
  • 10. “Genseric occupied sixteen years in preparations to sack Rome, … He devoted all the energy of his nature to construct a navy — not merely one capable of making raids upon the rebellious towns to the west of him, but one so great as to ensure for him the mastery…” (Bigelow, 1918, p. 71)
  • 11. “SACK OF ROME BY GENSERIC (A.D. 455). — The Vandal chief failed not to seize such a golden opportunity. With a large fleet he crossed the Mediterranean sailed up the Tiber and entered Rome. Unable to do more, St. Leo obtained from him that the lives and buildings should be spared. But the work of pillage went on for 14 days. The Vandals loaded their ships with ornaments of gold and silver…” (Vuibert, 1886, p. 615)
  • 12. “Twice the empire endeavoured to revenge itself, and twice it failed. The first was the attempt of the Western emperor Majorian (A. D. 457), whose fleet was destroyed in the bay of Carthagena. The second was the expedition sent by the Eastern emperor Leo, under the command of Heraclius, Marcellinus, and Bantiscus (A. D. 468), which was also baffled by the burning of the fleet off Bona.” (Smith, 1870, p. 244)
  • 13. “But Genseric did not wait for the Roman fleet to come to attack him in his capital. When he got word that it was in the Bay of Carthagena, he sailed there with a fleet of his own and in a single day burned or sank nearly all the Roman ships…” (Haaren, n.d., ¶3)
  • 14. Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence During the Siege of Genseric In the campaigns of Genseric we see the papacy being involved in national affairs. Pope Leo entreated with Genseric to spare the lives of the people in the city, to which Genseric agreed. However, when the city was sacked, Genseric did not abide by the agreement. (Ridpath, 1885) “The heads of the Catholic community met him in state and in return for this and other services, the Vandals promised to spare all Christian sanctuaries....” (Bigelow, 1918, p. 79)
  • 15. Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence During the Siege of Genseric “There is stronger evidence to the fact that three years later, Leo saved Rome from destruction by his intercession with an enemy. Genseric, king of the Vandals, in Africa … advanced to the neighborhood of Rome with a fleet and army, and compelled an immediate surrender. Leo could not save the city from plunder; but he successfully pleaded with the barbarian king to secure it from the horrors of massacre and fire…”(Riddle, 1856, p. 182)
  • 16. Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence During the Siege of Genseric “On the third day after the tumult Genseric boldly advanced from the port of Ostia to the gates of the defenceless city. Instead of a sally of the Roman youth there issued from the gates an unarmed and venerable procession of the bishop at the head of his clergy. The fearless spirit of Leo, his authority and eloquence, again mitigated the fierceness of a barbarian conqueror: the king of the Vandals promised to spare the unresisting multitude, to protect the buildings from fire, and to exempt the captives from torture; and…the mediation of Leo was glorious to himself and in some degree beneficial to his country.” (Gibbon & Smith, 1857, p. 266 & 267)
  • 17. Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence During the Siege of Genseric “Three years later, Rome was again attacked, this time by the Vandal Genseric, who indeed plundered Rome, but at Leo's persuasion, agreed not to violate the inhabitants. Leo ministered to the stricken populace and worked to rebuild the city and its churches…Leo died in Rome on November 10, 461. His legacy advanced the influence of the papacy to unprecedented heights. In a time of great disorder, he forged an energetic central authority which affected the papacy for centuries to come.” (Saint Leo the Great, n.d., ¶13).
  • 18. Papacy Continues to Gain More Influence During the Siege of Genseric “…*Pope+ Leo had …really effected some alleviation of the distresses which had fallen upon the city. The fact that he, and he alone, at such a crisis, had availed to effect anything, that he had stood forth a second time as the shield of Rome could not but greatly enhance the prestige which he had gained three years before. At this fateful moment the Pope could hardly be regarded as otherwise than by far the most important personage in Rome and in Italy... Comparatively speaking, at all events, the Church had once more abode in strength when every other social institution had been shaken to its base. The shadowy forms of several puppet emperors flit quickly by; but the Supreme Pontiff sits firm in St. Peter's chair, unfaltering and unappalled, unquestionably the foremost man in Rome.” (Beet, 1910, p. 273)
  • 19. “And the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters; And the name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter.” (Revelation 8:10, 11)
  • 20. Campaign of Attila & the Huns, 432-453 A.D. Invasion of Italy (452 A.D.) “The Scourge of God” (Unlike Alaric and Genseric who were Arians, Attila was non- Christian)
  • 21. Great Star = Notable Ruler/King Daniel 8:21; Numbers 24:17; Psalm 136:9
  • 22. Great Star = Notable Ruler/King Numbers 24:17 “I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth” See also Judges 5:20, 21
  • 23. Luke 10:18 “And he said Revelation 12:12 unto them, I beheld Therefore rejoice, ye Satan as lightning fall heavens, and ye that from heaven.” dwell in them. Woe to the inhabiters of Isaiah 14:12 “How art the earth and of the thou fallen from heaven, sea! for the devil is O Lucifer, son of the come down unto you, morning! how art thou having great wrath, cut down to the ground, because he knoweth which didst weaken the that he hath but a nations!” short time.”
  • 24. UPON RIVERS & FOUNTAINS OF WATERS = LOCATIONS WHERE THERE WAS A CLEAN WATER SOURCE, AND IN THE HIGH PLACES AND IN THE VALLEYS (MOUNTAINOUS REGION) Leviticus 11:36; Isaiah 41:18; Deuteronomy 8:7
  • 25. Leviticus 11:36 “Nevertheless a fountain or pit, wherein there is plenty of water, shall be clean: but that which toucheth their carcase shall be unclean.” Isaiah 41:18 “I will open rivers in high places, and fountains in the midst of the valleys: I will make the wilderness a pool of water, and the dry land springs of water.” Deuteronomy 8:7 “For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills.”
