A Multiband Printed Antenna Suitable for Wireless ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study deals with a new research work on a low cost multiband printed antenna
which can be used for three operating frequency bands GSM900/PCS/WIFI/Bluetooth. The
achieved antenna is mounted on an FR-4 substrate. In this study, the solts technique is used to
obtain the multiband behavior. The different solts are inserted in the radiator face and the back
face that is the ground. The whole circuit is optimized taking into account the good matching of
the input impedance in the operating frequency bands with a stable radiation pattern. In order to
optimize the proposed antenna structure we have used CST-MW and to compare the obtained
simulation results we have conducted another electromagnetic simulation by using HFSS
solver. The final circuit validated into simulation has been fabricated and tested which permits to
validate the proposed multiband antenna.
Design and simulation result of various spiral antennas.
Spiral antennas belong to the class of "frequency independent" antennas; these antennas are characterized as having a very large bandwidth. Spiral antennas are travelling wave structures and are well-known for their wideband performance. A bandwidth of 5:1 or 10:1 is easily obtained and a stable input impedance is achieved through a self-complementary geometry. This wideband characteristic of the spiral antenna makes it an attractive choice where a single antenna is required to send / receive over multiple channels. Spiral antennas are usually circularly polarized. The spiral antenna's radiation pattern typically has a peak radiation direction perpendicular to the plane of the spiral (broadside radiation). The Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) is approximately 70-90 degrees.
Spiral antennas are widely used in the defense industry for sensing applications, where very wideband antennas that do not take up much space are needed. Spiral antenna arrays are used in military aircraft in the 1-18 GHz range. Other applications of spiral antennas include GPS, where it is advantageous to have RHCP (right hand circularly polarized) antennas.
There are several kind of spiral antennas . An Archimedean spiral made of two equal lengths of coaxial cable seems to be the easiest circularly polarized antenna to make that'll cover a broad range.
There was a time when mobile phones were of the size of a shoe and had no features other than calling and sms and at that time I used to play the game - Snake on my dads phone :p Now as the time has passed we have reached the age of smart phones which are capable of doing lot of stuff and world wide web of application causing serious concern where an attacker can use this platform to steal data. This issue of CHMag is dedicated Mobile/Telecom Hacking and Security.
The coverpage of this December issue was released at ClubHack 2011, India’s Pioneer International Hacking Conference held last week. Talking about ClubHack Conference, if you missed ClubHack here are the presentations available at - http://www.slideshare.net/clubhack and videos at http://www.clubhack.tv/event/2011/
We recently released CHMag's Collector's Edition Volume II. If you wish to buy the Collectors Editions (vol1 – from issue 1 to 10 & vol2- from issue 11 to 20), please write back to us: info@chmag.in. As of now its on demand printing.
Like the game - Snake, I have played lots of other games too which have reflected in the previous coverpages I have designed and yes I promise another awesome coverpage based on a game on the theme of android security which would be the theme for an upcoming issue, for which send in your articles to info@chmag.in
A Multiband Printed Antenna Suitable for Wireless ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study deals with a new research work on a low cost multiband printed antenna
which can be used for three operating frequency bands GSM900/PCS/WIFI/Bluetooth. The
achieved antenna is mounted on an FR-4 substrate. In this study, the solts technique is used to
obtain the multiband behavior. The different solts are inserted in the radiator face and the back
face that is the ground. The whole circuit is optimized taking into account the good matching of
the input impedance in the operating frequency bands with a stable radiation pattern. In order to
optimize the proposed antenna structure we have used CST-MW and to compare the obtained
simulation results we have conducted another electromagnetic simulation by using HFSS
solver. The final circuit validated into simulation has been fabricated and tested which permits to
validate the proposed multiband antenna.
Design and simulation result of various spiral antennas.
Spiral antennas belong to the class of "frequency independent" antennas; these antennas are characterized as having a very large bandwidth. Spiral antennas are travelling wave structures and are well-known for their wideband performance. A bandwidth of 5:1 or 10:1 is easily obtained and a stable input impedance is achieved through a self-complementary geometry. This wideband characteristic of the spiral antenna makes it an attractive choice where a single antenna is required to send / receive over multiple channels. Spiral antennas are usually circularly polarized. The spiral antenna's radiation pattern typically has a peak radiation direction perpendicular to the plane of the spiral (broadside radiation). The Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) is approximately 70-90 degrees.
