Condensation trails (contrails) are white clouds that form behind aircraft from the condensation of water vapor in aircraft engine exhaust interacting with cold air. The document explains that contrails occur when the air temperature is below -40 degrees Celsius at altitudes above 8,000 meters. Contrails can last from a few seconds to hours depending on temperature differences and wind conditions. Studies have shown that contrails contribute to global warming by trapping heat, though their impact is less than 3% of annual carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. Recommended solutions include lowering flight altitudes to reduce contrail formation and developing more efficient aircraft engines.
The presentation shows how relative humidity affects other ecological parameters in meteorology. This also shows the relationship between and among the ecological parameters in meteorology
The presentation shows how relative humidity affects other ecological parameters in meteorology. This also shows the relationship between and among the ecological parameters in meteorology
Hollow earth, contrails & global warming calculations lectureMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
this is an English assigment about report text of indonesian tribes and natural phenomena (sasak tribe anf eartquake). the ppt explain much about sasak tribe and earthquake that equipped with pictures, so the powerpoint more live and interisting.
Aircraft Noise and Child Development: An Environmental Health Risk AssessmentLouise Miller Frost
Group Presentation for the National Short Course in Environmental Health (cinducted by flinders University, but this session done as part of my MPH at Adelaide University). This presentation was the winning presentation for the year.
Presentation at the Carbon Management Council's June 5, 2008 webinar, Corporate Action: Designing Practical Sustainability Programs. Presentation by Tim McGraw, Director of Corporate Environment and Safety, Northwest Airlines.
The presentation is about how to achieve the perfect flight with the most eco-friendly aircraft. How an aircraft can be optimized to make it eco-friendly.
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistryJamaicaFiel
this will provide quick discussion on atmospheric chemistry and some other details on atmosphere including layers of the atmosphere and environmental problems in the atmosphere
Hollow earth, contrails & global warming calculations lectureMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
this is an English assigment about report text of indonesian tribes and natural phenomena (sasak tribe anf eartquake). the ppt explain much about sasak tribe and earthquake that equipped with pictures, so the powerpoint more live and interisting.
Aircraft Noise and Child Development: An Environmental Health Risk AssessmentLouise Miller Frost
Group Presentation for the National Short Course in Environmental Health (cinducted by flinders University, but this session done as part of my MPH at Adelaide University). This presentation was the winning presentation for the year.
Presentation at the Carbon Management Council's June 5, 2008 webinar, Corporate Action: Designing Practical Sustainability Programs. Presentation by Tim McGraw, Director of Corporate Environment and Safety, Northwest Airlines.
The presentation is about how to achieve the perfect flight with the most eco-friendly aircraft. How an aircraft can be optimized to make it eco-friendly.
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistryJamaicaFiel
this will provide quick discussion on atmospheric chemistry and some other details on atmosphere including layers of the atmosphere and environmental problems in the atmosphere
In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or particles suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body
Contrails are line-shaped clouds produced by aircraft engine exhaust or changes in air pressure, typically at aircraft cruise altitudes several miles above the Earth's surface. Contrails are composed primarily of water, in the form of ice crystals
DID YOU KNOWAs you might expect, the most humid cities in the U.docxduketjoy27252
DID YOU KNOW?
As you might expect, the most humid cities in the United States are located near the ocean in regions that experience frequent onshore breezes.The record belongs to Quiilayute, Washington, with an average relative humidity of 83 percent. However, many coastal cities in Oregon,Texas, Louisiana, and Florida also have average relative humidities that exceed 75 percent. Coastal cities in the Northeast tend to be somewhat less humid because they often experience air masses that originate over the drier, continental interior.
A different type of hygrometer is used in remote-sensing instrument packages such as radiosondes that transmit upper-air observations back to ground stations. The electric hygrometer contains an electrical conductor coated with a moisture-absorbing chemical. It works on the principle that the passage of current varies as the relative humidity varies.
GEOq^
•-it Earth's Dynamic Atmosphere sIWSe Moisture and Cloud Formation
Up to this point, we have considered basic properties of water vapor and how its variability is measured. This section examines some of the important roles that water vapor plays in weather, especially in the formation of clouds.
