The document discusses the sustainability of air transportation. It defines sustainability and air transport. It then discusses the three pillars of sustainability as it relates to air transport - economy, society, and environment. It outlines some of the typical problems and challenges facing air transport sustainability, including climate change, fuel consumption, noise, and safety. It then discusses some of the initiatives by governments and world bodies to promote sustainable aviation, such as improving fuel efficiency, developing more efficient aircraft technology and sustainable alternative fuels, as well as focusing on social development, environmental efficiency, and economic growth.

1. SUSTAINABILITY OF AIR
TRANSPORTATION
REEFEAR EAPEAR
SHAHRIL REDZWAN
MASWEERA MAHADI
NOOR FAIZIANA
UMMI SAKINAH
“Government and World Initiatives”
GROUP 1

2. ELUCIDATION OF WORDS
1. Sustainable : Involving the use of natural products (or Bio-syntetic
products) and energy in a way that does not harm the environment
which can be continued for a long time
2. Air transport : Mode of transportation system for moving passengers
or goods by air

3. SUSTAINABLE OF AIR TRANSPORT
• It is contemporary civil aviation transport system which examining its three
main components :
1. Airlines
2. Air traffic control
3. Airports
4. MRO
• Sustainable development takes three area of economy, society and
environment.
• There are many conferences that has been made and the subject hit the
global spotlight in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit where a number of a key
international agreements agreed to develop chart progress on sustainable
development known as United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)

4. TYPICAL PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES FACING
1. Climate change : CO2 emission
2. Local air quality
3. Fuel consumption
4. Aircraft noise
5. Improving safety
6. Attracting customers
7. Fares
8. Advancing security
Throughout all of these, there are policy and research that has been carried out, act
as prior in reducing environmental impacts, increasing safety and ensuring customers
satisfaction and priority.

5. SUSTAINABLE AVIATION:
MOST TYPICAL PROBLEM

6. MODERN AIRCRAFT FUEL EFFICIENCY

7. AVIATION CONTRIBUTION TO CO2

8. SUSTAINABLE AVIATION — THE PROBLEM

9. • With the expected three-fold increase in global air travel over the next 30
years, the reliability and environmental impact of aviation are becoming
critical issues for the future of flight.
SUSTAINABLE AVIATION — THE PROBLEM
Issues:
Safety
Efficiency
Noise
NOx
Co2
H2O

10. “Air travel is the world's fastest growing source of greenhouse gases.” - CNN
Nov 6, 2007 and Friends of the Earth. Public and political pressure is mounting.
SUSTAINABLE AVIATION — THE PROBLEM
Each long distance flight of a B747
adds approximately 400 tons of Co2
to the atmosphere.

11. SUSTAINABLE OF
AIR TRANSPORT
Definition
Pillars of
sustainability Air
Transport
Areas of
sustainability
development By
Government and
World Bodies
Sustainable Aviation:
Most typical problem
Safety
Capacity
Efficiency
Environmental responsibility
Society
Environment
Economy
Skills
Community lifelines
Disaster response
Noise
Local air
qualityEmployment
Value to
EconomyTrade

12. 4 PILLARS OF AIR TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY
• Safety of air traffic is the top priority. It is more important than any other interests,
whether commercial, operational, environmental or social.
• The main challenge for aviation is to ensure that the annual rate of incidents does
not increase
• Increase overall level of safety by implementing Safety Management System (SMS)
• SMS implementing process involves performing safety audits, identifying gaps in
safety management practices and procedures and then developing the safety
policy for a particular stakeholder.
• The output of this activity is a set of safety manuals and procedures tailored
SAFETY

13. CAPACITY
• Long-term sustainable development of air transport is unimaginable without
providing sufficient airspace capacity.
• If a particular airspace is not able to fulfil the requirements of all the users at a
given point in time, delays will occur as a direct consequence and those
delays have both economic and environmental impacts.
• Some of the delays are driven by force majeure - stakeholders must minimise
delays as much as possible to provide further improvements in this area.
4 PILLARS OF AIR TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY

14. EFFICIENCY
• Can be defined as the lack of ability to do something or produce something
productive without wasting materials, time, or energy that related to
operational activities in air transportation.
• Inefficiencies related to the air traffic management system caused airlines a
loss of $$$$$$ billions in total per year.
• Innovative and competitive solutions, such as the ASEAN Single Aviation
Market (ASAM) concept, implemented with an aim to improve the airspace
management so that airspace users would benefit from the better utilisation
of airspace by flying shorter routes.
4 PILLARS OF AIR TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY

15. ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
• Aircraft noise is another negative side effect of air transport, especially for people living near
aerodromes or under flight corridors.
• However, aviation brings negative effects on the environment, but still can be addressed by
technological innovations such as new fuel-efficient and less noisy engines and systems, but also
with adjusted procedures, such as Continuous Descent Approaches (CDA) or Continuous Climb
Departures (CCDs).
1. Continuous Descent Approaches - Aircraft operating technique in which an arriving aircraft
descends from an optimal position with minimum thrust
2. Continuous Climb Departures - Allows the aircraft to reach the initial cruise flight level at optimum
air speed with optimal engine thrust settings, thus reducing total fuel burn and emissions for the
whole flight
4 PILLARS OF AIR TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY

16. GOVERNMENT AND WORLD
INITIATIVES

17. COLLABORATIVE CLIMATE ACTION ACROSS THE AIR
TRANSPORT WORLD
 At the 37th International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly in October
2010, governments resolved to achieve collective global aspirational goals for the
international aviation sector:
 To improve fuel efficiency by 2% per year and keeping net CO2 emissions from
2020 at the same levels.
 These aspirational goals were reaffirmed by the 38th ICAO Assembly in 2013.
 The world governments agreed by airports, airlines, air navigation service providers
and the manufacturers of aircraft and engines:
a) Improving fleet fuel efficiency by 1.5% per year through until 2020.
b) Stabilizing net emissions from 2020 through carbon-neutral growth, subject to concerted
industry and government initiatives.
c) Reducing net aviation carbon emissions 50% by 2050, relative to 2005 levels.

18. THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW, MORE EFFICIENT AIRCRAFT
TECHNOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FUELS
CO2 standard to be developed by 2016
Governments, civil society and the industry are collaborating on the
development by ICAO of a global CO2 standard for new aircraft – building upon
the research and development already taking place amongst the
manufacturers of aircraft, engines and components.
The civil aerospace industry spends in excess of $15 billion a year on research
and development of new technologies which will further improve fuel efficiency
and airlines.

19. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

20. 1. SKILLS
JOBS IN AIR TRANSPORT COVER A WIDE RANGE OF ACTIVITIES AND
SKILLS.
 These include:
• Skilled work by technicians building and maintaining aircraft;
• A diversity of technical engineering jobs from aircraft and engine design to component production;
• Air traffic control and airspace design planning;
• Logistics for airlines and airports;
• Complex information technology systems on board aircraft and in areas such as baggage handling
systems design;
• Service industry support jobs such as chefs in catering companies;
• Creative positions in design and marketing;
• Customer services occupations in airline ticketing, check-in, cabin crew and retail;
• Manual labor on airfields;
• Air traffic controllers and pilots;
• Emergency response personnel at airports; and
• Leadership, management and executive roles.

21. 2. COMMUNITY LIFELINES
 For areas of the world with non-existent or poor road infrastructure, aviation
is the community’s lifeline. Example: rural area in Sabah and Sarawak.
 Due to geographical latitude, over 1,000 communities in northern Russia are
inaccessible by road and the number in Alaska is more than 200.
 Thanks to an extensive network of regional airports and airline services
throughout Norway that contribute to 99.5% of the remote population is
able to travel to Oslo and back on the same day.
 Around 400,000 patients are transported annually on scheduled flights
between their homes and hospitals.

22. 3. DISASTER RESPONSE
 Aviation’s speed and reliability is perhaps most immediately
apparent during times of natural or humanitarian emergency.
 Air services play an essential role in assistance to regions facing
natural disasters, famine and war.
 They are particularly important in situations where access is a
problem, delivering aid, search and rescue services and medical
supplies.

23. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY

24. 1. NOISE
Mandated decreases
• In 2013, ICAO and the United Nations’ intergovernmental body on aviation,
introduced the fourth new noise certification standard in its history, Chapter 14.
• The requirement is that new aircraft types are least seven decibels quieter than those
built to the previous Chapter 4 standard.
• The purpose of these aircraft noise standards is to ensure that the best noise
technology continues to be used on future aircraft types.
Technology
• The latest large aircraft, the Boeing 787 and Airbus A380 have noise ‘footprints’ that
are remarkably small.
• The new Bombardier C Series aircraft will make use of new Pratt & Whitney
technology, ‘geared’ turbofan engines, which further cut noise and emissions.

25. Air traffic management
• Controlling where the planes fly when departing and approaching airports has an
important impact on noise exposure.
• The placement and use of runways is fundamental for example try to minimize night
time approach and maximize departure tracks over a sea or lake where the noise
impact is minimal.
Land-use planning
• land-use planning is a crucial process for minimizing the number of people exposed to
high levels of aircraft noise.
• Airports need to work with local authorities to put in place zoning rules in areas
impacted by high levels of aircraft noise.
• In some areas, sound insulation and ventilation can be required for new or existing
dwelling to at least improve the indoor noise levels.