Spiral antennas are widely used in the defense industry for sensing applications, where very wideband antennas that do not take up much space are needed. Spiral antenna arrays are used in military aircraft in the 1-18 GHz range. Other applications of spiral antennas include GPS, where it is advantageous to have RHCP (right hand circularly polarized) antennas.
There are several kind of spiral antennas . An Archimedean spiral made of two equal lengths of coaxial cable seems to be the easiest circularly polarized antenna to make that'll cover a broad range.
There was a time when mobile phones were of the size of a shoe and had no features other than calling and sms and at that time I used to play the game - Snake on my dads phone :p Now as the time has passed we have reached the age of smart phones which are capable of doing lot of stuff and world wide web of application causing serious concern where an attacker can use this platform to steal data. This issue of CHMag is dedicated Mobile/Telecom Hacking and Security.
The coverpage of this December issue was released at ClubHack 2011, India’s Pioneer International Hacking Conference held last week. Talking about ClubHack Conference, if you missed ClubHack here are the presentations available at - http://www.slideshare.net/clubhack and videos at http://www.clubhack.tv/event/2011/
We recently released CHMag's Collector's Edition Volume II. If you wish to buy the Collectors Editions (vol1 – from issue 1 to 10 & vol2- from issue 11 to 20), please write back to us: info@chmag.in. As of now its on demand printing.
Like the game - Snake, I have played lots of other games too which have reflected in the previous coverpages I have designed and yes I promise another awesome coverpage based on a game on the theme of android security which would be the theme for an upcoming issue, for which send in your articles to info@chmag.in
FPGA Based Power Efficient Chanalizer For Software Defined RadioIJMER
Multiple communication channel support in RF transmission, such as that in a Software Defined Radio (SDR) warrants the use of channelizers to extract required channels from the received RF frequency band and to perform follow-on baseband processing. This paper describes the process of channelization as it applies to low power and high-efficiency applications in wireless and Satellite Communications (SATCOM) domains. Smaller bandwidths and changing requirements of bandwidth calls for a programmable channel selection mechanism whereby channels and the resulting bandwidth can be selected based on target application, which is the primary principle in the Software Defined Radio based systems.
PHYSICAL LAYER for DIGITAL TELEVISION ATSC 3.0 STANDARD based on SC – FDMA .Roman M. Vitenberg
Described a proposition for Physical Layer of Next generation broadcast television (NGBT) and ATSC 3.0 Television standard. The Proposed system is back compatible with existing ATSC standards A/53, A/153 and based on improved version of SC-FDMA modulation.
This three day course is intended for practicing systems engineers who want to learn how to apply model-driven systems Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern spacecraft communications. This three-day course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered. <p>
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Design and Simulation of Dual Band Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) For Mobil...jantjournal
In this paper dual band Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) is presented for mobile handset applications at dual frequencies. PIFA is a flat structure, simple and easy to fabricate. The idea of U-shaped slot technique is introduced into the basic rectangular patch antenna for higher GSM frequency. The impedance
bandwidth covers GSM 900 and GSM 1900 bands. The PIFA covers a bandwidth of 31.9MHz (0.88- 0.911GHz) or about 3.5% with respect to the resonance frequency at 0.89GHz. For the higher resonant mode the impedance bandwidth is 112.7MHz (1.873-1.985GHz) or about 5.83% with respect to resonance frequency of 1.93 GHz. The PIFA has a gain of 2.59dB and 5.12dB at lower and higher resonating frequencies respectively. PIFA is analyzed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).
FPGA Based Power Efficient Chanalizer For Software Defined RadioIJMER
Multiple communication channel support in RF transmission, such as that in a Software Defined Radio (SDR) warrants the use of channelizers to extract required channels from the received RF frequency band and to perform follow-on baseband processing. This paper describes the process of channelization as it applies to low power and high-efficiency applications in wireless and Satellite Communications (SATCOM) domains. Smaller bandwidths and changing requirements of bandwidth calls for a programmable channel selection mechanism whereby channels and the resulting bandwidth can be selected based on target application, which is the primary principle in the Software Defined Radio based systems.
PHYSICAL LAYER for DIGITAL TELEVISION ATSC 3.0 STANDARD based on SC – FDMA .Roman M. Vitenberg
Described a proposition for Physical Layer of Next generation broadcast television (NGBT) and ATSC 3.0 Television standard. The Proposed system is back compatible with existing ATSC standards A/53, A/153 and based on improved version of SC-FDMA modulation.