Fog and Dew versus Cloud Formation
Recall that condensation occurs when water vapor changes to a liquid. Condensation may form dew, fog, or clouds. Although these three forms are different, all require that air reach saturation. As indicated earlier, saturation occurs either when sufficient water vapor is added to the air or, more commonly, when the air is cooled to its dew point.
Near Earth's surface, heat is readily exchanged between the ground and the air above. During evening hours, the surface radiates heat away, and the surface and adjacent air cool rapidly. This "radiation cooling" accounts for the formation of dew and some types of fog. Thus, surface cooling that occurs after sunset accounts for some condensation. However, cloud formation often takes place during the warmest part of the day. Some other mechanism must operate aloft that cools air sufficiently to generate clouds.
Adiabatic Temperature Changes
The process that is responsible for most cloud formation is easily demonstrated if you have ever pumped up a bicycle tire and noticed that the pump barrel became quite warm. The heat you felt was the consequence of the work you did on the air to compress it. When energy is used to compress air, the motion of the gas molecules increases and, therefore, the temperature of the air rises. Conversely, air that is allowed to escape from a bicycle tire expands and cools because the expanding air pushes (does work on) the surrounding air and must cool by an amount equivalent to the energy expended.
You have probably experienced the cooling effect of a propellant gas expanding as you applied hair spray or spray deodorant. As the compressed gas in the aerosol can is released, it quickly expands and cools. This drop in temperature occurs even though he.
Metfi 120 (introduction to Weather and Climato) Orline - Unit 2 Revie.pdfamericandigitalshop
Metfi 120 (introduction to Weather and Climato) Orline - Unit 2 Review Adiabatic processes in
the mountaln. The diagram below shows the lapse rates that air parcel will encounter while it is
forced to move over a mountain. If an alr parcel descends through the atmosphere the air will
heat at the dry adiabatic rate as it will necessarily be unsaturated. In summary, while rising air
cools at varying rates, descending air heats at a uniform rate. 16. Using the table below, fill in the
blanks for temperature and dew-point temperature at various helghts on the windward and
leeward sides of the mountain. Assume that the WALR is 0.5C/100m. (Note: temperature and
dew-paint drop together above LCL when a saturated air parcel rises and water vapor condonses.
In addition, start from the 500m at windward side 1000m1500m2000m Peak 2000m at leeward
side 1500m1000m500m Sea Level at leeward side.) 17. Compare to those of on the windward
side, how do air temperature and dew point on the leeward side? 18. From the previous question,
Why?
MEIR120 (introduction to Weather and CImate) Onine - Unit2 Review Here is a challenging
question. Assume that the wet adiabatic lapse rate (WALR) is 0.6C/100m. Fill the blanks in the
boxes in the figure. Here is how to get answers. 1. At the LCL, temperature (2C) and dew point
(2C) are the same. Until air parcel reaches LCL, temperature falls at the DALR (1.0C/100m). At
the LCL, temperature falls 25C from the surface (27C2C=25C). It means air parcel rises 2500m.
Thus LCL is 2500m. 2. Below the LCL, dew point changes at the Dew Point Lapse Rate (DPLR,
0.2C/100m ), it means that dew point has changed 5.0C(0.2C/100m2500m). Thus dew point at
the surface is 7C/100m 3. Above the LCL, both temperature and dew point fall at the WALR
(0.6C/100m). Atthe peak, dew point is 1C. It is 3C cooler than the LCL. It means air parcel rises
another 500m(0.6C/100m500m=3C). Thus, peak elevation is
3000m(LCL+500m=2500m+500m) 4. At the leeward side, temperature and dew point rise at the
DALR (1.0C/100m) and DPLR (0.2C/100m), respectively. Elevation has changed
2500m(3000m500m). Thus temperature and dew point rise 25C/100m and 5C. Thus, temperature
will be 24C(1C+25C) and dew point will be 4C(1C+5C).
Chapter 6: Precipitation and its formation Steps in the formation of precipitation according to the
Bergeron process. The Bergeron process relies on the fact that cloud droplets do not freeze until
they reach a temperature below the freezing point, and even then only in the presence of freezing
nuclei (solid particles that have a crystal form similar to that of ice). Because freezing nuclel are
much less abundant than condensation nuclei, many clouds exist in the liquid state while at
temperatures well below 0C. These are supercooled clouds. The freezing nuclei present promote
the formation of a few scattered ice crystals. Since lce crystals are more efficient absorbers of
water vapor, they consume the "excess" water vapor, which lowers the relative humid.