26. 2. LOCAL AIR QUALITY
Aircraft technology
• Technical developments since the 1960s mean today’s new aircraft emit 50% less carbon
monoxide and 90% less smoke and unburned hydrocarbons than those made 50 years
ago.
• modern aircraft now emit 40% less NOx than in 1981.
• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) sets standards for NOx emissions and
regularly tightens these for each new generation of aircraft.
Limiting the impact
• Aircraft emissions can be further reduced when airports provide fixed electrical ground
power and pre-conditioned air supplies at the terminal gates.
• These allow aircraft to switch off their auxiliary power units at terminal gates, reducing fuel
burn and pollutants.
• Reducing taxiing and holding times may be achieved by construction of more direct
taxiways, holding aircraft at the gate until departure slots are ready and the relief of
congestion in general.

27. ECONOMIC GROWTH

28. 1. EMPLOYMENT
THE AVIATION INDUSTRY SUPPORTS 58.1 MILLION JOBS AROUND THE
WORLD.
8.7 million direct jobs :
• Airport operators: 470,000 (work for the airport operator).
• Other on-airport: 4,602,000 (retail, car rental, government agencies such as
customs and immigration, freight forwarders and some catering).
• Airlines: 2,272,000 (flight and cabin crews, executives, ground services,
check-in, training, maintenance staff).
• Civil aerospace: 1,203,000 (engineers and designers of civil aircraft, engines
and components)
• Air navigation service providers: 195,000 (air traffic controllers, executives).

29.  9.8 million indirect jobs
• Suppliers to the air transport industry
• For example, aviation fuel suppliers; construction companies that build airport
facilities; suppliers of sub-components used in aircraft; manufacturers of goods sold in
airport retail outlets; and a wide variety of activities in the business services sector
(such as call centre, information technology and accountancy)
 4.6 million induced jobs
• The spending of those directly or indirectly employed in the air transport sector
supports jobs in industries such as retail outlets, companies producing consumer
goods and a range of service industries (such as banks and restaurants).

30.  35 million jobs in tourism
• Tourism is fast becoming the world’s largest industry and the international air
transport facilitates the fast-growing global tourism industry.
• It is estimated that over 52% of international tourists travel to their destination by air.
• Direct: 14.6 million direct jobs in tourism globally are estimated to be supported by
the spending of foreign visitors arriving by air such as hotels, restaurants, visitor
attractions, local transport and car rental.
• Indirect: A further 13.4 million indirect jobs in industries supplying the tourism industry.
• Induced: These direct and indirect tourism jobs supported by air transport generate a
further 6.9 million jobs in other parts of the economy, through employees spending
their earnings on other goods and services.

31. 2. VALUE TO THE ECONOMY
THE AVIATION INDUSTRY SUPPORTS $2.4 TRILLION OF THE WORLD’S GROSS
DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP). THE FOLLOWING SECTION OUTLINES FROM
WHERE THIS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY COMES.
 $606 billion in direct GDP benefits
• The world’s airlines carry over 3 billion passengers a year and 50 million tones of
freight.
• Providing these services generates 8.7 million direct jobs within the air transport
industry and contributes $606 billion to global GDP.
• Compared with the GDP contribution of other sectors, the global air transport industry
is larger than the pharmaceuticals ($451 billion), textiles ($223 billion) or automotive
industries ($555 billion) and around half as big as the global chemicals ($1,282 billion)
and food and beverage ($984 billion) sectors.
• In fact, if air transport were a country, its GDP would rank it 21st in the world, roughly
equal to that of Switzerland and more than twice as large as Chile or Singapore.

32.  $697 billion indirect GDP impact
• These include employment and activities of suppliers to the air transport industry – for
example, aviation fuel suppliers; construction companies that build airport facilities;
suppliers of sub-components used in aircraft.
• These indirect activities contributed approximately $697 billion to global GDP in 2012.
 $324 billion induced GDP
• Worldwide, nearly $324 billion induced GDP impact globally is supported through
employees in the air transport industry (whether direct or indirect) using their income
to purchase goods and services for their own consumption.
 $807 billion in tourism GDP
• Conservative analysis suggests that aviation supports $807 billion in economic
activity within the tourism industry that equal to 35 million jobs.

33. 3. TRADE
WORLD TRADE IS EXPECTED TO NEARLY DOUBLE, RISING AT MORE THAN
TWICE THE RATE OF GLOBAL GDP GROWTH, WITH CHINA, INDIA AND
OTHER EMERGING MARKETS LEADING THE WAY.
 In 2012, it is estimated $6.4 trillion in cargo value was sent by air.
 Part of everyday manufacturing
• Today, air transport is used primarily for the transfer of time-sensitive goods.
• Rapid delivery is important to businesses whose customers are running streamlined production
processes or who need urgent delivery of spare parts for machinery and equipment.
• High-value, lightweight and sensitive electrical components are transported by air to be assembled
all over the world.
 Supporting sustainable development
• Exporters of perishable products such as food and flowers can only reach export markets by air.
• providing steady employment and economic growth to regions that benefit from such trade.

34. THANK YOU