This three day course is intended for practicing systems engineers who want to learn how to apply model-driven systems Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern spacecraft communications. This three-day course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered. <p>
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Design and Simulation of Dual Band Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) For Mobil...jantjournal
In this paper dual band Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) is presented for mobile handset applications at dual frequencies. PIFA is a flat structure, simple and easy to fabricate. The idea of U-shaped slot technique is introduced into the basic rectangular patch antenna for higher GSM frequency. The impedance
bandwidth covers GSM 900 and GSM 1900 bands. The PIFA covers a bandwidth of 31.9MHz (0.88- 0.911GHz) or about 3.5% with respect to the resonance frequency at 0.89GHz. For the higher resonant mode the impedance bandwidth is 112.7MHz (1.873-1.985GHz) or about 5.83% with respect to resonance frequency of 1.93 GHz. The PIFA has a gain of 2.59dB and 5.12dB at lower and higher resonating frequencies respectively. PIFA is analyzed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).
ACJ Billionaires Report: How Do Billionaires Buy Things? What Do They Want Fr...ATOEvents
Business Aviation Forum is recognized globally as Russia’s major communication and networking platform organized for business aviation community from across Russia and beyond. The Forum gathers industry professionals to discuss latest market trends and challenges and to share expertise and best practices.
This briefing was given at the Fischer Air Power Conference in Tel Aviv in late May 2011. The focus is upon the interaction between the 5th generation aircraft and change in the entire air combat enterprise. The transformation of the USMC associated with the F-35 is a case study discussed in the brief
Airbus Sets High Hopes For The Future Of Electric Powered Aircraft By Kevin W...Kevin Woodbridge
This April Airbus successfully tested an electric aircraft called the E-Fan 2.0 over the skies of France.
The 2 passenger aircraft was designed from the ground up as an electric airplane versus previous attempts by other aircraft manufacturers which utilized existing fuel burning based frames that were modified to utilize battery power resulting in poor performance. The plane was in response to the European Commissions “Flight path2050” , a plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 75%and nitrous oxide emissions by 90% by 2050. The E-Fan 2.0 releases no emissions and is virtually silent, a major selling point of electric aircraft as airports worldwide are under tighter scheduling restrictions due to the increasing noise pollution.
The Airbus E-Fan 2.0 was built from the ground up with the intention of being electric powered. It has a wingspan of31 feet and can carry two people. The E-Fan has three electric motors and are powered by two 250V Lithium ion polymer batteries from a Korean battery manufacturer named KOKAMI. The batteries have no cooling system but rather use airflow to keep them from overheating. Due to the carbon fiber composite structure the planes weighs in at only 1100 lbs when empty and one reason for the success of the plane since batteries wee usually a weight issue in previous electric aircraft. The E-Fan can fly for almost an hour at cruising speed of 100 mph with a maximum of 124 mph.
Airbus is working on constructing a fleet of E-Fans for training pilots and will debut a 4 seater hybrid which will have extended flight time. A commercial hybrid airplane is expected to debut by 2030and expected to carry between 70 and 90 passengers.
What I thought was most compelling about the planned commercial aircraft is that Airbus believes it will be 50 times cheaper to operate than running the traditional fossil fuel based aircraft. More importantly is the fact that when governments put in place regulations to control pollution or incentives to use alternative forms of energy businesses react.
What are the greatest challenges facing the future of the corporate aviation ...1BlueHorizon Group
Leonard Favre Speech at Middle East Corporate Aviation Summit (MECAS 2012) - Al Bateen Executive Airport Abu Dhabi (Aeropodium conference - www.aeropodium.com)
San Marino Aircraft Registry: Current Requirements & Future Changes. David Co...ATOEvents
Business Aviation Forum is recognized globally as Russia’s major communication and networking platform organized for business aviation community from across Russia and beyond. The Forum gathers industry professionals to discuss latest market trends and challenges and to share expertise and best practices.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
NASA Antenna Deployment and oPtimization Technologies (ADaPT) Conformal Phase...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Antenna Deployment and oPtimization Technologies (ADaPT)
Conformal Phased Array Antenna Technologies for Enhanced Aircraft Communications
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
During PMRExpo - the leading European exhibition in professional mobile radio communications that was held in Coloigne from 26 to 28 December 2017 - Alessandro Guido, Leonardo DMR Systems Design, participated in the Workshop Digital Mobile Radio Association DMR" discussing "How to build a DMR Simulcast Network".