Climate Change
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
CLIMATE CHANGE
Overview
In this lab, students will carry out several activities aimed at
demonstrating consequences of anthropogenic carbon emissions,
climate change, and sea level rise. To do this, students will model
how certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat and then how
different colors and textures of surfaces reflect differing amounts
of sunlight back into space. They will create models of sea level
rise resulting from melting of sea ice and glacial ice and examine
the effects of this potential consequence of climate change.
Students will critically examine the model systems they used in
the experiments.
Outcomes
• Explain the causes of increased carbon emissions and their likely
effect on global climate.
• Discuss positive and negative climate feedback.
• Distinguish between glacial ice melt and oceanic ice melt.
Time Requirements
Preparation ..................................................................... 15 minutes
Activity 1: Modeling the Greenhouse Effect ................... 30 minutes
Activity 2: Modeling Albedo ........................................... 40 minutes
Activity 3: Sea Ice, Glacial Ice, and Sea Level Rise ....... 30 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
9 Materials
9 Safety
9 Preparation
10 Activity 1
11 Activity 2
12 Activity 3
13 Graphing
13 Submission
13 Disposal and Cleanup
14 Lab Worksheet
Background
For the last 30 years, controversy has
surrounded the ideas of global warming/climate
change. However, the scientific concepts behind
the theory are not new. In the 1820s, Joseph
Fourier was the first to recognize that, given
the earth’s size and distance from the sun,
the planet’s surface temperature should be
considerably cooler than it was. He proposed
several mechanisms to explain why the earth
was warmer than his calculations predicted,
one of which was that the earth’s atmosphere
might act as an insulator. Forty years later,
John Tyndall demonstrated that different
gases have different capacities to absorb
infrared radiation, most notably methane (CH4),
carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor (H2O),
all of which are present in the atmosphere. In
1896, Svante Arrhenius developed the first
mathematical model of the effect of increased
CO2 levels on temperature. His model predicted
that a doubling of the amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere would produce a 5–6 °C increase
in temperature globally. Based on the level of
CO2 production in the late 19th century, he
predicted that this change would take place
over thousands of years, if at ...
Similar to Explanation Text about Condensation Trails (20)
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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1. EXPLANATION TEXT
ABOUT
CONDENSATION TRAILS
By :
1. Alif Dzaki (02)
2. Desi Likman (12)
3. Haidar Ali (16)
4. Rashelia Radela (32)
5. Yusuf Adi (40)
2. WHAT IS
EXPLANATION
TEXT?
Explanation Text is a text which contains the processes associated with
natural phenomena, science, culture and others. An Explanation text is
usually derived from the corresponding author questions 'why' and 'how' of
an existing phenomenon.
3. The Purpose of Studying Explanation
Text
• To explain the processes that
occur in the formation or
activity associated with
natural phenomena, social,
science, culture, and the
others which aims to explain.
4. The Generic Structure of Explanation
Text
1. General Statement
2. Squenced of
Explanation
3. Closing
5. What will we learn?
1. What is Condensation Trails?
2. Condensation Trails Process
3. Condensation Trails impact
6.
7. What is
Condensation
Trails???? …
Condensation Trails is a
natural phenomenon that
occurs when an airplane high in
the sky. Aircraft such as release
the white beam smoke from the
engine and the track or trace a
line forming behind aircraft that
looks quite beautiful on the
surface of the earth.
Many people think that the
smoke trail was deliberately
released by the pilot as a certain
sign. Yet the truth is that it
occurs as a common natural
phenomenon as a result of
chemical-physical processes
between the exhaust gases out
of the engine aircraft with the
surrounding air temperature.
10. Condensation Trails actually is a
compound as a result of chemical-physical
processes between the
aircraft engine exhaust gases with
surrounding air to produce condensed
compounds called condensate
(condensate).
So Condensation Trails is a natural
phenomenon commonly arising as a
result of aircraft exhaust gas reaction
with the surrounding air temperature
is cold. From the results of research
we know that at an altitude of more
than 8000 meters asl (above sea level),
the air temperature is very cold, can
reach temperatures of -40 to -55
degrees Celsius.