  • 26. “Attila ruled over a territory bordered by the Danube, the Volga and the Baltic…In 450 A.D. he ravaged the upper Danube, and followed the Rhine from Basle to Belgium and made its valley desolate. Attila became known as ‘the scourge of God’ …Attila and his Huns made the Alpine lake and river country and the valleys of the Po all desolate…” (Hemenway, 2007, p. 51)
  • 27. "It is said particularly that the effect would be on 'the rivers' and on 'the fountains of waters.' If this has a literal application… then we may suppose that this refers to those portions of the empire that abounded in rivers and streams, and more particularly those in which the rivers and streams had their origin for the effect was permanently in the 'fountains of waters.' As a matter of fact, the principal operations of Attila were in the regions of the Alps, and on the portions of the empire whence the rivers flow down into Italy…” (Barnes, 1859, p. 235)
  • 28. Wormwood = Curse, Bitterness, Accursed, Hemlock ; Denotes Judgment Come Down from God & Destruction, Affliction, and the End Jeremiah 9:13-16; Jeremiah 23:15; Hosea 10:4; Lamentations 3:19; Proverbs 5:3, 4
  • 29. Jeremiah 9:13-16 “And the LORD saith, Because they have forsaken my law which I set before them, and have not obeyed my voice, neither walked therein; But have walked after the imagination of their own heart, and after Baalim, which their fathers taught them: Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will feed them, even this people, with wormwood, and give them water of gall to drink. I will scatter them also among the heathen, whom neither they nor their fathers have known: and I will send a sword after them, till I have consumed them.”
  • 30. “The absinthe plant –Wormwood—grows freely in the Alps and is bitter and is associated with gall in scripture (c.p. Deut. 29:18). Wormwood (Aspinthos) is the name of a river in the Illyrian region ruled by Attila.” (Hemenway, 2007, p. 51)
  • 31. “Attila burnt cities, massacred and enslaved inhabitants and generally caused despair, famine, and bitterness. The Huns devastated the inhabitants of the Italian Alps—the source of rivers, causing pollution and disease for those who drank.” (Hemenway, 2007, p. 51)
  • 32. “The Latin traditions of Gaul gave him the name of the Scourge of God and supposed that he gloried in it... But in the desolations of Attila the empire had learned a new experience of its helplessness.” (Church, 1907, p. 22)
  • 33. “The Illyrian frontier was covered by a line of castles and fortresses…But these slight obstacles were instantly swept away by the inundation of the Huns. They, destroyed, with fire and sword …. The whole breadth of Europe, as it extends above five hundred miles from the Euxine to the Hadriatic, was at once invaded, and occupied, and desolated, by the myriads of barbarians whom Attila led into the field.” (Gibbon, 1782, Chapter 34)
  • 34. “In 451, having suffered a setback on the Plains of Chalons, by the allied Romans and Visigoths, Attila turned his attention to Italy. After having laid waste to Aquileia and many Lombard cities in 452, the Scourge of God met Pope Leo I who dissuaded him from sacking Rome.” (Kralic, 2009, ¶3)
  • 35. Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure More Important than the Emperors and Political Figures of Rome “Upon reaching Rome, he was persuaded to turn back by Pope Leo…”(Hemenway, 2007, p. 51)
  • 36. Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure More Important than the Emperors and Political Figures of Rome “Attila advanced towards Rome. The conqueror of Chalons, Aetius, hung on his march but was unable to arrest him. But Attila's army was suffering from exhaustion and disease and he yielded at least for the time to the supplications and offers of the Roman ambassadors one of whom was the great Pope Leo.” (Church, 1907, 22)
  • 37. Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure More Important than the Emperors and Political Figures of Rome Attila was hesitant to sack Rome because of superstition, but was contemplating it when a Roman embassy was sent to meet him in his camp. Pope Leo was a part of the Roman embassy who were sent on behalf of “The Emperor and the Senate and People of Rome” Leo proved himself a successful ambassador and negotiated peace…. (Hodgkin, 1892)
  • 38. Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure More Important than the Emperors and Political Figures of Rome “…it is little open to question that, from the first, Leo was the real hero of the day. To him, more than to any other, at this crisis, the Roman Emperor, if not the people also, looked for aid; and, as they congratulated themselves, had not looked in vain. His personal prestige and that of his Apostolic Chair were, both alike, immeasurably enhanced thereby. In the person of Leo, as in that of none of his predecessors, the Head of the Roman Church became a personage of the first importance in the State, more than the peer of senators and military chiefs—the buttress of a throne and the preserver of the social fabric.” (Beet, 1910, p. 265)
  • 39. Papacy is Now a Political and Social Figure More Important than the Emperors and Political Figures of Rome “The renown and the gratitude which Leo I earned by this interposition placed the Papal Chair many steps higher in the estimation both of Rome and of the world. In the dark days which were coming the senate and people of Rome were not likely to forget that when the successor of Caesar had been proved useless the successor of Peter had been a very present help. And thus it is no paradox to say that indirectly the king of the Huns contributed more perhaps than any other historical personage towards the creation of that mighty factor in the politics of mediaeval Italy the Pope King of Rome.” (Hodgkin, 1892, p. 161)

Editor's Notes

  1. Jeremiah 51:24-25 “And I will render unto Babylon and to all the inhabitants of Chaldea all their evil that they have done in Zion in your sight, saith the LORD. Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain, saith the LORD, which destroyest all the earth: and I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make thee a burnt mountain. And they shall not take of thee a stone for a corner, nor a stone for foundations; but thou shalt be desolate for ever, saith the LORD.”Zechariah 9:4 “Behold, the Lord will cast her out, and he will smite her power in the sea; and she shall be devoured with fire.”