Distributed Adaptation Decision-Taking Framework and Scalable Video Coding Tu...mgrafl
Existing and future media ecosystems need to cope with the ever-increasing heterogeneity of networks, devices, and user characteristics collectively referred to as (usage) context. The key to address this problem is media adaptation to various and dynamically changing contexts in order to provide a service quality that is regarded as satisfactory by the end user. The adaptation can be performed in many ways and at different locations, e.g., at the edge and within the network resulting in a substantial number of issues to be integrated within a media ecosystem. This paper describes research challenges, key innovations, target research outcomes, and achievements so far for edge and in-network media adaptation by introducing the concept of Scalable Video Coding (SVC) tunneling.
What curiosity in the structure hollow earth in scienceMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
The ten lost tribes of israel hollow earthMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Hollow earth & life in universe – a vedic viewMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Bernard, dr. rw the hollow earth - the greatest geographical discovery in h...Marcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
An annotated bibliography of imaginary subterraneanMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
A hypothetical dissertation on hollow earthMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
1. Subsonic Fixed Wing Project
N+3 (2030-2035) Generation Aircraft Concepts -
Setting the Course for the Future
Presented by - Fay Collier, Ph.D.
PI, Subsonic Fixed Wing Project
Fayette.S.Collier@nasa.gov
Aviation and Alternative Fuels Workshop
ICAO, Montreal, Quebec
February 11, 2009
2. Outline
• US Policy on Aeronautics
• SFW System Level Metrics
• N+3 NRA Study Concepts
• N+3 NASA In-house Study Concepts
• Questions or Comments
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 2
3. National Aeronautics R&D Policy and Plan
• Policy
– Executive Order signed December 2006
– Outlines 7 basic principles to follow in order for the
U.S. to “maintain its technological leadership across
the aeronautics enterprise”
– Mobility, national security, aviation safety, security,
workforce, energy & efficiency, and environment
• Plan (including Related Infrastructure)
– Plan signed by President December 2007
– Goals and Objectives for all basic principles (except
Workforce, being worked under a separate doc)
– Summary of challenges in each area and the
facilities needed to support related R&D
– Specific quantitative targets where appropriate
– More detailed document/version to follow later in
2008
Executive Order, Policy, Plan, and Goals & Objectives all available on the web
For more information visit: http://www.ostp.gov/cs/nstc/documents_reports
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 3
4. SFW System Level Metrics
…. technology for dramatically improving noise, emissions, & performance
N+1 (2015 EIS) N+2 (2020 IOC) N+3 (2030-2035 EIS)
Generation Generation Generation
CORNERS OF THE
Conventional Unconventional Advanced Aircraft Concepts
TRADE SPACE
Tube and Wing Hybrid Wing Body N+1
(relative to B737/CFM56) (relative to B777/GE90) (relative to user defined reference)
- 32 dB - 42 dB 55 LDN (dB)
Noise
(cum below Stage 4) (cum below Stage 4) at average airport boundary
LTO NOx Emissions
-60% -75% better than -75%
(below CAEP 6)
N+2
Performance:
-33%** -40%** better than -70%
Aircraft Fuel Burn
Performance:
-33% -50% exploit metro-plex* concepts
Field Length
** An additional reduction of 10 percent may be possible through improved operational capability
* Concepts that enable optimal use of runways at multiple airports within the metropolitan areas
--- EIS = Entry Into Service; IOC = Initial Operating Capability
N+3
Approach
- Enable Major Changes in Engine Cycle/Airframe Configurations
- Reduce Uncertainty in Multi-Disciplinary Design and Analysis Tools and Processes
- Develop/Test/ Analyze Advanced Multi-Discipline Based Concepts and Technologies
- Conduct Discipline-based Foundational Research
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 4
5. Change in noise “footprint” area based on Subsonic Fixed Wing
Project goals for a single landing and takeoff
Current Noise Rule (Stage 4): Stage 3 – 10 dB CUM