On the other hand we also
know that the aircraft engine fuel
compound Hydrocarbon which is
containing a substance consisting
of Hydrogen and Carbon. In the
process of combustion in aircraft
engines, Hydro and Carbon
discarded by the machine. Carbon
combustion to create Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) and Carbon
Monoxide (CO) smoke. While
Hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen
(O2) which is not burned in the
engines will come out as water
vapor (H2O in the form of gas)
11.
12. Condesation
Condensation is the changing states
of matter to form denser. Examples of
condensation are substances such as
gaseous (or vapor) into liquid
substances. Condensation occurs
when gas cools so that becomes liquid.
Condensation can also occur when the
gas is compressed (pressure increased)
so that it becomes a liquid, or have a
combination of cooling and
compression which has the condensed
is called condensate (condensate).
So when the rest of the exhaust
gases of combustion engines it out and
react with the surrounding air
temperature is cold, then the gas will
be condensed into condensate and
eventually create a trail or white beam
which resembles an elongated Cirrus
clouds are called Condensation Trails
(contrails).
Condensate can be formed
microscopic granules resembling fine
mist of water ice, but also can take the
form of small ice crystals if the
surrounding air is very cold.
There are Contrails which soon
disappeared, some are able to survive
a little longer imprint in the air. The
imprint was not long survive in the air
is dependent upon the temperature
difference between the aircraft engine
exhaust and the air around it, also
wind conditions. The greater the
difference in temperature and the less
windy, the longer it Contrails survive in
space. Even in certain atmospheric
conditions, Contrails can look up to
many hours.
14. Exhaust Contrails
Exhaust Contrails are formed by the
mixing of the hot humid exhaust of the
engines with cold humid surrounding
air, creating long streamers of clouds.
If the conditions are right then these
can persist and spread. These are the
most common type of contrail
observed.
A typical exhaust contrail. There
are initially four, one for each
engine, and then they mix
together.
15. Aerodynamic
Contrails
Aerodynamic Contrails are formed
by the temporary reduction in
pressure of the air moving over the
surface of the plane, or in the
center of a wake vortex. Reducing
the pressure of the air means it can
hold less water, so condensation
occurs.
An Aerodynamic contrail on a
landing jet – condensation is visible
above the wing surfaces, and in the
center of the vortices coming from
the outside ends of the deployed
flaps, but nothing from the engines.
This type of contrail is seen in high
local humidity, as indicated here by
the misty conditions.
18. Although Jakon looks beautiful from the earth's surface, but based on
the results of a study showed that Jakon contribute to Global Warming
(Global Warming). Dr. Ulrike Burkhardt and Dr. Bernd Karcher of the
Institute for Atmospheric Physics at the German Aerospace Center are
two scientists who in his research using computational models to see
how far the Jakon affect the temperature of the earth.
The results of the study reported that the heat radiation generated by
31 miliWatt Jakon for every square meter. However, when compared
with the emission of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the aircraft to reach
3% of the amount of annual emissions of all fossil fuel sources, the
radiation of heat from Jakon still have smaller emissions.
SOLUTION
Recommendations were excluded from the study are in the form of the
solution is to lower the height of flying aircraft to avoid happening
Jakon, and development of aircraft engine types the better so as to
reduce the occurrence of Jakon which has been proven to contribute to
accelerating global warming on the earth's surface.
19. CONCLUSION
• Condensation trail (contrails, Condensation Trails) are imprints that make
up the cloud trail behind the aircraft that occurs as a result of the
condensation process by aircraft engine exhaust gases cool in the
surrounding air.
• Contrail commonly occurs at an altitude of 8000 meters asl (above sea
level) to the top and the air temperature is less than -40 degrees Celsius.
The length of stay in the air Contrail highly dependent on the
temperature difference between the aircraft engine exhaust and the air
around it, also wind conditions. The greater the difference in
temperature and the less windy, the longer it Contrail survive in space. In
certain atmospheric conditions, Contrail can even look up to many hours.
• Contrail affect temperatures on Earth that contribute to Global Warming
(Global Warming). The solution to that problem, among others, by
lowering the altitude flying aircraft to avoid Contrail, and development
of aircraft engine types the better so as to reduce the occurrence of
Contrail.