Stage 3 Rule Area: ~55% of Baseline
Baseline Area
Current Generation of Quietest Aircraft (Gen. N): Stage 3 – 21 dB CUM
Area: ~29% of Baseline
SFW Next Generation Gen. N+1 Goal: Stage 3 – 42 dB CUM
Area: ~8.4% of Baseline
SFW Gen. N+2: Stage 3 – 52 dB CUM
Area: ~4.6% of Baseline
SFW Gen. N+3: Stage 3 - 81 CUM dB (55 LDN)
Area: ~0.8% of Baseline
Aircraft noise is
completely contained
within the airport boundaries
NOTES
• Relative ground noise contour areas
for notional SFW N+1, N+2, and N+3
generation aircraft
— Independent of aircraft type/weight
— Independent of baseline noise level
• Noise reduction assumed to be evenly
distributed between the three
certification points
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
• Simplified Model: Effects of source 5
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project
directivity, wind, etc. not included
6. SFW N+3 NRA Objectives
• Identify advanced airframe and propulsion concepts, as
well as corresponding enabling technologies for
commercial aircraft anticipated for entry into service in the
2030-35 timeframe, market permitting
– Advanced Vehicle Concept Study
– Commercial Aircraft include both passenger and cargo vehicles
– Anticipate changes in environmental sensitivity, demand, & energy
• Results to aid planning of follow-on technology programs
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 6
7. N+3 Advanced Concept Study NRA
• 29 Nov 07 bidders conference
• 15 Apr 08 solicitation
• 29 May 08 proposals due
• 2 July 08 selections made
• 1 Oct 08 contract start
• Phase I: 18 Months
– NASA Independent Assessment
@ 15 months
• Phase II: 18-24 Months
with significant technology
demonstration
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 7
8. SFW N+3 NRA Requirements
• Develop a Future Scenario for commercial aircraft operators in the 2030-35 timeframe
– provide a context within which the proposer’s advanced vehicle concept(s) may meet a market need
and enter into service.
• Develop an Advanced Vehicle Concept to fill a broad, primary need within the future scenario.
• Assess Technology Risk - establish suite of enabling technologies and corresponding
technology development roadmaps; a risk analysis must be provided to characterize the
relative importance of each technology toward enabling the N+3 vehicle concept, and the
relative difficulty anticipated in overcoming development challenges.
• Establish Credibility and Traceability of the proposed advanced vehicle concept(s) benefits.
Detailed System Study must include:
– A current technology reference vehicle and mission
• to be used to calibrate capabilities and establish the credibility of the results.
– A 2030-35 technology conventional configuration vehicle and mission
• to quantify improvements toward the goals in the proposer’s future scenario due to
the use of advanced technologies, and improvements due to the advanced vehicle
configuration.
– A 2030-35 technology advanced configuration vehicle and mission
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 8
9. Boeing
Subsonic Ultra-Green Aircraft Research (SUGAR)
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 9
11. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Aircraft & Technology Concepts for an N+3 Subsonic Transport
• MIT
• Aurora
• Aerodyne
• Pratt & Whitney
• Boeing PW
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 11
13. Truss-Braced Wing (TBW) Research
NASA In-house, NIA, Virginia Tech, Georgia Tech N+3 Study
• What: Develop and design a revolutionary
Truss-Braced-Wing (TBW) subsonic transport Large span wing to
aircraft concept. reduce induced drag
Wing tip
• Why: In 1988, Dennis Bushnell, Langley Chief Thin wing for
Scientist challenged the aeronautic community at root for vortex
to develop a passenger transport aircraft with laminar flow control
Lift/Drag ratio of 40. BWB & Pfenninger’s TBW
have the potential to meet this challenge. Wing folding
• How: Develop full Multidisciplinary Design Engine
Optimization (MDO) analysis tool for TBW inside Optimized truss
design to increase span, reduce weight and drag Fuselage support to reduce
with thin wing for natural laminar flow, reduced lower
wing weight -
Reduce
wetted area, folding wing & flight-control, vortex wetted
interference drag
control, advanced composite, efficient engine in area
fuselage, bio-fuel.
• Revolutionary: If successful, this design will Double the Lift/Drag ratio of a conventional transport aircraft
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 13
14. Distributed Turboelectric Propulsion Vehicle
NASA In-house N+3 Study (Workshop in progress at GRC)
Lightweight High Temperature
Superconducting (HTS) Components
• Superconducting motor and generator structures
• Low-loss AC superconductor
• Compact cryocooler
• LH2 tankage (if desired)
• HTS electric power distribution components
Turboelectric Engine Cycle Propulsion Airframe Integration
• Decoupling of the propulsive device (fans) from the • Large BLI high aspect ratio short inlet and
power-producing device (engine core) -> High vectoring nozzle
performance and design flexibility of aircraft • Distributed fan noise reduction through wing and jet-to-
• High effective bypass ratio -> High fuel efficiency jet shielding
due to improved propulsive efficiency and maximum • Engine core turbomachinery noise suppression
energy extraction from the core • Direct spanwise powered lift
• Distributed power to the fans -> Symmetric thrust • Aircraft control using fast response electric fan motor
with an engine failure and/or vectoring nozzle
• Wing-tip mounted engine core/generator
Fundamental Aeronautics Program - Aeroelasticity, tip vortex interaction
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 14
16. N3-X Distributed Turboelectric Propulsion System
Superconducting motor driven fans
Wing-tip mounted in a continuous nacelle
superconducting
turbogenerators
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project
Felder, Kim, Brown 16
17. Cryogenic Cooling Options
• Jet fuel with Refrigeration
– Jet-A fuel weight is baseline for comparison
• Liquid Hydrogen cooled and fueled
– No refrigeration required
– 4 times the volume & 1/3 the weight of the jet fuel baseline
• Liquid Methane cooled and fueled
– 5% of the baseline refrigeration
– 64% larger volume & 14% less weight the jet fuel baseline
• Liquid Hydrogen cooled and Hydrogen/Jet-A fueled
– No refrigeration required
– 32% larger volume & 6% less weight than the jet fuel baseline
• Liquid Methane/Refrigeration cooled and Methane/Jet-A fueled
– 5% of the baseline refrigeration
– 17% larger volume & 2% less weight than the jet fuel baseline
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project Felder, Kim, Brown 17
18. Structural Concepts for Storing the LH2
8-inch Stringer Spacing
(non-pressurized regions)
Rib X = 223.5 Mid Rear Spar
(Pressure BHD) Sta 1546
25-inch Nominal
Aft Egress
Frame Spacing
Doors
Pressurized Engine Pylon
Cabin Centerline
Rib X = 68.5 Aft Pressure BHD
Bulkhead Sta 1546
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Velicki and Hansen
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 18
19. Structural Concepts for Storing the LH2
View Looking Inboard at Rib X = 68.5 (Cabin Divider)
Landing Gear Bulkhead
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project
Velicki and Hansen 19
20. Possible Turboelectric - HWB advantages
The turboelectric/hybrid wing body approach may
meet 3 of the ‘N+3’ goals as well as reduce runway
length.
Noise:
Fuel Burn/NOX: • Low pressure fans for low fan nozzle velocity
• BLI drag reduction • Fan nozzle at surface back from trailing edge
• 14 fans allows clean integration of • Low turbogenerator exhaust velocity
large fan area from low fan pressure • Asymmetric thrust reduces control deflection
ratio • Low cabin noise due to remote location of fans and
• Large turbomachinery core with turbogenerators.
many embedded, distributed
propulsors = very high bypass ratio
• Fan/turbine at any desired speed Field Length:
• Clean air to turbogenerators • Blowing at low speed/high power delays separation and
• Asymmetric thrust reduces aero increasing lift coefficient
surface drag for control and trim • “Blown” pitch effector
• <0.5% transmission loss • Higher static thrust
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project
Felder, Kim, Brown 20
21. Exotic fuel trades
For same aircraft configuration
• Liquid hydrogen
– Lower takeoff gross weight, possibly higher empty weight (tankage)
– Many operational and engineering challenges to solve
– Method of H2 production (present method very pollutive), and infrastructure issues
• Liquid Methane
– Positive benefits lie in-between kerosene and Hydrogen
– Modest reduction in CO2 and NOx
• Nuclear-powered
– Weight of reactor dependent on shielding requirements
– CO2 depends on fuel (but greatly reduced). NOx production probably substantially
less or about equal to base (based on study assumptions)
– Safety and acceptance difficult
• Fuel cell powered
– True zero-emissions (depending on source of H2)
– Fuel cell technology has a long way to go for transport application (20-25 years)
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project Snyder 21
22. Questions or Comments
Felder, Kim, Brown
Fundamental Aeronautics Program
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project 22